tetracycline and Eye-Diseases

Rosacea is one of the most common conditions affecting the ocular surface. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the pathogenesis and treatment of rosacea based on the dermatology and ophthalmology literatures.. Literature searches were conducted for rosacea and ocular rosacea. Preference was given to systematic reviews, meta-analysis, case-controlled studies, and documented case reports while excluding poorly documented case studies and commentaries. The data were examined and independently analyzed by more than two of the authors.. Rosacea is a complex inflammatory condition involving the pilosebaceous unit. Its underlying mechanism involves an interplay of the microbiome, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, environmental triggers, and neurovascular sensitivity. The latest classification of rosacea includes three dermatologic subgroups and a fourth subgroup, ocular rosacea. Ocular rosacea clinically displays many features that are analogous to the cutaneous disease, such as lid margin telangiectasia and phlyctenulosis. The role of environmental triggers in the exacerbation of ocular rosacea appears to be understudied. While lid hygiene and systemic treatment with tetracycline drugs remain the mainstay of treatment for ocular rosacea, newer dermatologic targets and therapies may have potential application for the eye disease.. Ocular rosacea appears to embody many of the manifestation of the dermatologic disease. Hence, the basic pathophysiologic mechanisms of the ocular and cutaneous disease are likely to be shared. Better understanding of the ocular surface microbiome and the immunologic mechanisms, may lead to novel approaches in the management of ocular rosacea.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Cathelicidins; Dermatologic Agents; Eye Diseases; Humans; Risk Factors; Rosacea; Tetracycline

Rosacea is a chronic facial inflammatory dermatosis characterized by background facial erythema and flushing and may be accompanied by inflammatory papules and pustules, cutaneous fibrosis and hyperplasia known as phyma, and ocular involvement. These features can have adverse impact on quality of life, and ocular involvement can lead to visual dysfunction. The past decade has witnessed increased research into pathogenic pathways involved in rosacea and the introduction of novel treatment innovations. The objective of these guidelines is to offer evidence-based recommendations to assist Canadian health care providers in the diagnosis and management of rosacea. These guidelines were developed by an expert panel of Canadian dermatologists taking into consideration the balance of desirable and undesirable outcomes, the quality of supporting evidence, the values and preferences of patients, and the costs of treatment. The 2015 Cochrane review "Interventions in Rosacea" was used as a source of clinical trial evidence on which to base the recommendations.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Consensus; Dermatologic Agents; Dicarboxylic Acids; Doxycycline; Eye Diseases; Humans; Intense Pulsed Light Therapy; Isotretinoin; Ivermectin; Laser Therapy; Metronidazole; Outliers, DRG; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Rosacea; Tetracycline

Whipple's disease is a systemic bacterial infection that once was uniformly fatal and now is treatable with several different antibiotics in most cases. The exact nature of the Whipple's bacillus is unknown, since the organism cannot consistently be cultured. There is also controversy concerning the role of immunologic dysfunction in patients with Whipple's disease. In addition to the small intestine, Whipple's disease can involve the remainder of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the lymph nodes, joints, nervous system, heart, eyes, hematopoietic system, lungs, liver, and other organs. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of this rare but fascinating disease will be reviewed in this article.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Combinations; Eye Diseases; Heart Diseases; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Joint Diseases; Lung Diseases; Lymphatic Diseases; Muscular Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Penicillins; Skin Diseases; Streptomycin; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Whipple Disease

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Implants; Drug Therapy; Eye Diseases; Humans; Kinetics; Ophthalmic Solutions; Pilocarpine; Rabbits; Tetracycline

