tetracycline and Gastroenteritis

Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 has been shown to provide a moderate clinical effect in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children. However, as the L. reuteri ATCC 55730 strain was found to carry potentially transferable resistance traits for tetracycline and lincomycin, it was replaced by a new strain, L. reuteri DSM 17938, without unwanted plasmid-borne antibiotic resistance. Bioequivalence of the two strains has been suggested. We aimed to systematically evaluate data on the effectiveness of L. reuteri DSM 17938 and the original strain, L. reuteri ATCC 55730, in the treatment of AGE in children. The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases, reference lists, and abstract books of major scientific meetings were searched in August 2013, with no language restrictions, for relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Two RCTs (n=196) that evaluated L. reuteri DSM 17938 and three RCTs (n=156) that evaluated L. reuteri ATCC 55730, which involved hospitalised children aged 3 to 60 months, met the inclusion criteria. Compared with placebo or no treatment, DSM 17938 significantly reduced the duration of diarrhoea (mean difference -32 h, 95% confidence interval (CI): -41 to -24) and increased the chance of cure on day 3 (relative risk: 3.5, 95% CI: 1.2 to 10.8, random effects model). Similar results were obtained with the original strain, L. reuteri ATCC 55730. In conclusion, in hospitalised children, use of both strains of L. reuteri reduced the duration of diarrhoea, and more children were cured within 3 days. Data from outpatients and countryspecific cost-effectiveness analyses are needed. Given the limited data and the methodological limitations of the included trials, the evidence should be viewed with caution.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Feces; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Limosilactobacillus reuteri; Lincomycin; Probiotics; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Cat-Scratch Disease; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Fever; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Indians, North American; Insect Vectors; Leukemia; Lymphogranuloma Venereum; Male; Middle Aged; New Mexico; Phagocytosis; Plague; Rodentia; Sciuridae; Siphonaptera; Streptomycin; Syphilis; Tetracycline; Tularemia; Yersinia pestis

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Chickens; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli; Food Additives; Food Contamination; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Substance-Related Disorders; Swine; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Dehydration; Diarrhea; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Kanamycin; Methicillin; Neomycin; Penicillin G; Polymyxins; Sepsis; Shock, Septic; Streptomycin; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracycline

Campylobacteriosis is the most common cause of acute gastrointestinal bacterial infection in Europe, with most infections linked to the consumption of contaminated food. While previous studies found an increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Campylobacter jejuni; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Poultry; Prevalence; Tetracycline

This study was aimed at investigating the occurrence and genetic mechanisms of resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin in clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni recovered from human cases of acute gastroenteritis in Turkey.. MIC values of each antibiotic were determined with the epsilometer test (E-test). Resistance genes/mutations were first screened by PCR and analysed by subsequent DNA sequencing.. From a total of 152 C. jejuni isolates tested, 113 (74.3%), 38 (25%) and 9 (5.9%) were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin, respectively. Sequence analysis of ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates showed that all resistant strains (n=113) carried Thr-86-Ile substition in the gyrA gene, which is the most frequently observed mutation in fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter. All of the tetracycline-resistant isolates (n=38) carried the tetO gene. All of the erythromycin-resistant isolates (n=9) harboured the point mutation A2075G in the 23S rRNA gene, which is the most common mutation conferring macrolide resistance in C. jejuni.. The phenotypic susceptibility testing results were found to agree well with those obtained by genetic detection methods for the C. jejuni isolates tested. The findings of this study showed a very high level of resistance to ciprofloxacin and to a lesser extent to tetracycline while resistance to erythromycin remained at a low level. Thus, erythromycin may be considered as the first choice for treatment of Campylobacter infections in this geographical region when indicated.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter jejuni; Ciprofloxacin; Diarrhea; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Feces; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; Tetracycline; Turkey

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter jejuni; Child; Child, Preschool; Ciprofloxacin; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diarrhea; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Female; Flagellin; Gastroenteritis; Genotype; Humans; Infant; Iran; Macrolides; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Quinolones; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; Tetracycline

Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne disease worldwide and may cause to gastroenteritis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, serotypes, virulence genes, molecular subtyping, and antibiotic resistance phenotype of Salmonella from gastroenteritis in Hubei, China. Of 500 patients stools samples collected from January 2015 to January 2016, 52 (10.40%) samples were contaminated by Salmonella. The results showed that most of the isolates were positive for eight virulence genes that appear on pathogenicity islands, prophages, plasmid, and fimbrial. A total of twelve serotypes were found. Antimicrobial susceptibility results indicated that most strains were resistant to ampicillin (57.69%), kanamycin (53.85%), and tetracycline (40.38%). There were 33 STs on MLST types, and were grouped into two clusters. Thus, our findings provided insights into the dissemination of antibiotic resistant strains, genetic diversity, and improved our knowledge of microbiological risk assessment in Salmonella from gastroenteritis.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; China; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Feces; Gastroenteritis; Genetic Variation; Humans; Kanamycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Serogroup; Tetracycline; Virulence