Tetracycline hydrochloride--as a 1% suspension in oil, 1 and 2% suspension in ointment, and 1 and 2% solution in water or balanced salt solution USP--was applied once to the conjunctival cul-de-sacs of volunteers and patients before cataract extraction. The tear film concentrations of drug were maintained above a bacteriostatic level in excess of six hours for 1 and 2% tetracycline in ointment, less than two hours for 1% tetracycline in oil, and less than 30 minutes for 1 and 2% tetracycline in water or balanced salt solution. The 2% tetracycline in ointment produced the highest tear film levels of drug. The 1% tetracycline in oil induced excessive lacrimation and much of the drug was washed from the conjunctival surface. The tear film levels of the drug were mirrored by the maintenance of bacteriostatic levels of tetracycline in the aqueous humor for 1 1/2 hours with 2% tetracycline in ointment. Whereas 1% tetracycline in ointment produced drug levels approaching bacteriostasis in the aqueous humor, 1% tetracycline in oil produced only trace levels of the drug within the anterior chamber. The ointment acted as a depot for the suspended drug and most of the drug in the absence of excessive tearing was lost from the conjunctiva via the lacrimal system.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Aqueous Humor; Eye Diseases; Humans; Ointment Bases; Pharmaceutical Vehicles; Tears; Tetracycline; Water

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Carbenicillin; Cephalosporins; Erythromycin; Eye Diseases; Gentamicins; Humans; Lincomycin; Methicillin; Nafcillin; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aminohippuric Acids; Antidepressive Agents; BCG Vaccine; Cardiac Glycosides; Chloramphenicol; Chloroquine; Colistin; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Eye Diseases; Humans; Myopia; Nalidixic Acid; Neuritis; Phenothiazines; Streptomycin; Tetanus Toxoid; Tetracycline; Vision Disorders

Topics: Administration, Oral; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cephalosporins; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Drug Compounding; Drug Hypersensitivity; Eye Diseases; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Nitrofurans; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blepharitis; Chloramphenicol; Conjunctivitis; Cortisone; Eye Diseases; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Iritis; Kanamycin; Ophthalmic Solutions; Polymyxins; Rabbits; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiography; Animals; Blood Circulation; Brain Neoplasms; Carcinogens; Cats; Chloroquine; Choroiditis; Dogs; Eye Diseases; Female; Fluorescence; Glioma; Haplorhini; Hemorrhage; Humans; Mestranol; Microscopy, Electron; Neuritis; Norethynodrel; Optic Nerve; Oxygen Consumption; Papilledema; Polyarteritis Nodosa; Rabbits; Retina; Retinal Detachment; Retinal Vessels; Tetracycline

We compared the effects of doxycycline and tetracycline hydrochloride on the subjective symptoms in ocular rosacea. Twenty-four patients with symptomatic ocular rosacea were randomly assigned to two groups and treated with doxycycline 100 mg/day (group 1, 16 patients) or tetracycline hydrochloride 1 g/day (group 2, eight patients). The dosages of each drug were gradually tapered and discontinued according to symptomatic response. At each examination all the manifesting symptoms were scored by the patients. Patients were followed up from six weeks to three years. After six weeks of drug treatment, all patients except one had symptomatic improvement. Although most of the scores of the symptoms were significantly decreased in both groups, greater symptomatic relief occurred in the tetracycline hydrochloride-treated patients (P = .041). However, after three months of treatment there was no significant difference in symptoms between the two groups. Gastrointestinal tract complications occurred in two of the 16 patients (12.5%) in group 1 and in three of the eight patients (37.5%) in group 2. Both tetracycline hydrochloride and doxycycline can control the symptoms of ocular rosacea.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Doxycycline; Drug Tolerance; Eye Diseases; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Random Allocation; Rosacea; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Animals; Black or African American; Chick Embryo; Chlamydia; Clinical Trials as Topic; Complement Fixation Tests; Conjunctivitis; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Ethnology; Eye Diseases; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Histological Techniques; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Inclusion Bodies, Viral; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracycline; Trachoma; Virus Cultivation; White People

Severe infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been increasingly recognized in virtually all fields of veterinary medicine. Our objective was to study the occurrence, phylogenetic relationships and antimicrobial resistance properties of MRSA isolated from ocular surfaces of horses prior to invasive procedures. Within a 49-week sampling period, ocular swabs obtained from 46 eyes of 44 horses, including eyes with clinical signs of conjunctivitis/blepharitis, keratitis or uveitis were screened for the presence of S. aureus. As a result, seven samples were positive for S. aureus (15.2%), with six of them being classified as MRSA (13%). In addition, all isolates were resistant or showed reduced susceptibility to tetracyclines, the aminoglycosides gentamicin and kanamycin, fluoroquinolones, and the combination sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Since a very close relationship between the MRSA isolates was assumed after pulsed-field gel electrophoresis employing the restriction endonuclease ApaI, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to shed more light on the phylogenetic relationships and the molecular composition of all MRSA isolates. Analysis of WGS data revealed closely related MRSA belonging to sequence type 398, spa type t011 and dru type dt10q, harboring an SCCmec IV element and the Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity island SaPIbov5. Moreover, all MRSA were positive for a beta-hemolysin converting phage carrying genes of the immune evasion cluster (IEC). Since cases of eye infections due to MRSA were often associated with fatal outcomes, more research is needed with respect to the origin of MRSA isolated from ocular surfaces to implement sufficient barrier and infection control measures.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophages; Cross Infection; Eye; Eye Diseases; Genomic Islands; Horses; Methicillin; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Whole Genome Sequencing

The Naja sumatrana cobra can spit venom in defense and may result in permanent blindness. The study sought to determine the efficacy of topical heparin, Haffkine antivenom, tetracycline and dexamethasone.. Male New Zealand White Rabbits were used. Pooled venom was frozen at -30 degrees C. 0.05 mL of 20 times dilute venom was introduced into the conjunctiva, in groups of three rabbits randomly. Heparin at 5000 IU/mL, Haffkine antivenom or saline control was administered repeatedly on each rabbit's eye over 158 minutes, after a specified delay. In other groups, 1% tetracycline, 0.1% dexamethasone or a placebo ointment was applied and repeated at 24 and 48 hours. All the rabbits were assessed after 24, 48, 72 hours, one and two weeks by an ophthalmologist blinded to the treatment arms.. Following ocular envenomation, there was immediate blepharospasm, lacrimal secretions, redness and chemosis; more intense in the normal saline group. The Roper-Hall grades improved, corneas re-epithelialized and inflammation quietened in the heparin and antivenom-treated rabbit eyes compared to controls. Scarring appeared from the first week, but ameliorated in the heparin and antivenom groups. Heparin treatment remained efficacious up to four minutes delay. The tetracycline, dexamethasone and placebo groups had worsening Roper-Hall trends, greater corneal epithelial loss, inflammation and scarring. Combined heparin-tetracycline therapy was as efficacious with heparin alone.. Topical heparin or antivenom therapy significantly improved overall outcomes in rabbit corneas exposed to Naja sumatrana venom, compared to tetracycline, dexamethasone and controls. Heparin treatment remains efficacious up to 4 minutes delay.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Antivenins; Dexamethasone; Disease Models, Animal; Elapid Venoms; Elapidae; Eye Diseases; Heparin; Male; Ointments; Rabbits; Tetracycline; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Doxycycline; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Recurrence; Rosacea; Tetracycline

Four patients from Caribbean and Central American countries with ocular disease and serologic evidence of Lyme borreliosis are discussed. To our knowledge this is the first report of Lyme disease from this geographic area. Two patients exhibited ocular inflammatory disease, and two patients developed optic neuropathy. A brief discussion of Lyme borreliosis, its serologic diagnosis, and its treatment is presented.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Borrelia Infections; Ceftriaxone; Child; Endophthalmitis; Eye Diseases; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Lyme Disease; Male; Middle Aged; Optic Nerve Diseases; Penicillins; Tetracycline; Visual Acuity; West Indies

The incidence of Lyme disease has been increasing at alarming rates in recent years. Being the most commonly reported tickborne bacterial disease in the United States, it now outnumbers Rocky Mountain spotted fever by a ratio of almost 2:1. It is a multisystem illness and can manifest itself with dermatologic, neurologic, cardiac and rheumatologic involvement. The ocular complications of Lyme disease can present as one of the more ominous signs during the course of the illness. The detection of the disease and proper referral by the optometrist may permit more appropriate treatment, and thus, a better prognosis of the illness.