Infections caused by Campylobacter species pose a severe threat to public health worldwide. However, in Grenada, the occurrence and characteristics of Campylobacter in food animals, including pigs, remain mostly unknown. In this study, we identified the sequence types (STs) of Campylobacter from young healthy pigs in Grenada and compared the results with previous studies in Grenada and other countries. Antimicrobial resistance patterns and diversity of the Campylobacter clones were evaluated. Ninety-nine Campylobacter isolates (97 Campylobacter coli and 2 Campylobacter jejuni) were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing. Eighteen previously reported STs and 13 novel STs were identified. Of the 18 previously reported STs, eight STs (ST-854, -887, -1068, -1096, -1445, -1446, 1556, and -1579) have been associated with human gastroenteritis in different geographical regions. Among these 18 previously reported STs, ST-1428, -1096, -1450, and -1058 predominated and accounted for 18.2%, 14.1%, 11.1%, and 8.1% of all isolates, respectively. Of the 13 novel STs, ST-7675 predominated and accounted for 20% (4 of 20 isolates), followed by ST-7678, -7682, and -7691, each accounting for 10% (2 of 20 isolates). Antimicrobial resistance testing using Epsilometer test revealed a low resistance rate (1-3%) of all C. coli/jejuni STs to all antimicrobials except for tetracycline (1-10.1%). Some of the C. coli STs (13 STs, 24/99 isolates, 24.2%) were resistant to multiple antimicrobials. This is the first report on antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance patterns associated with Campylobacter STs recovered from swine in Grenada. This study showed that pigs in Grenada are not major reservoirs for STs of C. coli and C. jejuni that are associated with human gastroenteritis worldwide.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Campylobacter; Campylobacter coli; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter jejuni; Cloning, Molecular; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gastroenteritis; Genotype; Grenada; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Swine; Tetracycline

A total of 121 Campylobacter isolates from 4,788 humans with gastroenteritis were identified and characterized by biochemical detection methods, polymerase chain reaction, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). These samples were obtained during a 3-year period, from January 2007 to December 2009, using the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System at the Research Institute of Public Health and Environment in Seoul Metropolitan, Korea. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of the bacterium were also determined with the agar dilution method. All 121 isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni, with all (100%) of them having two virulence genes (ceuE and cadF) and a toxin gene (cdtB). Twenty-three different sequence types (STs), including 9 new STs, were determined by MLST. The most prevalent ST and clonal complex (CC) observed in this study were ST-45 (28.9%) and ST-45 CC (53.7%), respectively. Percentages of antimicrobial-resistant isolates were 1.9% for ampicillin, 0.8% for chloramphenicol, 24% for ciprofloxacin, 46.3% for enrofloxacin, 0.8% for erythromycin, 6.6% for gentamicin, and 46.3% for tetracycline. This study demonstrated that the majority of the Campylobacter isolates obtained from human samples in Korea were C. jejuni with ST-45 CC, which has been detected mainly in broilers worldwide, and all strains with new STs were uniformly resistant to enrofloxacin and tetracycline. This study indicates that broilers may be a breeding ground for bacteria as well as an important potential source of human campylobacteriosis.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter jejuni; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Enrofloxacin; Fluoroquinolones; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Republic of Korea; Tetracycline; Virulence

Restriction patterns obtained with EcoRI and Southern hybridization were used for the differentiation of tetracycline-resistant (Tet(r)) R plasmids in enterobaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 isolates from a mass outbreak at a kindergarten in Obihiro-City, Hokkaido, Japan, 1996. Two kinds of Tet(r) R plasmids of 50 and 95 kb were detected. The 50-kb plasmids were identical to each other, while the 93-kb plasmids were of three types that were very similar to each other. The tet genes of both 50- and 95-kb R plasmids were 100% identical to the tet gene of pSC101 and all plasmids hybridized to a probe for tet. Because food-origin O157 strains were sensitive to tetracycline, we concluded that such Tet(r) R-plasmids might transfer to drug-sensitive O157 strains in the infected individuals.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blotting, Southern; Child; Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI; Disease Outbreaks; DNA, Bacterial; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli O157; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Japan; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; R Factors; Restriction Mapping; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bismuth; Drug Therapy, Combination; Eczema; Gastroenteritis; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Middle Aged; Organometallic Compounds; Recurrence; Salicylates; Tetracycline

Under combat conditions infectious disease can become a major threat to military forces. During Operation Desert Shield, there were numerous outbreaks of diarrhea among the U.S. forces. To evaluate the causes of and risk factors for diarrheal disease, we collected clinical and epidemiologic data from U.S. troops stationed in northeastern Saudi Arabia.. Between September and December 1990, stool cultures for enteric pathogens were obtained from 432 military personnel who presented with diarrhea, cramps, vomiting, or hematochezia. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to 2022 soldiers in U.S. military units located in various regions of Saudi Arabia.. A bacterial enteric pathogen was identified in 49.5 percent of the troops with gastroenteritis. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei were the most common bacterial pathogens. Of 125 E. coli infections, 39 percent were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 63 percent to tetracycline, and 48 percent to ampicillin. Of 113 shigella infections, 85 percent were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 68 percent to tetracycline, and 21 percent to ampicillin. All bacterial isolates were sensitive to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. After an average of two months in Saudi Arabia, 57 percent of the surveyed troops had at least one episode of diarrhea, and 20 percent reported that they were temporarily unable to carry out their duties because of diarrheal symptoms. Vomiting was infrequently reported as a primary symptom, but of 11 military personnel in whom vomiting was a major symptom, 9 (82 percent) had serologic evidence of infection with the Norwalk virus.. Gastroenteritis caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli and shigella resistant to a number of drugs was a major problem that frequently interfered with the duties of U.S. troops during Operation Desert Shield.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ampicillin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Military Personnel; Norwalk virus; Saudi Arabia; Shigella sonnei; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; United States; Vomiting; Warfare

In an epidemiological study of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, 102 strains were isolated from patients seen at the University Teaching Hospital in Lagos. The most common serotype encountered was 055 followed by 026. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and plasmid profiling of the strains were done. All the strains were sensitive to colistin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, cefotaxime, amikacin, and augmentin. Of the 102 strains, 47 (46%) were resistant to one or more of the following antimicrobial agents: Co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamide and a combination of ampicillin with sulbactam. All the strains that were resistant to any antimicrobial agents were also resistant to tetracycline. Seventy-two strains (70.6%) harbored plasmid whose molecular weights ranged from 0.8 to 120 x 10(6) daltons. The majority of the plasmid were smaller than 6 x 10(6); 90% of strains carrying plasmid ranging in size from 2 to 6 x 10(6) daltons and 50 to 70 x 10(6) daltons were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents. Transformation and conjugation experiment showed that about 57% of the resistant strains carried R plasmid. Plasmid-determined resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin and sulphonamide was found.

Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Nigeria; Plasmids; Tetracycline

The most virulent pneumococcal serotype (type 3) has not to date been associated with multiple antimicrobial resistance. We report an unusual gastrointestinal presentation of fatal septicemia caused by a multiply resistant type 3 pneumococcus in a setting of increasing prevalence of multiple resistance, including resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline.

Topics: Adolescent; Clindamycin; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Male; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Sepsis; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

The aetiological role of salmonella in acute diarrhoeal illness in infants aged between 4 weeks and 7 years admitted to the Mosul Paediatric Hospital (North Iraq) was studied. Patients consisted of 63 males and 48 females. Almost all (18) salmonella positive cultures were isolated from patients under 2 years old who comprised 84 (75.6%) of the total sample. A wide variety of species of salmonella were found with Salm. typhimurium and Salm. worthington predominating. Most of the strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol and tetracycline. This study emphasizes the importance of high rates of Salmonella spp. as potential causes of diarrhoeal disease in infancy and children.. The etiologic role of salmonella in acute diarrheal illness in 111 children 4 weeks-7 years of age admitted to North Iraq's Mosul Pediatric Hospital was investigated. 75% of all children with diarrhea were under 2 years of age; 29% of them were under 6 months and 45% were under 18 months. 57% of the children were male; 43% were female. Rectal swab analysis revealed a high rate of isolation of salmonella serotypes in this random sample--17 children (15%). Salmonella typhimurium and worthington predominated. 72% of the salmonella strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol and 61% were responsive to tetracycline. The majority of salmonella-positive cultures were isolated from children under 1 year of age. Only 1 child who was solely breastfed was infected with salmonella, confirming the protective role of this infant feeding practice. Since 45% of the children in this study with negative stool cultures for salmonella had been treated for diarrhea and vomiting before admission, it is likely that the rate of salmonella infection in the sample is an underestimate of its true prevalence in this population.