Topics: Bites and Stings; Borrelia Infections; Conjunctivitis; Eye Diseases; Humans; Keratitis; Lyme Disease; Optic Nerve Diseases; Papilledema; Penicillins; Tetracycline; Uveitis

During the past decade there has been a considerable resurgence of interest in the photochemical effects of ultraviolet radiation capable of penetrating through the cornea (300-400 nm), on the intraocular tissues. The ocular lens and retina have received the most attention. The last few decades have also witnessed the development of a new therapeutic regimen, namely photosensitizing (phototherapy), in which the patients are given known photosensitizing agents and exposed to nonionizing radiation (ultraviolet, and on occasion, visible radiation). Such therapy has caused some ocular side effects, which in most cases could have been prevented. Drugs that are known photosensitizers and are capable of intraocular penetration through the blood-aqueous and blood-retina barrier are discussed with respect to their known or potential photosensitizing and/or phototoxic effects on intraocular tissues.

Topics: Aldehyde Reductase; Allopurinol; Doxorubicin; Eye Diseases; Fluorescence; Furocoumarins; Griseofulvin; Humans; Lens, Crystalline; Ophthalmology; Phenothiazines; Photochemotherapy; Porphyrins; Retinoids; Tetracycline

Ocular rosacea was diagnosed in 49 patients. The most common signs and symptoms were foreign body sensation, burning, superficial punctate erosions, chalazia, and belpharitis. Less common but dangerous to the vision was corneal thinning, vascularization, and infiltrates. Three new associated symptoms were found. These were mapdot subepithelial opacities, recurrent erosions, and moderately severe foreign body sensation, pain or burning with minimal associated signs. Of the 49 patients, 37 were treated with 250 mg of oral tetracycline four times a day, which resulted in improvement in almost all patients from four to 17 days after initiation of therapy. Most of the patients have been able to taper, or taper and stop therapy without recurrence of their symptoms. Those patients with foreign body sensation, burning, and pain required the most prolonged therapy in order to taper or stop treatment with tetracycline.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Rosacea; Tetracycline

An 11-year-old girl had hyperacute conjunctivitis but was lost to follow-up until nine days later when she returned with a corneal perforation and iris prolapse. A smear at that time showed Gram-negative intracellular diplococci, but subsequent bacteriological study revealed the causative organism to be Mima polymorpha. This apparently is the first documented case of corneal perforation due to Mimeae, and emphasizes that Mimeae can be completely indistinguishable, clinically and on smear, from infection caused by Neisseria. Only a high index of suspicion and the proper bacterial cultures can prevent a possible tragic misdiagnosis.

Topics: Acinetobacter Infections; Child; Conjunctivitis; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Iris; Keratitis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin G; Tetracycline

In the United States, chlamydial (TRIC) agents cause a small but important segment of infectious ocular disease. Elsewhere in the world, trachoma still represents the single greatest cause of blindness. The description of these diseases in this chapter is a brief introduction to a subject about which volumes have been and will continue to be written. Barring unforeseen developments, these agents will continue to plague humankind beyond the end of the twentieth century.