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Iraq; Male; Rectum; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Serotyping; Tetracycline

Antibacterial sensitivity tests were done for 513 salmonellae and 133 shigellae. Salmonella strains were divided into three groups: 336 Salmonella typhi, 134 salmonellae isolated from cases of gastroenteritis and 43 salmonellae isolated from non-human sources. All salmonellae and shigellae were sensitive to chloramphenicol. All salmonellae were sensitive to co-trimoxazole, while shigellae showed 18% of resistance. Salmonella resistance to ampicillin was low compared with a high resistance in shigellae. No resistance to from non-human sources. In analysing the resistance pattern in the 4-year period 1979-1982, it was found that there was a rising resistance to ampicillin and sulphonamides in salmonellae. In contrast there was no significant increase in resistance to tetracycline. Tetracycline resistance was high in cases of salmonellae isolated from gastroenteritis. A comparatively low resistance to streptomycin was detected in Salmonella isolated from non-human sources.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dysentery, Bacillary; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella typhi; Shigella; Sudan; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Campylobacter; Campylobacter fetus; Campylobacter Infections; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Gastroenteritis; Gentamicins; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Indonesia; Tetracycline

Gastroenteritis is a serious problem among young children in Shiraz Iran and often requires antibiotic therapy as it is commonly superimposed on other debilitating clinical conditions. Stool specimens from over four hundred cases of gastroenteritis among children up to six years of age were examined for the presence of bacterial pathogens and the pattern of drug sensitivity for each pathogenic genus was determined. The presence of infectious drug resistance factors among these isolates was also established.

Topics: Ampicillin; Carbenicillin; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Iran; Kanamycin; Male; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; R Factors; Salmonella Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Conjugation, Genetic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Intestines; R Factors; Streptomycin; Swine; Tetracycline; Transformation, Genetic; Yersinia

It is not concluded yet whether it is expedient to use antibiotic therapy with respect to patients and vibrio-carries with NAG-infection. Observation of a group of patients with acute gastro-intestinal infections caused by NAG-vibrio and carriers of NAG-vibrioes showed that the rate of vibrio isolation after a course of antibiotic therapy (tetracycline, levomycetin) significantly decreased as compared to that in the group of the patients subjected only to symptomatic therapy. The data of the study provided recommendation of antibacterial therapy with respect to patients with NAG-infection especially in cases with accompanying infections or invasions. As for "asymptomic" carriers antibiotic therapy is required only with respect to persons with repeated vibrio isolation.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Drug Evaluation; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Middle Aged; Tetracycline; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections

The sensitivity patterns of strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to nine antibiotics were determined. Most strains were sensitive to gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, and colistin. Sensitivity to cephalexin was generally greater than sensitivity to ampicillin. Compared with sensitivity patterns of strains isolated in previous years, no significant change in sensitivity patterns of recently isolated strains was detected. All ampicillin-resistant strains destroyed the drug by producing beta-lactamase. The activity of this enzyme against cephalexin was significantly lower than its activity against ampicillin. The role of beta-lactamase, the correlation between its production and resistance to beta-lactamase antibiotics, and the similarity between beta-lactamase produced by EEC and the classified beta-lactamases produced by other enteric bacteria and Escherichia coli, are discussed.

Topics: Amidohydrolases; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalexin; Cephalosporinase; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Gastroenteritis; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kanamycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Serotyping; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

An epizootic of reptilian amebiasis seems to have caused the death of 15 to 16 large and valuable captive snakes (boas, pythons, and anacondas) occupying one of 5 large display dioramas in the Steinhart Aquarium of the California Academy of Science, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. Subsequent review of previous snake deaths in the colony indicated that of 464 snakes that had died since early 1969, 89 snakes had intestinal or hepatic lesions, and 80 of these snakes had pathologic features which involved severe intestinal ulceration, hemorrhage, and massive enteritis, with or without hepatic necrosis and destruction, condition compatible with Entamoeba invadens infection. The present epizootic began in November, 1972, with the death by acute enteritis of a red-tailed boa constrictor (Boa constrictor amarali) and was followed by the loss of 15 other large boids and pythonids. The affected snakes became immobile, refused to feed, and began to die 10 weeks after the death of the red-tailed boa. Seven boa constrictors, 4 pythons, and 4 anacondas from the same diorama died during the ensuing 10 weeks. Entamoeba invadens trophozoites were identified in the stool of the remaining living snake, a 3-m boa constrictor, and in the liver and the intestinal tissue of 1 of the dead boas examined microscopically. The parasite was also found in the stool of a giant Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus) that died in the adjacent diorama and in the tissues of a blue-tongued skink (Tiliqua scincoides), separately housed, that died of enteritis during this period. Amebic cysts were recovered from turtle and alligator fecal samples taken from a central "swamp," or reservoir, draining the dioramas, water that is returned to the snake display areas after passage through a biological sand-gravel filter and ultraviolet radiation exposure. Cultures from these stools were positive and proved lethal to an experimentally infected boa constrictor. Treatment of the surviving snake in the affected diorama with metronidazole at the dose rate of 275 mg/kg proved rapidly effective; toxicosis was not observed. Other snakes and lizards suspected of having the infection were similarly treated and returned to normal behavior and feeding patterns. Epidemiologic considerations review the probable mode of introduction and spread of this highly lethal snake pathogen and recommendations are made for avoiding infection, prophylactic treatment, and handling of similar epizootics when they do occur

Topics: Amebiasis; Animals; Animals, Zoo; Emetine; Entamoebiasis; Enteritis; Gastroenteritis; Inflammation; Intestines; Kidney; Liver; Metronidazole; Necrosis; Snakes; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Clioquinol; Enterococcus faecalis; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Escherichia coli; Feces; Furazolidone; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Methicillin; Nalidixic Acid; Neomycin; Oleandomycin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin G; Phenanthrenes; Polymyxins; Proteus; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Feces; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Male; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections; Retrospective Studies; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Yersinia

Topics: Blood Transfusion; Child; Child, Preschool; Cholera; Escherichia coli; Feces; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Indonesia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Salmonella; Shigella dysenteriae; Tetracycline; Vibrio; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Antibodies; Blood Sedimentation; Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins; Conjunctivitis; Erythrocytes; Fever; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Leptospira; Leptospira interrogans; Leptospirosis; Leukocyte Count; Male; Meningitis; Military Medicine; Muscular Diseases; Serotyping; Tetracycline; United States; Vietnam

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Drug Combinations; Escherichia coli; Gastroenteritis; Glucose; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nitrofurantoin; Tetracycline; Vitamin A; Vitamin E

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Entamoeba histolytica; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Gastroenteritis; Gentamicins; Giardia; Humans; Infant; Kanamycin; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Neomycin; Salmonella; Shigella; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Trichuris

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Arthritis; Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Diet Therapy; Enteritis; Erythema; Erythema Nodosum; Feces; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Myocarditis; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections; Prognosis; Sex Factors; Sulfonamides; Sweden; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Feces; Gastroenteritis; Hospitalization; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nigeria; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Retrospective Studies; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella typhi; Serotyping; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Appendicitis; Brucellosis; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Cholangitis; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Male; Meningitis; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli; Feces; Gastroenteritis; Genetics, Microbial; Humans; Penicillin Resistance; Salmonella Food Poisoning; Salmonella typhimurium; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Tetracycline

A rise in Salmonella typhimurium infection was observed in calves in Britain during 1964-6, follwing the adoption of the intensive farming method. A single phage type of S. typhimurium, type 29, was incriminated as the major pathogen. Attempts to treat and control the disease with a range of antibiotics were ineffective, but resulted in the acquisition of transferable multiple drug resistance by type 29. The transmission of drug-resistant type 29, directly or indirectly, from bovines to man resulted in many human infections. Transferable drug resistance reaching man from enterobacteria of animal origin may ultimately enter specifically human pathogens. Infections such as that caused by type 29 can be eliminated, not by the massive use of antibiotics but by improvement in conditions of animal husbandry and reduction in the opportunities for the initiation and spread of the disease. A reappraisal is needed of the methods of using antibiotics to determine how these methods can be improved, in order to conserve the long-term efficacy of the antibiotics.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chloramphenicol; Costs and Cost Analysis; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Furazolidone; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; United Kingdom; Vaccination

Topics: Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Male; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin V; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Accidents, Aviation; Adult; Aerospace Medicine; Chloroquine; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Dysentery, Amebic; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Iodoquinol; Male; Paromomycin; Polymyxins; Tetracycline; Vision, Ocular

Topics: Adolescent; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; England; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Otitis Media; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Carrier State; Child; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Eggs; Epidemiology; Feces; Food Handling; Food Service, Hospital; Gastroenteritis; Geriatrics; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Metaraminol; Minnesota; Penicillin G; Penicillin G Procaine; Procaine; Salmonella; Salmonella Food Poisoning; Salmonella Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Enteritis; Gastroenteritis; Neomycin; Pectins; Streptomycin; Sulfaguanidine; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Cerebrospinal Fluid; Chloramphenicol; Diarrhea, Infantile; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Epidemiology; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gastroenteritis; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Meningitis; Salmonella Infections; Serogroup; Serologic Tests; Shigella; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; West Indies