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Erythromycin; Eye Diseases; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trachoma

Topics: Animals; Atropine; Bandages; Cocaine; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic; Cortisone; Epinephrine; Eye Diseases; Fluoresceins; Gels; Humans; Neomycin; Neostigmine; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pilocarpine; Rabbits; Scopolamine; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erythromycin; Eye Diseases; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant; Male; Methicillin; Methods; Middle Aged; Neomycin; Nitrofurantoin; Novobiocin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Pneumococcal Infections; Polymyxins; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Virulence

Topics: Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Complement Fixation Tests; Conjunctivitis; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Erythromycin; Eye Diseases; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Sulfacetamide; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trachoma

Topics: Chlamydia; Conjunctivitis; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Drug Combinations; Eye Diseases; Humans; Ointments; Oleandomycin; Tetracycline; Trachoma

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Blindness; Cataract; Communicable Disease Control; Conjunctivitis; Egypt; Eye Diseases; Glaucoma; Humans; Retinal Diseases; Tetracycline; Trachoma

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antiviral Agents; Aqueous Humor; Chloramphenicol; Conjunctivitis; Eye Diseases; Humans; Penicillins; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Uveitis

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Conjunctivitis; Contact Lenses; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic; Delayed-Action Preparations; Diffusion; Eye Diseases; Humans; Keratitis; Methods; Spectrophotometry; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Chloramphenicol; Culture Media; Erythromycin; Eye; Eye Diseases; Humans; Inflammation; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxacillin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Edema; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Sinusitis; Tetracycline

Topics: Agar; Aged; Aqueous Humor; Cataract Extraction; Conjunctiva; Diffusion; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Injections; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Rolitetracycline; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Agar; Age Factors; Aged; Aqueous Humor; Body Weight; Cataract Extraction; Diffusion; Eye Diseases; Humans; Infections; Methods; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Bacteria; Child; Conjunctiva; Drug Synergism; Eye; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Injections; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Middle Aged; Ophthalmic Solutions; Penicillin V; Postoperative Complications; Rabbits; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus subtilis; Cephalosporins; Cornea; Escherichia coli Infections; Eye Diseases; Humans; Infections; Neisseria; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Proteus Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Atropine; Child, Preschool; Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Keratitis; Kwashiorkor; Lens, Crystalline; Tetracycline; Vitamin A Deficiency

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Aqueous Humor; Cellulitis; Child; Cornea; Corneal Ulcer; Eye; Eye Diseases; Eyelid Diseases; Female; Hordeolum; Humans; Infections; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Rabbits; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Abscess; Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Animals; Aqueous Humor; Child; Cornea; Dacryocystitis; Eye; Eye Diseases; Eye Foreign Bodies; Eye Injuries; Female; Hordeolum; Humans; Injections; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Rabbits; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Aged; Albumins; Aqueous Humor; Biopharmaceutics; Cataract Extraction; Eye Diseases; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Lipid Metabolism; Molecular Weight; Protein Binding; Solubility; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Conjunctivitis; Cornea; Eye Diseases; Ointments; Oleandomycin; Ophthalmic Solutions; Rabbits; Tetracycline; Trachoma

Topics: Animals; Eye; Eye Diseases; Female; Hydrochloric Acid; Male; Rabbits; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tritium

Topics: Eye Diseases; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus; Male; Middle Aged; Polyarteritis Nodosa; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Erythromycin; Eye Diseases; Humans; Kanamycin; Penicillins; Rabbits; Tetracycline

Topics: Alcohols; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Conjunctiva; Cornea; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Eye; Eye Diseases; Humans; Infections; Kanamycin; Methods; Neomycin; Oleandomycin; Ophthalmic Solutions; Pharmaceutical Vehicles; Polyvinyls; Rabbits; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Chick Embryo; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Eye Diseases; Haplorhini; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Sulfadiazine; Tetracycline

Topics: Eye Diseases; Humans; Penicillin V; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Therapy; Eye Diseases; Humans; Lymecycline; Lysine; Ophthalmology; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bacterial Infections; Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Drug Therapy; Erythromycin; Eye Diseases; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Postoperative Complications; Sulfadiazine; Tetracycline; Toxicology; Vancomycin

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Eye Diseases; Humans; Keratoconjunctivitis; Ophthalmology; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Eye Diseases; Humans; Ophthalmology; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Eye; Eye Diseases; Head; Humans; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biomedical Research; Eye Diseases; Humans; Ophthalmology; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline