tetracycline and Escherichia-coli-Infections

Unprecedented community containment measures were taken following the recent outbreak of COVID-19 in Italy. The aim of the study was to explore the self-reported future compliance of citizens with such measures and its relationship with potentially impactful psychological variables.. An online survey was completed by 931 people (18-76 years) distributed across the Italian territory. In addition to demographics, five dimensions were measured: self-reported compliance with containment measures over time (today, at 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, and 180 days from now) at three hypothetical risk levels (10, 50, 90% of likelihood of contracting the COVID-19), perceived risk, generalized anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and relevance of several psychological needs whose satisfaction is currently precluded.. The duration of containment measures plays a crucial role in tackling the spread of the disease as people will be less compliant over time. Psychological needs of citizens impacting on the compliance should be taken into account when planning an easing of the lockdown, along with interventions for protecting vulnerable groups from mental distress.. La apendicitis aguda (AA) es la urgencia quirúrgica abdominal más frecuente. No encontramos estudios específicos que evalúen el impacto de la pandemia causada por el coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) sobre la AA y su tratamiento quirúrgico. Analizamos la influencia de esta nueva patología sobre la AA.. Estudio observacional retrospectivo en pacientes intervenidos por AA desde enero hasta abril de 2020. Fueron clasificados según el momento de la apendicectomía, antes de la declaración del estado de alarma (Pre-COVID19) y después de la declaración del estado de alarma (Post-COVID19) en España. Se evaluaron variables demográficas, duración de la sintomatología, tipo de apendicitis, tiempo quirúrgico, estancia hospitalaria y complicaciones postoperatorias.. La pandemia por SARS-Cov-2 influye en el momento de diagnóstico de la apendicitis, así como en su grado de evolución y estancia hospitalaria. La peritonitis fue lo más frecuentemente observado. Una sospecha y orientación clínica más temprana, es necesaria para evitar un manejo inadecuado de este trastorno quirúrgico común.. The primary outcome is improvement in PaO. Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634).. None.. The gut barrier is crucial in cirrhosis in preventing infection-causing bacteria that normally live in the gut from accessing the liver and other organs via the bloodstream. Herein, we characterised gut inflammation by measuring different markers in stool samples from patients at different stages of cirrhosis and comparing this to healthy people. These markers, when compared with equivalent markers usually measured in blood, were found to be very different in pattern and absolute levels, suggesting that there is significant gut inflammation in cirrhosis related to different immune system pathways to that seen outside of the gut. This provides new insights into gut-specific immune disturbances that predispose to complications of cirrhosis, and emphasises that a better understanding of the gut-liver axis is necessary to develop better targeted therapies.. La surveillance de l’intervalle QT a suscité beaucoup d’intérêt durant la pandémie de la COVID-19 en raison de l’utilisation de médicaments prolongeant l’intervalle QT et les préoccupations quant à la transmission virale par les électrocardiogrammes (ECG) en série. Nous avons posé l’hypothèse que la surveillance en continu de l’intervalle QT par télémétrie était associée à une meilleure détection des épisodes de prolongation de l’intervalle QT.. Nous avons introduit la télémétrie cardiaque en continu (TCC) à l’aide d’un algorithme de surveillance automatisée de l’intervalle QT dans nos unités de COVID-19. Les mesures automatisées quotidiennes de l’intervalle QT corrigé (auto-QTc) en fonction de la fréquence cardiaque maximale ont été enregistrées. Nous avons comparé la proportion des épisodes de prolongation marquée de l’intervalle QTc (QTc long), définie par un intervalle QTc ≥ 500 ms, chez les patients montrant une suspicion de COVID-19 ou ayant la COVID-19 qui avaient été admis avant et après la mise en place de la TCC (groupe témoin. La surveillance en continu de l’intervalle QT est supérieure à la norme de soins dans la détection des épisodes de QTc long et exige peu d’ECG. La réponse clinique aux épisodes de QTc long est sous-optimale.. Exposure to a model wildfire air pollution source modifies cardiovascular responses to HC challenge, suggesting air pollution sensitizes the body to systemic triggers.. Though the majority of HIV-infected adults who were on HAART had shown viral suppression, the rate of suppression was sub-optimal according to the UNAIDS 90-90-90 target to help end the AIDS pandemic by 2020. Nonetheless, the rate of immunological recovery in the study cohort was low. Hence, early initiation of HAART should be strengthened to achieve good virological suppression and immunological recovery.. Dust in Egyptian laying hen houses contains high concentrations of microorganisms and endotoxins, which might impair the health of birds and farmers when inhaled. Furthermore, laying hens in Egypt seem to be a reservoir for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Thus, farmers are at risk of exposure to ESBL-producing bacteria, and colonized hens might transmit these bacteria into the food chain.. The lack of significant differences in the absolute changes and relative ratios of injury and repair biomarkers by contrast-associated AKI status suggests that the majority of mild contrast-associated AKI cases may be driven by hemodynamic changes at the kidney.. Most comparisons for different outcomes are based on very few studies, mostly low-powered, with an overall low CoE. Thus, the available evidence is considered insufficient to either support or refute CH effectiveness or to recommend one ICM over another. Therefore, further well-designed, larger RCTs are required.. PROSPERO database Identifier: CRD42016041953.. Untouched root canal at cross-section perimeter, the Hero 642 system showed 41.44% ± 5.62% and Reciproc R40 58.67% ± 12.39% without contact with instruments. Regarding the untouched area, Hero 642 system showed 22.78% ± 6.42% and Reciproc R40 34.35% ± 8.52%. Neither instrument achieved complete cross-sectional root canal debridement. Hero 642 system rotary taper 0.02 instruments achieved significant greater wall contact perimeter and area compared to reciprocate the Reciproc R40 taper 0.06 instrument.. Hero 642 achieved higher wall contact perimeter and area but, regardless of instrument size and taper, vital pulp during. The functional properties of the main mechanisms involved in the control of muscle Ca. This study showed that the anti-inflammatory effect of the iron-responsive product DHA in arthritis can be monitored by an iron-like radioactive tracer (. Attenuated vascular reactivity during pregnancy suggests that the systemic vasodilatory state partially depletes nitric oxide bioavailability. Preliminary data support the potential for MRI to identify vascular dysfunction in vivo that underlies PE. Level of Evidence 2 Technical Efficacy Stage 1 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2021;53:447-455.. La evaluación de riesgo es importante para predecir los resultados postoperatorios en pacientes con cáncer gastroesofágico. Este estudio de cohortes tuvo como objetivo evaluar los cambios en la composición corporal durante la quimioterapia neoadyuvante e investigar su asociación con complicaciones postoperatorias. MÉTODOS: Los pacientes consecutivos con cáncer gastroesofágico sometidos a quimioterapia neoadyuvante y cirugía con intención curativa entre 2016 y 2019, identificados a partir de una base de datos específica, se incluyeron en el estudio. Se utilizaron las imágenes de tomografía computarizada, antes y después de la quimioterapia neoadyuvante, para evaluar el índice de masa muscular esquelética, la sarcopenia y el índice de grasa visceral y subcutánea.. In this in vitro premature infant lung model, HF oscillation of BCPAP was associated with improved CO. Our results showed that HPC significantly promotes neurogenesis after MCAO and ameliorates neuronal injury.. Inflammatory markers are highly related to signs of systemic hypoperfusion in CS. Moreover, high PCT and IL-6 levels are associated with poor prognosis.. These findings indicate that Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit has a protective potential against stroke through modulation of redox and electrolyte imbalances, and attenuation of neurotransmitter dysregulation and other neurochemical dysfunctions. Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit could be a promising source for the discovery of bioactives for stroke therapy.

Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; A Kinase Anchor Proteins; Acetates; Achilles Tendon; Acute Kidney Injury; Acute Pain; Acyclic Monoterpenes; Adenine Nucleotides; Adhesins, Escherichia coli; Adipocytes; Adipocytes, Brown; Adipogenesis; Administration, Inhalation; Administration, Oral; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adsorption; Adult; Aeromonas hydrophila; Africa; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Air; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Air Pollution, Indoor; Algorithms; Alkaloids; Alkynes; Allosteric Regulation; Amines; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; Aminoisobutyric Acids; Aminopyridines; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Anaerobic Threshold; Angiography; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animal Distribution; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Ankle Joint; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antifungal Agents; Antimalarials; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Antiviral Agents; Aotidae; Apelin; Apoptosis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Argentina; Arginine; Artemisinins; Arthritis, Experimental; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Arthroscopy; Aspergillus; Aspergillus niger; Asteraceae; Asthma; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; Auditory Cortex; Autoantibodies; Autophagy; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; Base Sequence; Basketball; Beclin-1; Benzhydryl Compounds; Benzimidazoles; Benzo(a)pyrene; Benzofurans; Benzoxazines; Bereavement; beta Catenin; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams; Betacoronavirus; Betaine; Binding Sites; Biofilms; Biological Assay; Biological Availability; Biological Evolution; Biomarkers; Biomechanical Phenomena; Biopolymers; Biopsy; Bismuth; Blood Glucose; Blood Platelets; Blood Pressure; Body Composition; Body Weight; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Regeneration; Boron; Botrytis; Brain Ischemia; Brain Neoplasms; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Brazil; Breast Neoplasms; Breath Tests; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Burkholderia; C-Reactive Protein; Caenorhabditis elegans; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Cameroon; Camptothecin; Candida; Candida albicans; Capillaries; Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae; Carbapenems; Carbohydrate Conformation; Carbon; Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Isotopes; Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; Cardiac Output; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic; Cardiotonic Agents; Cardiovascular Diseases; Caregivers; Carps; Case-Control Studies; Catalase; Catalysis; Cats; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Membrane; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cellulose; Centrosome; Ceratopogonidae; Chickens; Child; China; Cholera Toxin; Choline; Cholinesterases; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid; Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; Chronic Disease; Cinnamates; Cities; Citrates; Climate Change; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Coal; Coal Mining; Cohort Studies; Coinfection; Colchicine; Colony Count, Microbial; Colorectal Neoplasms; Coloring Agents; Common Cold; Complement Factor H; Computational Biology; Computer Simulation; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Contrast Media; Coordination Complexes; Coronary Artery Bypass; Coronavirus 3C Proteases; Coronavirus Infections; Coronavirus Protease Inhibitors; Corynebacterium glutamicum; Cosmetics; COVID-19; Creatinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Crotonates; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cues; Culicidae; Culture Media; Curcuma; Cyclopentanes; Cyclopropanes; Cymbopogon; Cystine; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors; Cytokines; Databases, Genetic; Death; Dendritic Cells; Density Functional Theory; Depsides; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diamond; Diarylheptanoids; Dibenzofurans; Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; Diclofenac; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Supplements; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Dioxins; Diphenylamine; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Susceptibility; Disulfides; Dithiothreitol; Dizocilpine Maleate; DNA Methylation; DNA-Binding Proteins; DNA, Bacterial; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Doublecortin Protein; Drosophila melanogaster; Droughts; Drug Carriers; Drug Combinations; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Liberation; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Dust; Dynactin Complex; Dysferlin; Echo-Planar Imaging; Echocardiography; Edaravone; Egypt; Elasticity; Electrodes; Electrolytes; Emodin; Emtricitabine; Endometriosis; Endothelium, Vascular; Endotoxins; Energy Metabolism; Energy Transfer; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Environmental Monitoring; Enzyme Inhibitors; Epidemiologic Factors; Epigenesis, Genetic; Erythrocytes; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Vaccines; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagectomy; Esophagogastric Junction; Esterases; Esterification; Ethanol; Ethiopia; Ethnicity; Eucalyptus; Evidence-Based Practice; Exercise; Exercise Tolerance; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Family; Fatty Acids; Feedback; Female; Ferric Compounds; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; Filtration; Fish Diseases; Flavonoids; Flavonols; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Follow-Up Studies; Food Microbiology; Food Preservation; Forests; Fossils; Free Radical Scavengers; Freund's Adjuvant; Fruit; Fungi; Gallium; Gender Identity; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Genes, Bacterial; Genes, Plant; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genitalia; Genotype; Glomerulonephritis, IGA; Glottis; Glucocorticoids; Glucose; Glucuronides; Glutathione Transferase; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Grassland; Guinea Pigs; Half-Life; Head Kidney; Heart Atria; Heart Rate; Heart Septum; HEK293 Cells; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Hemodynamics; Hep G2 Cells; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Hepatocytes; Hesperidin; High-Frequency Ventilation; High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 1; Hippocampus; Hirudins; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; HIV Infections; Homeostasis; Hominidae; Housing, Animal; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Hydrogen Bonding; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydroxybutyrates; Hydroxyl Radical; Hypertension; Hypothyroidism; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Immunoconjugates; Immunogenic Cell Death; Indoles; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Infrared Rays; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Injections, Intravenous; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-23; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-6; Intermediate Filaments; Intermittent Claudication; Intestine, Small; Iridoid Glucosides; Iridoids; Iron; Isomerism; Isotope Labeling; Isoxazoles; Itraconazole; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; Ketoprofen; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kinetics; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Lactams, Macrocyclic; Lactobacillus; Lactulose; Lakes; Lamivudine; Laparoscopy; Laparotomy; Laryngoscopy; Leucine; Limit of Detection; Linear Models; Lipid A; Lipopolysaccharides; Listeria monocytogenes; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Losartan; Low Back Pain; Lung; Lupinus; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Machine Learning; Macular Degeneration; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; Magnetic Phenomena; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Magnetics; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Mannans; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mass Spectrometry; Melatonin; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Proteins; Meniscectomy; Menisci, Tibial; Mephenytoin; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Metal Nanoparticles; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Methionine; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Nude; Mice, Obese; Mice, Transgenic; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microcirculation; MicroRNAs; Microscopy, Video; Microtubules; Microvascular Density; Microwaves; Middle Aged; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; Models, Animal; Models, Biological; Models, Molecular; Models, Theoretical; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Molecular Weight; Morus; Mouth Floor; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Multiple Sclerosis; Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting; Muscle, Skeletal; Myocardial Ischemia; Myocardium; NAD; NADP; Nanocomposites; Nanoparticles; Naphthols; Nasal Lavage Fluid; Nasal Mucosa; Neisseria meningitidis; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasms, Experimental; Neural Stem Cells; Neuroblastoma; Neurofilament Proteins; Neurogenesis; Neurons; New York; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; NF-kappa B; Nicotine; Nitriles; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Fixation; North America; Observer Variation; Occupational Exposure; Ochrobactrum; Oils, Volatile; Olea; Oligosaccharides; Omeprazole; Open Field Test; Optimism; Oregon; Oryzias; Osmolar Concentration; Osteoarthritis; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; Ovarian Neoplasms; Ovariectomy; Oxadiazoles; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Oxygen; Ozone; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Pakistan; Pandemics; Particle Size; Particulate Matter; Patient-Centered Care; Pelargonium; Peptides; Perception; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Peroxides; Pets; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacogenetics; Phenobarbital; Phenols; Phenotype; Phosphates; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phosphines; Phospholipids; Phosphorus; Phosphorylation; Photoacoustic Techniques; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Phylogeny; Phytoestrogens; Pilot Projects; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Plant Immunity; Plant Leaves; Plant Oils; Plants, Medicinal; Plasmodium berghei; Plasmodium falciparum; Platelet Activation; Platelet Function Tests; Pneumonia, Viral; Poaceae; Pogostemon; Poloxamer; Poly I; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; Polycyclic Compounds; Polyethylene Glycols; Polylysine; Polymorphism, Genetic; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Population Dynamics; Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Postoperative Complications; Postprandial Period; Potassium Cyanide; Predictive Value of Tests; Prefrontal Cortex; Pregnancy; Prepulse Inhibition; Prevalence; Procalcitonin; Prodrugs; Prognosis; Progression-Free Survival; Proline; Proof of Concept Study; Prospective Studies; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Protein Domains; Protein Folding; Protein Multimerization; Protein Sorting Signals; Protein Structure, Secondary; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Protozoan Proteins; Psychometrics; Pulse Wave Analysis; Pyridines; Pyrrolidines; Quality of Life; Quantum Dots; Quinoxalines; Quorum Sensing; Radiopharmaceuticals; Rain; Random Allocation; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; RAW 264.7 Cells; Reactive Oxygen Species; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; Receptor, PAR-1; Receptors, CXCR4; Receptors, Estrogen; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; Receptors, Interleukin-1; Receptors, Interleukin-17; Receptors, Notch; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Recombinant Proteins; Reducing Agents; Reflex, Startle; Regional Blood Flow; Regression Analysis; Reperfusion Injury; Reproducibility of Results; Republic of Korea; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Retrospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Rhinitis, Allergic; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Rituximab; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; ROC Curve; Rosmarinic Acid; Running; Ruthenium; Rutin; Sarcolemma; Sarcoma; Sarcopenia; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum; SARS-CoV-2; Scavenger Receptors, Class A; Schools; Seasons; Seeds; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Factors; Shock, Cardiogenic; Short Chain Dehydrogenase-Reductases; Signal Transduction; Silver; Singlet Oxygen; Sinusitis; Skin; Skin Absorption; Small Molecule Libraries; Smoke; Socioeconomic Factors; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Solid Phase Extraction; Solubility; Solvents; Spain; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Speech; Speech Perception; Spindle Poles; Spleen; Sporothrix; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Stereoisomerism; Stomach Neoplasms; Stress, Physiological; Stroke Volume; Structure-Activity Relationship; Substrate Specificity; Sulfonamides; Surface Properties; Surface-Active Agents; Surveys and Questionnaires; Survival Rate; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Temperature; Tenofovir; Terpenes; Tetracycline; Tetrapleura; Textiles; Thermodynamics; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Thrombin; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroid Neoplasms; Tibial Meniscus Injuries; Time Factors; Tissue Distribution; Titanium; Toluidines; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tooth; Tramadol; Transcription Factor AP-1; Transcription, Genetic; Transfection; Transgender Persons; Translations; Treatment Outcome; Triglycerides; Ubiquinone; Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases; United Kingdom; United States; Up-Regulation; Vascular Stiffness; Veins; Ventricular Remodeling; Viral Load; Virulence Factors; Virus Replication; Vitis; Voice; Voice Quality; Wastewater; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water-Electrolyte Balance; Weather; Wildfires; Wnt Signaling Pathway; Wound Healing; X-Ray Diffraction; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; Young Adult; Zoogloea

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Antidiarrheals; Chloramphenicol; Chlorpromazine; Cholera; Diarrhea; Drug Combinations; Enterotoxins; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Fluid Therapy; Furazolidone; Humans; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Prophylactic (preventive) antibiotic therapy initiated preoperatively, with antibiotics administered in moderately high dosage for short periods, is recommended on the basis of experimental and prospective, randomized clinical trials for patients who require surgery that is likely to expose tissue planes to contamination. The value of prophylactic antibiotics in clean operations is not presently supported but must be considered in patients with decreased resistance and in those in whom infection of a prosthesis would have catastrophic results. In these patients topical antibiotics might prove useful and less dangerous. It is clear that surgical technique remains an important but as yet unmeasured factor in wound infection.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli Infections; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Methicillin; Neomycin; Penicillin G; Preoperative Care; Prostheses and Implants; Risk; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Child; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant; Klebsiella Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Clostridium perfringens; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Intestines; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Salmonella; Shigella; Species Specificity; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pyogenes; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Bacteriuria; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Culture Media; Cycloserine; Cystitis; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Kanamycin; Methenamine; Methods; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Pseudomonas Infections; Pyelonephritis; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Acute Disease; Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Corynebacterium; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Haplorhini; Kidney; Ligation; Mice; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillin G; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Pyelonephritis; Rabbits; Rats; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Ureter

Topics: Acinetobacter Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Clostridium Infections; Corynebacterium; Drug Synergism; Enteritis; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Infections; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycoses; Neomycin; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Vaginitis

Topics: Animals; Bacteroides Infections; Chloramphenicol; Enterobacter; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella Infections; Polymyxins; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Sepsis; Serratia; Shock, Septic; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infections; Kanamycin; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Penicillins; Pseudomonas Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Unprecedented community containment measures were taken following the recent outbreak of COVID-19 in Italy. The aim of the study was to explore the self-reported future compliance of citizens with such measures and its relationship with potentially impactful psychological variables.. An online survey was completed by 931 people (18-76 years) distributed across the Italian territory. In addition to demographics, five dimensions were measured: self-reported compliance with containment measures over time (today, at 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, and 180 days from now) at three hypothetical risk levels (10, 50, 90% of likelihood of contracting the COVID-19), perceived risk, generalized anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and relevance of several psychological needs whose satisfaction is currently precluded.. The duration of containment measures plays a crucial role in tackling the spread of the disease as people will be less compliant over time. Psychological needs of citizens impacting on the compliance should be taken into account when planning an easing of the lockdown, along with interventions for protecting vulnerable groups from mental distress.. La apendicitis aguda (AA) es la urgencia quirúrgica abdominal más frecuente. No encontramos estudios específicos que evalúen el impacto de la pandemia causada por el coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) sobre la AA y su tratamiento quirúrgico. Analizamos la influencia de esta nueva patología sobre la AA.. Estudio observacional retrospectivo en pacientes intervenidos por AA desde enero hasta abril de 2020. Fueron clasificados según el momento de la apendicectomía, antes de la declaración del estado de alarma (Pre-COVID19) y después de la declaración del estado de alarma (Post-COVID19) en España. Se evaluaron variables demográficas, duración de la sintomatología, tipo de apendicitis, tiempo quirúrgico, estancia hospitalaria y complicaciones postoperatorias.. La pandemia por SARS-Cov-2 influye en el momento de diagnóstico de la apendicitis, así como en su grado de evolución y estancia hospitalaria. La peritonitis fue lo más frecuentemente observado. Una sospecha y orientación clínica más temprana, es necesaria para evitar un manejo inadecuado de este trastorno quirúrgico común.. The primary outcome is improvement in PaO. Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634).. None.. The gut barrier is crucial in cirrhosis in preventing infection-causing bacteria that normally live in the gut from accessing the liver and other organs via the bloodstream. Herein, we characterised gut inflammation by measuring different markers in stool samples from patients at different stages of cirrhosis and comparing this to healthy people. These markers, when compared with equivalent markers usually measured in blood, were found to be very different in pattern and absolute levels, suggesting that there is significant gut inflammation in cirrhosis related to different immune system pathways to that seen outside of the gut. This provides new insights into gut-specific immune disturbances that predispose to complications of cirrhosis, and emphasises that a better understanding of the gut-liver axis is necessary to develop better targeted therapies.. La surveillance de l’intervalle QT a suscité beaucoup d’intérêt durant la pandémie de la COVID-19 en raison de l’utilisation de médicaments prolongeant l’intervalle QT et les préoccupations quant à la transmission virale par les électrocardiogrammes (ECG) en série. Nous avons posé l’hypothèse que la surveillance en continu de l’intervalle QT par télémétrie était associée à une meilleure détection des épisodes de prolongation de l’intervalle QT.. Nous avons introduit la télémétrie cardiaque en continu (TCC) à l’aide d’un algorithme de surveillance automatisée de l’intervalle QT dans nos unités de COVID-19. Les mesures automatisées quotidiennes de l’intervalle QT corrigé (auto-QTc) en fonction de la fréquence cardiaque maximale ont été enregistrées. Nous avons comparé la proportion des épisodes de prolongation marquée de l’intervalle QTc (QTc long), définie par un intervalle QTc ≥ 500 ms, chez les patients montrant une suspicion de COVID-19 ou ayant la COVID-19 qui avaient été admis avant et après la mise en place de la TCC (groupe témoin. La surveillance en continu de l’intervalle QT est supérieure à la norme de soins dans la détection des épisodes de QTc long et exige peu d’ECG. La réponse clinique aux épisodes de QTc long est sous-optimale.. Exposure to a model wildfire air pollution source modifies cardiovascular responses to HC challenge, suggesting air pollution sensitizes the body to systemic triggers.. Though the majority of HIV-infected adults who were on HAART had shown viral suppression, the rate of suppression was sub-optimal according to the UNAIDS 90-90-90 target to help end the AIDS pandemic by 2020. Nonetheless, the rate of immunological recovery in the study cohort was low. Hence, early initiation of HAART should be strengthened to achieve good virological suppression and immunological recovery.. Dust in Egyptian laying hen houses contains high concentrations of microorganisms and endotoxins, which might impair the health of birds and farmers when inhaled. Furthermore, laying hens in Egypt seem to be a reservoir for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Thus, farmers are at risk of exposure to ESBL-producing bacteria, and colonized hens might transmit these bacteria into the food chain.. The lack of significant differences in the absolute changes and relative ratios of injury and repair biomarkers by contrast-associated AKI status suggests that the majority of mild contrast-associated AKI cases may be driven by hemodynamic changes at the kidney.. Most comparisons for different outcomes are based on very few studies, mostly low-powered, with an overall low CoE. Thus, the available evidence is considered insufficient to either support or refute CH effectiveness or to recommend one ICM over another. Therefore, further well-designed, larger RCTs are required.. PROSPERO database Identifier: CRD42016041953.. Untouched root canal at cross-section perimeter, the Hero 642 system showed 41.44% ± 5.62% and Reciproc R40 58.67% ± 12.39% without contact with instruments. Regarding the untouched area, Hero 642 system showed 22.78% ± 6.42% and Reciproc R40 34.35% ± 8.52%. Neither instrument achieved complete cross-sectional root canal debridement. Hero 642 system rotary taper 0.02 instruments achieved significant greater wall contact perimeter and area compared to reciprocate the Reciproc R40 taper 0.06 instrument.. Hero 642 achieved higher wall contact perimeter and area but, regardless of instrument size and taper, vital pulp during. The functional properties of the main mechanisms involved in the control of muscle Ca. This study showed that the anti-inflammatory effect of the iron-responsive product DHA in arthritis can be monitored by an iron-like radioactive tracer (. Attenuated vascular reactivity during pregnancy suggests that the systemic vasodilatory state partially depletes nitric oxide bioavailability. Preliminary data support the potential for MRI to identify vascular dysfunction in vivo that underlies PE. Level of Evidence 2 Technical Efficacy Stage 1 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2021;53:447-455.. La evaluación de riesgo es importante para predecir los resultados postoperatorios en pacientes con cáncer gastroesofágico. Este estudio de cohortes tuvo como objetivo evaluar los cambios en la composición corporal durante la quimioterapia neoadyuvante e investigar su asociación con complicaciones postoperatorias. MÉTODOS: Los pacientes consecutivos con cáncer gastroesofágico sometidos a quimioterapia neoadyuvante y cirugía con intención curativa entre 2016 y 2019, identificados a partir de una base de datos específica, se incluyeron en el estudio. Se utilizaron las imágenes de tomografía computarizada, antes y después de la quimioterapia neoadyuvante, para evaluar el índice de masa muscular esquelética, la sarcopenia y el índice de grasa visceral y subcutánea.. In this in vitro premature infant lung model, HF oscillation of BCPAP was associated with improved CO. Our results showed that HPC significantly promotes neurogenesis after MCAO and ameliorates neuronal injury.. Inflammatory markers are highly related to signs of systemic hypoperfusion in CS. Moreover, high PCT and IL-6 levels are associated with poor prognosis.. These findings indicate that Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit has a protective potential against stroke through modulation of redox and electrolyte imbalances, and attenuation of neurotransmitter dysregulation and other neurochemical dysfunctions. Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit could be a promising source for the discovery of bioactives for stroke therapy.

Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; A Kinase Anchor Proteins; Acetates; Achilles Tendon; Acute Kidney Injury; Acute Pain; Acyclic Monoterpenes; Adenine Nucleotides; Adhesins, Escherichia coli; Adipocytes; Adipocytes, Brown; Adipogenesis; Administration, Inhalation; Administration, Oral; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adsorption; Adult; Aeromonas hydrophila; Africa; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Air; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Air Pollution, Indoor; Algorithms; Alkaloids; Alkynes; Allosteric Regulation; Amines; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; Aminoisobutyric Acids; Aminopyridines; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Anaerobic Threshold; Angiography; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animal Distribution; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Ankle Joint; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antifungal Agents; Antimalarials; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Antiviral Agents; Aotidae; Apelin; Apoptosis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Argentina; Arginine; Artemisinins; Arthritis, Experimental; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Arthroscopy; Aspergillus; Aspergillus niger; Asteraceae; Asthma; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; Auditory Cortex; Autoantibodies; Autophagy; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; Base Sequence; Basketball; Beclin-1; Benzhydryl Compounds; Benzimidazoles; Benzo(a)pyrene; Benzofurans; Benzoxazines; Bereavement; beta Catenin; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams; Betacoronavirus; Betaine; Binding Sites; Biofilms; Biological Assay; Biological Availability; Biological Evolution; Biomarkers; Biomechanical Phenomena; Biopolymers; Biopsy; Bismuth; Blood Glucose; Blood Platelets; Blood Pressure; Body Composition; Body Weight; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Regeneration; Boron; Botrytis; Brain Ischemia; Brain Neoplasms; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Brazil; Breast Neoplasms; Breath Tests; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Burkholderia; C-Reactive Protein; Caenorhabditis elegans; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Cameroon; Camptothecin; Candida; Candida albicans; Capillaries; Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae; Carbapenems; Carbohydrate Conformation; Carbon; Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Isotopes; Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; Cardiac Output; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic; Cardiotonic Agents; Cardiovascular Diseases; Caregivers; Carps; Case-Control Studies; Catalase; Catalysis; Cats; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Membrane; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cellulose; Centrosome; Ceratopogonidae; Chickens; Child; China; Cholera Toxin; Choline; Cholinesterases; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid; Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; Chronic Disease; Cinnamates; Cities; Citrates; Climate Change; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Coal; Coal Mining; Cohort Studies; Coinfection; Colchicine; Colony Count, Microbial; Colorectal Neoplasms; Coloring Agents; Common Cold; Complement Factor H; Computational Biology; Computer Simulation; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Contrast Media; Coordination Complexes; Coronary Artery Bypass; Coronavirus 3C Proteases; Coronavirus Infections; Coronavirus Protease Inhibitors; Corynebacterium glutamicum; Cosmetics; COVID-19; Creatinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Crotonates; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cues; Culicidae; Culture Media; Curcuma; Cyclopentanes; Cyclopropanes; Cymbopogon; Cystine; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors; Cytokines; Databases, Genetic; Death; Dendritic Cells; Density Functional Theory; Depsides; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diamond; Diarylheptanoids; Dibenzofurans; Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; Diclofenac; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Supplements; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Dioxins; Diphenylamine; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Susceptibility; Disulfides; Dithiothreitol; Dizocilpine Maleate; DNA Methylation; DNA-Binding Proteins; DNA, Bacterial; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Doublecortin Protein; Drosophila melanogaster; Droughts; Drug Carriers; Drug Combinations; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Liberation; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Dust; Dynactin Complex; Dysferlin; Echo-Planar Imaging; Echocardiography; Edaravone; Egypt; Elasticity; Electrodes; Electrolytes; Emodin; Emtricitabine; Endometriosis; Endothelium, Vascular; Endotoxins; Energy Metabolism; Energy Transfer; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Environmental Monitoring; Enzyme Inhibitors; Epidemiologic Factors; Epigenesis, Genetic; Erythrocytes; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Vaccines; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagectomy; Esophagogastric Junction; Esterases; Esterification; Ethanol; Ethiopia; Ethnicity; Eucalyptus; Evidence-Based Practice; Exercise; Exercise Tolerance; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Family; Fatty Acids; Feedback; Female; Ferric Compounds; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; Filtration; Fish Diseases; Flavonoids; Flavonols; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Follow-Up Studies; Food Microbiology; Food Preservation; Forests; Fossils; Free Radical Scavengers; Freund's Adjuvant; Fruit; Fungi; Gallium; Gender Identity; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Genes, Bacterial; Genes, Plant; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genitalia; Genotype; Glomerulonephritis, IGA; Glottis; Glucocorticoids; Glucose; Glucuronides; Glutathione Transferase; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Grassland; Guinea Pigs; Half-Life; Head Kidney; Heart Atria; Heart Rate; Heart Septum; HEK293 Cells; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Hemodynamics; Hep G2 Cells; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Hepatocytes; Hesperidin; High-Frequency Ventilation; High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 1; Hippocampus; Hirudins; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; HIV Infections; Homeostasis; Hominidae; Housing, Animal; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Hydrogen Bonding; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydroxybutyrates; Hydroxyl Radical; Hypertension; Hypothyroidism; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Immunoconjugates; Immunogenic Cell Death; Indoles; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Infrared Rays; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Injections, Intravenous; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-23; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-6; Intermediate Filaments; Intermittent Claudication; Intestine, Small; Iridoid Glucosides; Iridoids; Iron; Isomerism; Isotope Labeling; Isoxazoles; Itraconazole; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; Ketoprofen; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kinetics; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Lactams, Macrocyclic; Lactobacillus; Lactulose; Lakes; Lamivudine; Laparoscopy; Laparotomy; Laryngoscopy; Leucine; Limit of Detection; Linear Models; Lipid A; Lipopolysaccharides; Listeria monocytogenes; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Losartan; Low Back Pain; Lung; Lupinus; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Machine Learning; Macular Degeneration; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; Magnetic Phenomena; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Magnetics; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Mannans; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mass Spectrometry; Melatonin; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Proteins; Meniscectomy; Menisci, Tibial; Mephenytoin; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Metal Nanoparticles; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Methionine; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Nude; Mice, Obese; Mice, Transgenic; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microcirculation; MicroRNAs; Microscopy, Video; Microtubules; Microvascular Density; Microwaves; Middle Aged; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; Models, Animal; Models, Biological; Models, Molecular; Models, Theoretical; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Molecular Weight; Morus; Mouth Floor; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Multiple Sclerosis; Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting; Muscle, Skeletal; Myocardial Ischemia; Myocardium; NAD; NADP; Nanocomposites; Nanoparticles; Naphthols; Nasal Lavage Fluid; Nasal Mucosa; Neisseria meningitidis; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasms, Experimental; Neural Stem Cells; Neuroblastoma; Neurofilament Proteins; Neurogenesis; Neurons; New York; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; NF-kappa B; Nicotine; Nitriles; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Fixation; North America; Observer Variation; Occupational Exposure; Ochrobactrum; Oils, Volatile; Olea; Oligosaccharides; Omeprazole; Open Field Test; Optimism; Oregon; Oryzias; Osmolar Concentration; Osteoarthritis; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; Ovarian Neoplasms; Ovariectomy; Oxadiazoles; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Oxygen; Ozone; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Pakistan; Pandemics; Particle Size; Particulate Matter; Patient-Centered Care; Pelargonium; Peptides; Perception; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Peroxides; Pets; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacogenetics; Phenobarbital; Phenols; Phenotype; Phosphates; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phosphines; Phospholipids; Phosphorus; Phosphorylation; Photoacoustic Techniques; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Phylogeny; Phytoestrogens; Pilot Projects; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Plant Immunity; Plant Leaves; Plant Oils; Plants, Medicinal; Plasmodium berghei; Plasmodium falciparum; Platelet Activation; Platelet Function Tests; Pneumonia, Viral; Poaceae; Pogostemon; Poloxamer; Poly I; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; Polycyclic Compounds; Polyethylene Glycols; Polylysine; Polymorphism, Genetic; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Population Dynamics; Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Postoperative Complications; Postprandial Period; Potassium Cyanide; Predictive Value of Tests; Prefrontal Cortex; Pregnancy; Prepulse Inhibition; Prevalence; Procalcitonin; Prodrugs; Prognosis; Progression-Free Survival; Proline; Proof of Concept Study; Prospective Studies; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Protein Domains; Protein Folding; Protein Multimerization; Protein Sorting Signals; Protein Structure, Secondary; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Protozoan Proteins; Psychometrics; Pulse Wave Analysis; Pyridines; Pyrrolidines; Quality of Life; Quantum Dots; Quinoxalines; Quorum Sensing; Radiopharmaceuticals; Rain; Random Allocation; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; RAW 264.7 Cells; Reactive Oxygen Species; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; Receptor, PAR-1; Receptors, CXCR4; Receptors, Estrogen; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; Receptors, Interleukin-1; Receptors, Interleukin-17; Receptors, Notch; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Recombinant Proteins; Reducing Agents; Reflex, Startle; Regional Blood Flow; Regression Analysis; Reperfusion Injury; Reproducibility of Results; Republic of Korea; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Retrospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Rhinitis, Allergic; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Rituximab; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; ROC Curve; Rosmarinic Acid; Running; Ruthenium; Rutin; Sarcolemma; Sarcoma; Sarcopenia; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum; SARS-CoV-2; Scavenger Receptors, Class A; Schools; Seasons; Seeds; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Factors; Shock, Cardiogenic; Short Chain Dehydrogenase-Reductases; Signal Transduction; Silver; Singlet Oxygen; Sinusitis; Skin; Skin Absorption; Small Molecule Libraries; Smoke; Socioeconomic Factors; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Solid Phase Extraction; Solubility; Solvents; Spain; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Speech; Speech Perception; Spindle Poles; Spleen; Sporothrix; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Stereoisomerism; Stomach Neoplasms; Stress, Physiological; Stroke Volume; Structure-Activity Relationship; Substrate Specificity; Sulfonamides; Surface Properties; Surface-Active Agents; Surveys and Questionnaires; Survival Rate; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Temperature; Tenofovir; Terpenes; Tetracycline; Tetrapleura; Textiles; Thermodynamics; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Thrombin; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroid Neoplasms; Tibial Meniscus Injuries; Time Factors; Tissue Distribution; Titanium; Toluidines; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tooth; Tramadol; Transcription Factor AP-1; Transcription, Genetic; Transfection; Transgender Persons; Translations; Treatment Outcome; Triglycerides; Ubiquinone; Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases; United Kingdom; United States; Up-Regulation; Vascular Stiffness; Veins; Ventricular Remodeling; Viral Load; Virulence Factors; Virus Replication; Vitis; Voice; Voice Quality; Wastewater; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water-Electrolyte Balance; Weather; Wildfires; Wnt Signaling Pathway; Wound Healing; X-Ray Diffraction; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; Young Adult; Zoogloea

To evaluate the antisecretory activity of berberine sulfate (BS), we studied 165 adult patients with acute diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Vibrio cholerae in randomized controlled trials. In patients with ETEC diarrhea who received 400 mg of BS in a single oral dose, the mean stool volumes were significantly less than those of the controls during three consecutive 8-hr periods after treatment (P less than .05). At 24 hr after treatment, significantly more patients who were treated with BS and had ETEC diarrhea stopped having diarrhea as compared with the controls (42% vs 20%, P less than .05). In patients with cholera who received 400 mg of BS, the mean 8-hr stool volume during the second 8-hr period after treatment declined to 2.22 liters, which was significantly less than the 2.79 liters found in the controls (P less than .05). However, patients with cholera who received 1200 mg of BS plus tetracycline did not have significant reduction in stool output compared with patients who received tetracycline alone. No side effects of BS were noted. These results indicated that BS is an effective and safe antisecretory drug for ETEC diarrhea, whereas the activity against cholera is slight and not additive with tetracycline.

Topics: Adult; Bacterial Toxins; Berberine; Berberine Alkaloids; Cholera; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Drug Therapy, Combination; Enterotoxins; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Humans; Male; Random Allocation; Tetracycline

The clinical characteristics of disease due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) were determined in 88 adult males admitted to a hospital in Dacca, Bangladesh, with moderate to severe dehydration. Persons infected with ETEC strains producing both heat-labile toxin (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxin had more dehydration and acidosis, longer duration of illness, and greater stool volume than persons infected with strains producing only ST. Tetracycline therapy, evaluated in 63 cases, resulted in slightly earlier termination of illness in patients with LT-ST strains but had no effect on illness in the patients with ST strains. In both groups of patients tetracycline shortened the duration of excretion of organisms. Because of its limited effectiveness and the generally excellent response of ETEC diarrhea to rehydration therapy alone, tetracycline is not warranted for use in treatment of ETEC diarrhea in adults in this population.

Topics: Adult; Bangladesh; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Rotavirus; Salmonella; Shigella; Tetracycline; Vibrio

There were 50 patients with acute epididymitis who were evaluated prospectively by history, examination and microbiologic studies, including cultures for aerobes, anaerobes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen isolated from the urine of men more than 35 years old, while Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were the predominant pathogens isolated from the urethra of men less than 35 years old. The etiologic role of Escherichia coli and Chlamydia trachomatis was confirmed by isolation from epididymal aspirates from a high proportion of men with positive urine or urethral cultures for these agents. Chlamydia trachomatis epididymitis accounted for two-thirds of idiopathic epididymitis in young men and often was associated with oligospermia. Of 9 female sexual partners of men with Chlamydia trachomatis infection 6 had antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis, of whom 2 had positive cervical cultures for this organism and 2 others had non-gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease. Antibiotic therapy with tetracycline was effective for the treatment of men with Chlamydia trachomatis epididymitis and should be offered to the female sex partners.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Cell Count; Epididymitis; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Lymphogranuloma Venereum; Male; Middle Aged; Physical Examination; Prospective Studies; Pseudomonas Infections; Semen; Sexual Behavior; Tetracycline

Prophylactic (preventive) antibiotic therapy initiated preoperatively, with antibiotics administered in moderately high dosage for short periods, is recommended on the basis of experimental and prospective, randomized clinical trials for patients who require surgery that is likely to expose tissue planes to contamination. The value of prophylactic antibiotics in clean operations is not presently supported but must be considered in patients with decreased resistance and in those in whom infection of a prosthesis would have catastrophic results. In these patients topical antibiotics might prove useful and less dangerous. It is clear that surgical technique remains an important but as yet unmeasured factor in wound infection.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli Infections; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Methicillin; Neomycin; Penicillin G; Preoperative Care; Prostheses and Implants; Risk; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Carbenicillin; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Colistin; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Middle Aged; Nalidixic Acid; Penicillins; Pseudomonas Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine

Topics: Bacteriuria; Chloramphenicol; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Klebsiella Infections; Nitrofurantoin; Placebos; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Proteus Infections; Pyelonephritis; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Microorganisms are present as either biofilm or planktonic species in natural and engineered environments. Little is known about the selection pressure emanating from exposure to sub-minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics on planktonic vs. biofilm bacteria. In this study, an E. coli bioreporter was used to develop biofilms on glass and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) surfaces, and compared with the corresponding planktonic bacteria in antibiotic resistance expression when exposed to a range of μg/L levels of tetracycline. The antibiotic resistance-associated fluorescence emissions from biofilm E. coli reached up to 1.6 times more than those from planktonic bacteria. The intensively developed biofilms on glass surfaces caused the embedded bacteria to experience higher selection pressure and express more antibiotic resistance than those on HDPE surfaces. The temporal pattern of fluorescence emissions from biofilm E. coli was consistent with the biofilm-developing processes during the experimental period. The increased expression of antibiotic resistance from biofilm bacteria could be attributed to the high affinity of tetracycline with extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The enhanced accumulation of tetracycline in biofilms could exert higher selection pressure on the embedded bacteria. These results suggest that in many natural and engineered systems the higher antibiotic resistance in biofilm bacteria could be attributed partially to the retention antibiotics by the EPS in biofilms.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Biofilms; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Polyethylene; Tetracycline

To investigate whether on-farm antibacterial usage (ABU), environmental antibacterial-resistant (ABR) Escherichia coli prevalence, sampling and sample handling methodologies are associated with ABR E. coli positivity in individual faecal samples from dairy heifers.. Three hundred and sixty-four heifers from 37 farms were sampled via rectal or faecal pat sampling. Samples were stored at -80°C for variable periods before microbiological analysis. Data analysis was done through a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression approach. Individual rectal samples had increased odds of positivity for amoxicillin-, cefalexin- and tetracycline-resistant E. coli. Sample storage for 6-12 months was associated with decreased odds of finding amoxicillin- and tetracycline-resistant E. coli. On-farm ABU had little influence, and environmental ABR E. coli prevalence had no significant influence on the odds of sample-level positivity for ABR E. coli.. Sampling methodology and sample handling have a greater association than on-farm factors with the detection of ABR E. coli in individual faecal samples from dairy heifers.. Sampling and storage methodologies should be considered carefully at the point of designing ABR surveillance studies in livestock and their environments and, where possible, these methodologies should be standardized between and within future studies.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dairying; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Tetracycline

Analyze the frequency of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes and their antimicrobial resistance profiles among children aged <15 years with diarrhea in four Mozambican provinces.. A cross-sectional hospital-based surveillance program of diarrhea was implemented in Maputo, Sofala, Zambézia, and Nampula. A single stool sample was collected from each child from May 2014 to May 2017. Culture methods and biochemical characterization were performed to detect E. coli strains. DEC pathotypes were determined by conventional polymerase chain reaction targeting specific virulence genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by the Kirby-Bauer method.. From 723 specimens analyzed by culture, 262 were positive for E. coli. A total of 208 samples were tested by polymerase chain reaction for DEC identification, of which 101 (48.6%) were positive for a DEC pathotype. The predominant pathotypes were enteroaggregative (66.3%, 67/101), enteropathogenic (15.8%, 16/101), enterotoxigenic (13.9%, 14/101), and enteroinvasive E. coli (4.0%, 4/101). No Shiga toxin-producing E. coli was identified. Regardless of the province, the most frequent pathotype was enteroaggregative E. coli. Isolated DEC presented high frequency of resistance to ampicillin (97.8%), tetracycline (68.3%), chloramphenicol (28.4%), nalidixic acid (19.5%), and gentamicin (14.4%).. Children with diarrhea in Mozambique had DEC and higher resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Mozambique; Tetracycline

Cow-calf production plays a significant role in the beef production chain. However, bacteria in these systems are not typically monitored for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We determined the baseline level of AMR in fecal bacteria collected from preweaned calves prior to feedlot entry and evaluated the effects of type of graze and age on AMR occurrence. Two grazing experiments (16 cow-calf pairs each) were conducted on tall fescue or wheat. Fecal samples were cultured for the detection of tetracycline-resistant (TETr), third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCr), and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli. Isolates were characterized for resistance to other antibiotics and resistance mechanisms. Concentrations (P < 0.001) and prevalence (P = 0.007) of TETrE. coli isolates were significantly higher in the calves (5.1 log CFU/g and 93%, respectively) than in the cows (4.4 log CFU/g and 80%, respectively). Wheat grazing did not affect TETr isolates phenotypically; however, it significantly expanded (P = 0.005) the resistant population carrying tet(A) over that carrying tet(B). Fecal prevalence of 3GCr and ESBL-producing isolates was 31.3 and 3.4%, respectively, with no significant effects of age (P = 0.340) or wheat grazing (P = 0.597). All 3GCr and ESBL-producing isolates were multidrug resistant (resistant to at least three antimicrobial classes). 3GCr isolates were positive for blaCMY-2 (73%) or blaCTX-M (27%), and blaCTX-M-15 was the most prevalent gene (94%, n = 17) among the CTX-M-positive isolates. Wheat grazing significantly expanded (P < 0.001) the 3GCr population carrying blaCTX-M and reduced the population carrying blaCMY-2. Five of the seven ESBL-producing isolates were positive for blaCTX-M. Our study revealed age-dependent occurrence of TETrE. coli and that wheat grazing expanded the resistant population carrying certain resistance genes. Cow-calf production is a significant reservoir for antibiotic-resistant bacteria of significant public health importance such as 3GCr and CTX-M ESBL-producing E. coli.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Cattle; Cephalosporins; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Tetracycline

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is considered a leading pathogen contributing to the global burden of antimicrobial resistance.. To better understand factors associated with the heterogeneity of community-acquired ESBL-producing E coli urinary tract infections (UTIs) in France.. This cross-sectional study performed from January 1 to December 31, 2021, was based on data collected via PRIMO (Surveillance and Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance in Primary Care and Nursing Homes), a nationwide clinical laboratory surveillance system in France. Strains of E coli isolated from community urine samples from January 1 to December 31, 2019, from 59 administrative departments of metropolitan France were included.. Quasi-Poisson regression models were used to assess the associations between several ecological factors available on government and administration websites between 2010 and 2020 (demographic population structure, living conditions, baseline health care services, antibiotic consumptions, economic indicators, animal farming density, and environmental characteristics) and the number of ESBL-producing E coli strains isolated from urine samples of individuals with community-acquired UTI in 2019.. Among 444 281 E coli isolates from urine samples tested in 1013 laboratories, the mean prevalence of ESBL-producing E coli was 3.0% (range, 1.4%-8.8%). In an adjusted model, the number of community-acquired ESBL-producing E coli UTIs in each department was positively associated with the percentage of children younger than 5 years (adjusted β1 coefficient, 0.112 [95% CI, 0.040-0.185]; P = .004), overcrowded households (adjusted β1 coefficient, 0.049 [95% CI, 0.034 to 0.062]; P < .001), consumption of fluoroquinolones (adjusted β1 coefficient, 0.002 [95% CI, 0.001-0.002]; P < .001), and tetracyclines (adjusted β1 coefficient, 0.0002 [0.00004 to 0.00039]; P = .02), and poultry density (adjusted β1 coefficient, 0.0001 [95% CI, 0.0001-0.0002]; P < .001). The social deprivation index (adjusted β1 coefficient, -0.115 [95% CI, -0.165 to -0.064]; P < .001) and the proportion of water surface area (adjusted β1 coefficient, -0.052 [-0.081 to -0.024]; P = .001) were negatively associated with a higher number of community-acquired ESBL-producing E coli UTIs.. The findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that multiple human health, animal health, and environmental factors are associated with the occurence of community-acquired ESBL E coli UTI. Strategies to mitigate ESBL in the community should follow the One Health approach and address the role played by fluoroquinolones, tetracycline use, poultry density, overcrowded households, and preschool-aged children.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Child; Child, Preschool; Community-Acquired Infections; Cross-Sectional Studies; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Water

A plasmid-mediated mechanism of bacterial resistance to polymyxin is a serious threat to public health worldwide. The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes and to conduct the molecular characterization of mcr-positive Escherichia coli strains isolated from Polish poultry.. In this study, 318 E. coli strains were characterized by the prevalence of mcr1-mcr5 genes, antimicrobial susceptibility testing by minimal inhibitory concentration method, the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes was screened by PCR, and the biofilm formation ability was tested using the crystal violet staining method. Genetic relatedness of mcr-1-positive E. coli strains was evaluated by multilocus sequence typing method.. Among the 318 E. coli isolates, 17 (5.35%) harbored the mcr-1 gene. High antimicrobial resistance rates were observed for ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (88.24%), and chloramphenicol (82.35%). All mcr-1-positive E. coli strains were multidrug-resistant, and as many as 88.24% of the isolates contained the bla. Our results showed a low occurrence of mcr-1-positive E. coli strains isolated from Polish poultry; however, all the isolated strains were resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents and were able to form biofilms at low or medium level.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Poland; Poultry; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biocompatible Materials; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Liberation; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Polyesters; Porosity; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Tissue Scaffolds; Titanium

Recent emergence of high-level tigecycline resistance mediated by Tet(X3/X4) in Enterobacteriaceae undoubtably constitutes a serious threat for public health worldwide. Antibiotic adjuvant strategy makes antibiotic more effective against these resistant pathogens through interfering intrinsic resistance mechanisms or enhancing antibiotic actions. Herein, we screened a collection of drugs to identify compounds that are able to restore tigecycline activity against resistant pathogens. Encouragingly, we discovered that anti-HIV agent azidothymidine dramatically potentiates tigecycline activity against clinically resistant bacteria. Meanwhile, addition of azidothymidine prevents the evolution of tigecycline resistance in E. coli and the naturally occurring horizontal transfer of tet(X4). Evidence demonstrated that azidothymidine specifically inhibits DNA synthesis and suppresses resistance enzyme activity. Moreover, in in vivo infection models by Tet(X4)-expression E. coli, the combination of azidothymidine and tigecycline achieved remarkable treatment benefits including increased survival and decreased bacterial burden. These findings provide an effective regimen to treat infections caused by tigecycline-resistant Escherichia coli.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-HIV Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microbial Viability; Peritonitis; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance; Zidovudine

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a specific group of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli that causes a variety of extraintestinal diseases in chickens, ducks, pigeons, turkeys, and other avian species. These diseases lead to significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. However, owing to excessive use of antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diseases, bacteria have developed antibiotic resistance. The development of multidrug efflux pumps is one important bacterial antibiotic resistance mechanism. A multidrug efflux pump, MdtH, which belongs to the major facilitator superfamily of transporters, confers resistance to quinolone antibiotics such as norfloxacin and enoxacin. LsrR regulates hundreds of genes that participate in myriad biological processes, including mobility, biofilm formation, and antibiotic susceptibility. However, whether LsrR regulates mdtH transcription and then affects bacterial resistance to various antibiotics in APEC has not been reported. In the present study, the lsrR mutant was constructed from its parent strain APECX40 (WT), and high-throughput sequencing was performed to analyze the transcriptional profile of the WT and mutant XY10 strains. The results showed that lsrR gene deletion upregulated the mdtH transcript level. Furthermore, we also constructed the lsrR- and mdtH-overexpressing strains and performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing, antibacterial activity assays, real-time reverse transcription PCR, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays to investigate the molecular regulatory mechanism of LsrR on the MdtH multidrug efflux pump. The lsrR mutation and the mdtH-overexpressing strain decreased cell susceptibility to norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline by upregulating mdtH transcript levels. In addition, the lsrR-overexpressing strain increased cell susceptibility to norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline by downregulating mdtH transcript levels. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that LsrR directly binds to the mdtH promoter. Therefore, this study is the first to demonstrate that LsrR inhibits mdtH transcription by directly binding to its promoter region. This action subsequently increases susceptibility to the aforementioned four antibiotics in APECX40.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antiporters; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Fluoroquinolones; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poultry Diseases; Repressor Proteins; Tetracycline

Antibiotics have long been the first line of defense to prevent Escherichia coli infections, but they have lost their potency since bacteria have grown increasingly resistant to treatment. The present research aimed to study the drug resistance and the prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes in E. coli isolated from broilers with colibacillosis.. The results showed that the most prevalent type of drug resistance was to tetracycline at 95.0%, and the least was to gentamicin at 21.7%. The prevalences of antimicrobial resistance among the tested antibiotics were significantly different (p < 0.001). A statistically significant difference was observed between the prevalence of the tet genes (p < 0.001). The tetD positive isolates and antibiotic sensitivity to tetracycline showed statistical significant differences (p = 0.017).. Considering the results, tetA is the most common tetracycline resistance gene, and the presence of tetD and antibiotic sensitivity to tetracycline had a significant relationship in E. coli isolated from colibacillosis infections.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Iran; Poultry Diseases; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

In recent decades, the number of studies on the occurrence of resistant strains in wildlife animals has increased significantly, but data are still fragmentary. The aim of this study was to evaluate drug resistance of

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Cefotaxime; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Epidemiological Monitoring; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Ferrets; Gene Expression; Genes, Bacterial; Kanamycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mink; Mustelidae; Nalidixic Acid; Plasmids; Poland; Raccoon Dogs; Streptomycin; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline

The phenomenon of resistance of Escherichia coli strains in free-living animals has been constantly expanding in recent years. However, the data are still fragmented and, due to the growing threat to public health, there is a constant need to search for and analyse new reservoirs and indicate their role and importance in the circulation of resistance genes in the environment. Therefore, the target group in this study were free-living non-predatory animals as reservoirs of drug-resistant and potentially virulent E. coli strains. We obtained 70 different isolates, including 71.4% of multidrug-resistant strains. In strains isolated from all species of animals, we determined high resistance to ampicillin (95.7%), tetracycline (64.3%), streptomycin (51.4%) and chloramphenicol (38.6%). Every third of the E. coli-positive individual was a carrier of more than one resistant clone. Moreover, 11.4% of isolates among the resistant strains had the ExPEC, ETEC, or EHEC pathotype. Our study confirmed that not only free-living predatory animals are reservoirs of resistance but also many synanthropic species of herbivores and omnivores contribute substantially to the spread of resistant and virulent E. coli strains.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Animals, Wild; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Herbivory; Phylogeny; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Tetracycline

Antimicrobial helper-compounds may reverse antimicrobial resistance. Sertraline, a antidepressant drug, has been suggested as a tetracycline helper-compound. Tetracycline is the preferred antimicrobial for treatment of enteric diseases in pigs. This study is the first to evaluate the potency of sertraline as a tetracycline adjuvant in pigs.. Forty-eight nursery pigs were divided into four treatment groups: Tetracycline, sertraline, tetracycline/sertraline or un-medicated control. Fecal and ileal samples were obtained before treatment, 48 h and nine days after five days of treatment, respectively. Colony forming units (CFU) of tetracycline resistant coliforms in each sample (ileal or fecal) and CFU of an orally inoculated tetracycline-resistant strain of Escherichia coli were determined at each sampling point. The microbiome of fecal and ileal and samples was analyzed by sequencing of the 16S V3-V4 region.. The results did not provide evidence that sertraline in combination with tetracycline has any impact on tetracycline resistant bacteria in either fecal or ileum samples, while in the tetracycline treated group of pigs, an increase in the prevalence of a tetracycline resistant indicator strain of Escherichia coli shortly after ended five-day treatment was observed. The ileal samples obtained shortly after ended treatment showed treatment-associated changes in the composition of the microbiota in the groups of pigs treated with tetracycline (+/-) sertraline. While tetracycline treatment increased the abundance in the reads of E. coli, sertraline/tetracycline treatment led to increased abundances of Streptococcus spp. and decreased abundances of Lactobacillus spp. However, all observed differences (on CFU counts and microbiota composition) between groups shortly after treatment had diminished in less than two weeks after last treatment day.. Sertraline (+/-) tetracycline treatment did not reduce the long-term level of tetracycline-resistant bacteria in the feces or small intestine contents of piglets compared to the un-medicated control group of pigs. The result of this study reflects the importance of in vivo studies for confirmation of the antimicrobial helper-compound potential of an in vitro active compound.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biodiversity; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microbiota; Sertraline; Stem Cells; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) cause clinical infections in humans. Understanding the evolution and dissemination of ExPEC strains via potential reservoirs is important due to associated morbidity, health care costs and mortality. To further understanding this survey has examined isolates recovered from the faeces of 221 healthy dogs and 427 healthy cats. The distribution of phylogroups varied with host species, and depended on whether the animal was living in a shelter or a home. The human associated STs 69, 73, 95, 131 and 127 were prevalent, with 30.5% of cat isolates and 10.3% of dog isolates representing these ExPEC sequence types. Resistance to the antibiotics ampicillin and tetracycline was common, but resistance to other antimicrobials was negligible.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Australia; Cats; Disease Reservoirs; Dogs; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli Infections; Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli; Feces; Female; Genotype; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Tetracycline; Zoonoses

During the hatching process, chicks are exposed to opportunistic and/or pathogenic organisms, such as virulent or avirulent Escherichia coli. Virulent E. coli strains have not been feasible for induction of neonatal colibacillosis via in ovo challenge due to high embryonic mortality. In this manuscript, we describe the addition and co-administration of the bacteriostatic antibiotic tetracycline to a virulent E. coli challenge culture, improving hatchability and livability of seeder chicks while allowing robust horizontal transmission in the hatching cabinet to contact chicks. Experiment 1 consisted of 3 trials. Experiment 1, trial 1 was conducted to determine an effective ratio of E. coli challenge and tetracycline dose to be utilized in the seeder model. Trials 2 and 3 were conducted to evaluate the transmission of E. coli from seeder to contact chicks. Experiment 2 consisted of 3 independent 7-D trials where body weight gain (BWG), mortality, and selected enteric bacterial recovery were evaluated. In trials 1 to 3, significantly (P < 0.05) more Gram-negative bacteria were recovered from whole gut samples (GIT) vs. negative controls on day of hatch, from both seeder and contact chicks. At day 7 in trial 1, contact chicks had significantly (P < 0.05) more Gram-negative bacteria recovered from the GIT than the negative control, but not in trials 2 and 3. Presumptive lactic acid bacterial recovery was elevated in contact and seeder chicks compared to the negative control in all 3 trials. Contact challenge caused a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in BWG in 2 out of 3 trials at day 7, and there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in mortality as compared to the negative controls in all trials. These data suggest that co-administration of a virulent E. coli strain with tetracycline allows for hatch of direct challenged chicks and effective horizontal transmission to contact chicks during the hatching process, as evidenced by reduced day 7 performance and altered selected enteric bacterial recovery.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Disease Models, Animal; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Ovum; Poultry Diseases; Tetracycline; Virulence

In this study, the prevalence, phenotypes, and clonal relationships of

Topics: Agriculture; Amikacin; Ampicillin; Animals; Cefoxitin; China; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mink; Tetracycline

To identify plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Oman, where this resistance mechanism has not been encountered yet.. Twenty-two colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates collected between July 2014 and June 2016 in a tertiary care hospital in Muscat were screened by PCR for the mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes. The strain identified as mcr-1 positive was genotyped and its antibiotic susceptibility was established. The mcr-1 containing plasmid was mobilized into Escherichia coli K-12 and its sequence was determined.. A single E. coli isolate (OM97) carrying mcr-1 gene was identified, while no strains carrying the mcr-2 gene was found. E. coli OM97 was isolated in June 2016 from blood culture of a male patient with multiple comorbidities. It belonged to ST10. Beyond colistin, it was resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and cotrimoxazole. The mcr-1 gene was located on a conjugative IncI2-type plasmid of 63722 bp size, which did not harbor any further resistance genes. The genetic surrounding of the mcr-1 gene lacked the ISApl1 element.. Although colistin resistance caused by the mcr-1 gene is not common in our collection of clinical isolates, the occurrence of the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in an E. coli ST10 strain is of concern as this clonal group was already shown to spread ESBL genes and quinolone resistance worldwide. It is especially worrisome that as the mcr-1 gene occurred in a non-ESBL, carbapenem-susceptible E. coli strain, current susceptibility testing algorithms may not detect its presence.

Topics: Amikacin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Ciprofloxacin; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Gene Expression; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oman; Penicillanic Acid; Piperacillin; Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination; Plasmids; Protein Isoforms; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

We previously found that the hospital use of tetracyclines is associated with quinolone resistance in hospital isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. Tetracyclines are heavily used in the community. Our aim was to assess whether their use in the community favors quinolone resistance in community isolates of Escherichia coli. Monthly data of community antibiotics use and E. coli quinolone resistance in a 1.3 million inhabitant French area were obtained from 2009 to 2014, and were analyzed with autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. Quinolone use decreased from 10.1% of the total antibiotic use in 2009 to 9.3% in 2014 (trend, - 0.016; p-value < 0.0001), while tetracycline use increased from 16.5% in 2009 to 17.1% in 2014 (trend, 0.016; p < 0.0001). The mean (95% confidence interval) monthly proportions of isolates that were non-susceptible to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin were 14.8% (14.2%-15.5%) and 9.5% (8.8%-10.1%), respectively, with no significant temporal trend. After adjusting on quinolone use, tetracycline use in the preceding month was significantly associated with nalidixic acid non-susceptibility (estimate [SD], 0.01 [0.007]; p-value, 0.04), but not with ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility (estimate [SD], 0.01 [0.009]; p-value, 0.23). Tetracycline use in the community may promote quinolone non-susceptibility in E. coli. Decreasing both tetracycline and quinolone use may be necessary to fight against the worldwide growth of quinolone resistance.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Community-Acquired Infections; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Nalidixic Acid; Retrospective Studies; Tetracycline

To estimate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and Enterococci isolated from duck faeces in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania.. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus isolation rates from ducks faeces were 91 and 100% respectively. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance of E. coli and Enterococcus was 70.3 and 42%, respectively. E. coli resistant to four antibiotics were 28 (30.8%) and showed high resistance to ampicillin (81.3), tetracycline (75.8) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxine (62.3). Multiple antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus were more than 65%. High resistance rates shown by Enterococcus were observed in rifampin (62%), ampicillin (62%) and tetracycline (42%). Almost all farmers (92.3%) left their ducks to scavenge for food around their houses. Antibiotics used in animal treatments were oxytetracyclines, sulfonamides, penicillin dihydrostreptomycin while in humans were tetracycline, ampicillin, and amoxicillin.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Asymptomatic Diseases; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ducks; Enterococcus; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Rifampin; Streptococcal Infections; Tanzania; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

The assessment of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria derived from animals is often performed using the disc diffusion assay. However broth-microdilution is the preferred assay for national antimicrobial resistance surveillance programs. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of disc diffusion relative to broth-microdilution across a panel of 12 antimicrobials using data from a collection of 994 clinical Escherichia coli isolates from animals. Disc diffusion performance was evaluated by diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio pairs and receive-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Data was dichotomised using CLSI susceptible and resistant clinical breakpoints. In addition, disc diffusion breakpoints produced using diffusion Breakpoint Estimation Testing Software (dBETS) were evaluated. Analysis revealed considerable variability in performance estimates for disc diffusion susceptible and resistant breakpoints (AUC ranges: 0.78-0.99 and 0.92-1.0, respectively) across the panel of antimicrobials. Ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and ampicillin estimates were robust across both breakpoints, whereas estimates for several antimicrobials including amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefoxitin and gentamicin were less favourable using susceptible breakpoints. Overall performance estimates were moderately improved when dBETS susceptible breakpoints were applied. For most antimicrobials, disc diffusion was accurate at predicting resistance of clinical E. coli from animals that could otherwise be determined by broth-microdilution. While disc diffusion is suboptimal for assessing the proportion of fully susceptible isolates for some drugs, sensitivity and specificity estimates provided here allow for the use of standard formula to correct this. For this reason, disc diffusion has applicability in national surveillance provided the performance of the assay is taken into account.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Data Accuracy; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Dogs; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Epidemiological Monitoring; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Horses; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Tetracycline

This study was conducted to test the distribution of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) associated genes in fecal isolates from diarrheic yaks of a high remote region of China. Briefly, we obtained 203 fecal samples from diarrheic adult yaks and E. coli strains were isolated and identified via standard methods The antibiotic sensitivity of isolates was determined via disk diffusion method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the DEC virulence associated genes. Results of the current study showed a high rate of resistance to tetracycline (93.6%) and low rate of resistance to ofloxacin (16.7%) antibiotics. Meanwhile, five different diarrheagenic associated virulence traits were detected including; EAEC (11.80%), EHEC (25.62%), EIEC (17.18%), EPEC (36.92%) and ETEC (11.36%). Moreover, E. coli isolates were positive for all tested DEC associated virulence genes ranging from 1.48% to 33%. Additionally, four isolates were positive for more than one virulence genes. In conclusion, our investigation showed a relatively low number of E. coli virulence genes isolated from diarrheic Tibetan yaks, which could be attributed to the high altitude induced harsh environmental conditions that may not help in the growth and survival of pathogenic organisms. In addition, this study highlights the high level of antibiotic resistance in yaks, therefore; preventive measures should be taken to monitor the antibiotic usage in Tibet region of China.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; China; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Ofloxacin; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Tetracycline; Tibet; Virulence

With the high demand for developing novel composites with integrated performance, graphene-based nanostructures have been drawing great attention in environmental and biomedical applications because of their extraordinary physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. Although graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets exhibit some antibacterial activities, novel GO based nanostructures with enhanced antibacterial activities are highly desired. To realize this aim, polyethyleneimine (PEI) modified GO as a tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) carrier and release platform was constructed (pGO-TCH). The nanostructures were fully characterized by TEM, AFM, FTIR and Raman spectra, which demonstrated that TCH were uniformly and compactly deposited on PEI modified GO nanosheets. The antibacterial performances of the prepared nanostructures were investigated by disk diffusion method and bacterial growth kinetics method towards Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli. Results show that pGO-TCH nanostructures exhibit good antibacterial behavior. The mechanism of antibacterial activity was studied. Moreover, the nanostructures showed good cytocompatibility. This study not only highlights a promising pGO-TCH nanostructure as a candidate of graphene-based antibacterial agent, but also provides us antibacterial mechanism between bacteria and graphene-based nanomaterials.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biocompatible Materials; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Graphite; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Nanostructures; Oxides; Polyethyleneimine; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Carriage of antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens by food production animals is one of many contributors to treatment failure in health care settings, and it necessitates an integrated approach to investigate the carriage of resistant pathogens harboring integrons in food-producing animals.. Escherichia coli isolates with reduced susceptibility to tetracycline antibiotics (n = 92) were tested for associations between carriage of class1 integrons, phylogenetic group affiliation and tetracycline resistance determinants using the MIC method, PFGE analysis, PCR and sequencing.. Phylogroups B1 and A were the most common (58.7 and 19.6%, respectively), followed by groups D (20.7%) and B2 (1.1%). All isolates carried at least one of the tet genes examined. In addition, 88 (95.7%) of all tetracycline-resistant isolates carried tet(A) or tet(B), while 47 (51.1%) and 41 (44.6%) harbored only tet(A) or tet(B), respectively. Likewise, isolates harboring these genes had a higher chance (P < 0.05) of carrying class 1 integrons. Of the tested isolates, 38 (41.3%) carried the intI1 gene. Classical integrons with complete genes (sul1 and qacE∆1) at the 3'-CS were recognized in 27 isolates. PCR screening and subsequent sequencing demonstrated that 84.2% (32/38) of the intI1-positive isolates harbored resistance gene cassettes. Overall, seven gene cassettes were identified, either solely or combined with another gene cassette. The most common gene was aadA1 (10 isolates), followed by a combination of aadA1-dfrA1 (seven isolates), aadA1-dfrA12 (six isolates) and aadA1-aadA2-dfrA12 (three isolates). Genetic typing using PFGE showed minimum clonal relatedness with 28 different clusters and 12-25 discernible DNA fragments.. This study brings new insight into the relationships between the presence of integrons, phylogenetic group association and characteristics of tetracycline antibiotic resistance determinants in commensal E. coli strains.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Integrons; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Republic of Korea; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the major causes of infectious diarrhea in developing countries. This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and phenotypic and genotypic features of ETEC isolates from Shenzhen, China.. ETEC isolates were obtained from acute diarrheal patients and evaluated for enterotoxin, classical colonization factors (CFs), serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and multilocus sequencing typing (MLST).. A total of 168 (1.3%) ETEC strains were isolated from 13,324 diarrheal outpatients during 2009 and 2014. A vast majority of ETEC-infected patients (82.1%) belonged to the age ranging 20-59 years and only six patients were children aged <5 years. Heat-stable toxin (ST) was most frequently detected (81.5%), followed by heat-labile toxin (LT) (13.1%). One or multiple colonization factors (CFs) were identified in 91 ETEC strains (54.2%). The most frequently detected CF was CS6 (with or without other CFs) (84/91), followed by CS21 (14/91). The most common serotype was O159:H34 (n = 36), followed by O148:H28 (n = 25) and O27:H7 (n = 17). High resistant rate was observed to nalidixic acid (77.4%), cephalothin (41.7%), ampicillin (34.5%), and tetracycline (21.4%). Antimicrobial resistance profiles differed among different serogroups. Sequence type (ST) 10 complex, integrated with connected ST218, ST48, ST4, and ST1312 subgroups, covered 73 (43.5%) isolates.. ETEC isolates in Shenzhen of China appeared highly diverse, yet some isolates belonged to well-defined clonal groups sharing a unique set of virulence factors, serotypes, and MLST sequence types. Facing the challenge of ETEC antigenic diversity and geographic variation, novel molecules and/or classical antigens designed by novel strategies might contribute to ETEC vaccine development.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Toxins; Cephalothin; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Diarrhea; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Genes, Bacterial; Genotyping Techniques; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Nalidixic Acid; Tetracycline; Young Adult

There is an urgent need for novel antibiotics as the current antibiotics are losing their value due to increased resistance among clinically important bacteria. Sertraline, an on-marked anti-depressive drug, has been shown to modify bacterial activity in vitro, including increasing the susceptibility of Escherichia coli to antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the antimicrobial activity of sertraline could be documented under clinical settings, hereunder if sertraline could potentiate the effect of tetracycline in treatment of an experimentally induced ascending infection in poultry. A total of 40 chickens were divided in four groups of 10 chickens each. All chickens were challenged with 4x103 colony forming units (CFU) of a tetracycline resistant E. coli strain using a surgical infection model, and subsequently treated with either high-dose sertraline, tetracycline, a combination hereof or received no treatment. Seven days post challenge all birds were submitted to necropsy and scored pathologically for lesions. The average lesion scores were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the groups that were treated with high-dose sertraline or high-dose sertraline combined with tetracycline. In conclusion high-dose treatments (four times the maximum therapeutic dose for treating human depression) with sertraline as an adjuvant for treatment of antibiotic resistant E. coli infections exacerbate the pathological outcome of infection in chickens.

Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Body Weight; Chickens; Colony Count, Microbial; Disease Progression; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Fallopian Tubes; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Liver; Poultry Diseases; Sertraline; Tetracycline

Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) isolates were recovered from local retail markets and the Osaka Municipal Central Wholesale Market in Japan. Retail food samples were collected for analysis in Osaka Japan from 2005 to 2008 and consisted of 32 beef, 28 pork, 20 poultry, 136 fish, 66 fruits and vegetables and 51 ready-to-eat (RTE) food samples. A total of 82 DEC strains were recovered from 64 (19%) food samples with the highest prevalence in poultry (100%, 20/20), followed by pork (54%, 15/28), beef (28%, 9/32), fruits and vegetables (12%, 8/66), fish (6.6%, 9/136) and RTE foods (5.9%, 3/51). Most of the strains belonged to E. coli possessing the enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1) gene (EAST1EC; n=62, P<0.0001) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC; n=16, P<0.01), whereas only 1 strain belonged to Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), 1 to EAEC and 2 to enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains. Of the 82 DEC isolates, 22 O and 13H serogroups were detected, including some specific serogroups (O91, O103, O115, O119, O126, and O157) which have been associated with human diarrheal infections. Phylogenetic group A and B1 were predominant among the DEC isolates. Antimicrobial resistance to tetracycline was most common (49%), followed by nalidixic acid (28%), ampicillin (24%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (20%), and cephalothin (18%). All isolates were susceptible to aztreonam. Of the resistant strains, 44% (22/50) demonstrated resistance to >3 antimicrobial agents. Isolates resistant to >5 antimicrobials were only found in the meat samples, while isolates from the fruits and vegetables as well as RTE foods showed resistance to only 1 or 2 antimicrobial agents. Sixty one percent of EAST1EC, 56% of EPEC and all of the EAEC and ETEC were resistant to at least 1 antimicrobial agent. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) was used in this study for genotyping of DEC. The 82 isolates collected for this study showed 77 distinct MLVA profiles located among 3 branches. The Simpson's Index of Diversity (D) was 99.9% at its highest. The high diversity of these food strains would suggest their originating from a variety of sources and environments. In conclusion, retail food samples in Japan were contaminated with DEC; EAST1EC, a putative DEC, were detected at high rates in poultry, pork and beef. Isolates resistant to >3 antimicrobials were found only in raw meat and fish. Food animals may act as the reservoir for multi-resistant

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cephalothin; Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Enterotoxins; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Fruit; Humans; Japan; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minisatellite Repeats; Nalidixic Acid; Prevalence; Red Meat; Seafood; Swine; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Vegetables; Virulence Factors

Hydraphiles are synthetic amphiphiles that form ion-conducting pores in liposomal membranes. These pores exhibit open-close behavior when studied by planar bilayer conductance techniques. In previous work, we showed that when co-administered with various antibiotics to the DH5α strain of Escherichia coli, they enhanced the drug's potency. We report here potency enhancements at low concentrations of hydraphiles for the structurally and mechanistically unrelated antibiotics erythromycin, kanamycin, rifampicin, and tetracycline against Gram negative E. coli (DH5α and K-12) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as Gram positive Bacillus subtilis. Earlier work suggested that potency increases correlated to ion transport function. The data presented here comport with the function of hydraphiles to enhance membrane permeability in addition to, or instead of, their known function as ion conductors.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus subtilis; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Kanamycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Permeability; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Rifampin; Surface-Active Agents; Tetracycline

Antimicrobial use and resistance in animal and food production are of concern to public health. The primary aims of this study were to determine the frequency of resistance to 12 antimicrobials in Escherichia coli isolates from 39 pig farms and to identify patterns of antimicrobial use on these farms. Further aims were to determine whether a categorization of farms based on the duration of in-feed antimicrobial use (long-term versus short-term) could predict the occurrence of resistance on these farms and to identify the usage of specific antimicrobial drugs associated with the occurrence of resistance. Escherichia coli were isolated from all production stages on these farms; susceptibility testing was carried out against a panel of antimicrobials. Antimicrobial prescribing data were collected, and farms were categorized as long term or short term based on these. Resistance frequencies and antimicrobial use were tabulated. Logistic regression models of resistance to each antimicrobial were constructed with stage of production, duration of antimicrobial use and the use of 5 antimicrobial classes included as explanatory variables in each model. The greatest frequencies of resistance were observed to tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and streptomycin with the highest levels of resistance observed in isolates from first-stage weaned pigs. Differences in the types of antimicrobial drugs used were noted between long-term and short-term use farms. Categorization of farms as long- or short-term use was sufficient to predict the likely occurrence of resistance to 3 antimicrobial classes and could provide an aid in the control of resistance in the food chain. Stage of production was a significant predictor variable in all models of resistance constructed and did not solely reflect antimicrobial use at each stage. Cross-selection and co-selection for resistance was evident in the models constructed, and the use of trimethoprim/sulphonamide drugs in particular was associated with the occurrence of resistance to other antimicrobials.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Logistic Models; Streptomycin; Sulfamethoxazole; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes are among the most common bacterial causes of morbidity and mortality in young children. These pathogens are not sought routinely and capacity for their detection is limited in Africa. We investigated the distribution and dissemination of DEC in 126 children paired with their mothers in a Nigerian community.. A total of 861 E. coli were isolated from 126 children with diarrhoea and their mothers. Antimicrobial susceptibility of each isolate was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. All the isolates were screened for DEC markers by multiplex PCR. Genetic relatedness of DEC strains was determined by flagellin typing and Insertion element 3 (IS3)-based PCR.. DEC were identified from 35.7% of individuals with the most common pathotype being shiga toxin-producing E. coli (42, 16.7%). Identical pathotypes were found in 13 (10.3%) of the mother-child pairs and in three of these strains from mothers and their children showed identical genetic signatures. Over 90% of DEC isolates were resistant to ampicillin, sulphonamide, tetracycline, streptomycin or trimethoprim, but only 9 (7.2%) were ciprofloxacin resistant. The data suggest that healthy mothers are asymptomatic reservoirs of multiply-resistant strains that are pathogenic in their children and there are instances in which identical strains are found in mother-child pairs.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child, Preschool; Ciprofloxacin; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; DNA Transposable Elements; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Middle Aged; Mothers; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Nigeria; Tetracycline; Young Adult

Combination treatment is increasingly used to fight infections caused by bacteria resistant to two or more antimicrobials. While multiple studies have evaluated treatment strategies to minimize the emergence of resistant strains for single antimicrobial treatment, fewer studies have considered combination treatments. The current study modeled bacterial growth in the intestine of pigs after intramuscular combination treatment (i.e. using two antibiotics simultaneously) and sequential treatments (i.e. alternating between two antibiotics) in order to identify the factors that favor the sensitive fraction of the commensal flora. Growth parameters for competing bacterial strains were estimated from the combined in vitro pharmacodynamic effect of two antimicrobials using the relationship between concentration and net bacterial growth rate. Predictions of in vivo bacterial growth were generated by a mathematical model of the competitive growth of multiple strains of Escherichia coli.. Simulation studies showed that sequential use of tetracycline and ampicillin reduced the level of double resistance, when compared to the combination treatment. The effect of the cycling frequency (how frequently antibiotics are alternated in a sequential treatment) of the two drugs was dependent upon the order in which the two drugs were used.. Sequential treatment was more effective in preventing the growth of resistant strains when compared to the combination treatment. The cycling frequency did not play a role in suppressing the growth of resistant strains, but the specific order of the two antimicrobials did. Predictions made from the study could be used to redesign multidrug treatment strategies not only for intramuscular treatment in pigs, but also for other dosing routes.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Load; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Injections, Intramuscular; Intestines; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Swine; Tetracycline

Diarrhea is the second most common cause of death among children less than 5 years of age worldwide. The etiological agents of diarrhea in the southeast coastal area of China were studied from July 2009 to December 2014.. A total of the 2318 patients were enrolled in this study and examined for the presence of viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Multiplex real-time PCR was used for the detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia.coli (DEC). DEC strains were tested for susceptibility to a panel of 20 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method.. Of the 2318 children with diarrhea, 962 (41.5 %) were positive for at least one pathogen. Rotavirus, human calicivirus (HucV), and DEC were predominant, with detection rates of 19.1 % (443), 17.7 % (411), and 7.6 % (177), respectively. The prevalences of various pathogens in patients of different ages and in different seasons were not the same. The resistance rates of 177 strains of DEC to ampicillin, tetracycline, and cefazolin were 93.2 %, 60.0 %, and 57.7 %, respectively.. Rotavirus, HucV, and DEC were the main pathogens associated with diarrhea in Zhejiang, China. DEC possessed high levels of antibiotic resistance. Increased monitoring of etiological agents of diarrhea is necessary.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Caliciviridae Infections; Child, Preschool; China; Diarrhea; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Seasons; Tetracycline

1. Tetracycline resistance determinants are widespread among bacterial species. Resistance to tetracycline occurs by different mechanisms regulated by various genes. 2. The study was conducted to determine the tetracycline resistance and prevalence of tetracycline resistance determinants among Escherichia coli strains isolated from broilers in northern Iran. 3. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tetracycline and susceptibility pattern of the isolates were screened using micro-dilution and disk diffusion methods, respectively. The presence of 7 tetracycline resistance genes including tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetE, tetG and tetM was tested using the polymerase chain reaction. 4. Among 100 strains isolated from broilers, 73% were identified as tetracycline resistant. All isolates showed the presence of tetracycline-associated genes. The most prevalent genes were tetA (46%) and tetB (41%) and totally, 17 different genotypes were recognised according to the presence of tetracycline resistance genes. Statistical analysis revealed that concomitant presence of the resistance genes significantly increased the tetracycline MIC and effectiveness of phenotypic characterisation. 5. The results demonstrated a high occurrence of tetracycline-resistant E. coli and related genes among broilers which presents a risk of increasing these strains in human infections associated with food animals.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Iran; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poultry Diseases; Prevalence; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of virulence genes, serogroups, antimicrobial resistance and phylogenetic groups of Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic and healthy camel calves in Tunisia. From 120 fecal samples (62 healthy and 58 diarrheic camel calves aged less than 3 months), 70 E. coli isolates (53 from diarrheic herds and 17 from healthy herds) were examined by PCR for detection of the virulence genes associated with pathogenic E. coli in animals. A significantly greater frequency of the f17 gene was observed in individual camels and in herds with diarrhea, this gene being found in 44.7% and 41.5% of isolates from camels and herds with diarrhea versus 22.5% and 11.7% in camels (p=0.05) and herds without diarrhea (p=0.02). The aida, cnf1/2, f18, stx2 and paa genes were found only in isolates from camels with diarrhea, although at a low prevalence, 1.8%, 3.7%, 1.8%, 3.7% and 11.3%, respectively. Prevalence of afa8, cdtB, eae, east1, iroN, iss, kpsMTII, paa, sfa, tsh and papC genes did not differ significantly between herds with or without diarrhea. Genes coding for faeG, fanC, f41, estI, estII, CS31a and eltA were not detected in any isolates. All isolates were sensitive to amikacin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and ceftiofur and the highest frequency of resistance was observed to tetracycline, and ampicillin (52.8% and 37.1% respectively). The phylogenetic groups were identified by conventional triplex PCR. Results showed that E. coli strains segregated mainly in phylogenetic group B1, 52.8% in diarrheic herds and 52.9% in healthy herds.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Camelus; Ciprofloxacin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Feces; Genotype; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Tetracycline; Tunisia; Virulence Factors

This study was designed to characterize a collection of 60 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolates from diarrheic feces of patients in the Ribeirão Preto metropolitan area regarding different phenotypic and molecular features. We examined antibiotic resistance profiles, occurrence of virulence factors-encoding genes, intimin subtypes and the correlation of serotypes among typical (tEPEC) and atypical (aEPEC) EPEC isolates. The results demonstrated that atypical EPEC was more heterogeneous than typical EPEC concerning the characteristics investigated and 45.2% do not belong to classical EPEC serogroups. Intimin subtype β was the most frequent among the EPEC isolates (46.7%), being detected in both tEPEC and aEPEC. The majority of aEPEC isolates presented localized adherence-like (LAL) pattern to HEp-2 cells, although aEPEC isolates displaying diffuse adherence (DA) or non-adherent were also detected. High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was found for ampicillin, cephalothin, sulfonamide and tetracycline. In general, tEPEC isolates were more resistant to the antimicrobials tested than aEPEC isolates.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Adhesion; Brazil; Cell Line; Cephalothin; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Serotyping; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Virulence Factors

High instances of antimicrobial resistance are linked to both routine and excessive antimicrobial use, but excessive or inappropriate use represents an unnecessary risk. The competitive growth advantages of resistant bacteria may be amplified by the strain dynamics; in particular, the extent to which resistant strains outcompete susceptible strains under antimicrobial pressure may depend not only on the antimicrobial treatment strategies but also on the epidemiological parameters, such as the composition of the bacterial strains in a pig. This study evaluated how variation in the dosing protocol for intramuscular administration of tetracycline and the composition of bacterial strains in a pig affect the level of resistance in the intestine of a pig. Predictions were generated by a mathematical model of competitive growth of Escherichia coli strains in pigs under specified plasma concentration profiles of tetracycline. All dosing regimens result in a clear growth advantage for resistant strains. Short treatment duration was found to be preferable, since it allowed less time for resistant strains to outcompete the susceptible ones. Dosing frequency appeared to be ineffective at reducing the resistance levels. The number of competing strains had no apparent effect on the resistance level during treatment, but possession of fewer strains reduced the time to reach equilibrium after the end of treatment. To sum up, epidemiological parameters may have more profound influence on growth dynamics than dosing regimens and should be considered when designing improved treatment protocols.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clinical Protocols; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Injections, Intramuscular; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Swine; Tetracycline

Urban and peri-urban livestock farming is expanding world-widely because of increased urbanization and demands for food of animal origin. Such farming practices pose a public health risk as livestock are reservoirs of several zoonotic pathogens. In an attempt to determine the fecal transmission between livestock and people, 100 household clusters keeping cattle in close proximity of humans were selected in urban and peri-urban areas of Morogoro in Tanzania. One hundred eighteen ampicillin and tetracycline resistant Escherichia coli (40 from human stool, 50 from cattle feces, 21 from soil and seven from water samples) were isolated from 44 different clusters. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of XbaI digested chromosomal DNA was used to compare the genetic relatedness of the ampicillin- and tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates. Indistinguishable PFGE band patterns of the ampicillin- and tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates were found in samples from 23 (52%) clusters. This suggests that transfer of fecal microorganisms between cattle, humans, water and soils within the farms and from livestock farms to the neighborhood occurred commonly. Logistic regression showed that animal housing infrastructures (Odd Ratio=11.2, 95% CI=1.1-119.3) were associated with E. coli showing identical PFGE types within and between clusters. There is a need to improve animal husbandry and manure management practices to reduce risks of transmission of enteropathogens between livestock and humans in urban and peri-urban farming.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Genotype; Housing, Animal; Humans; Logistic Models; Risk Factors; Soil Microbiology; Tanzania; Tetracycline; Urban Population

IncA/C plasmids are broad-host-range plasmids enabling multidrug resistance that have emerged worldwide among bacterial pathogens of humans and animals. Although antibiotic usage is suspected to be a driving force in the emergence of such strains, few studies have examined the impact of different types of antibiotic administration on the selection of plasmid-containing multidrug resistant isolates. In this study, chlortetracycline treatment at different concentrations in pig feed was examined for its impact on selection and dissemination of an IncA/C plasmid introduced orally via a commensal Escherichia coli host. Continuous low-dose administration of chlortetracycline at 50 g per ton had no observable impact on the proportions of IncA/C plasmid-containing E. coli from pig feces over the course of 35 days. In contrast, high-dose administration of chlortetracycline at 350 g per ton significantly increased IncA/C plasmid-containing E. coli in pig feces (P < 0.001) and increased movement of the IncA/C plasmid to other indigenous E. coli hosts. There was no evidence of conjugal transfer of the IncA/C plasmid to bacterial species other than E. coli. In vitro competition assays demonstrated that bacterial host background substantially impacted the cost of IncA/C plasmid carriage in E. coli and Salmonella. In vitro transfer and selection experiments demonstrated that tetracycline at 32 μg/ml was necessary to enhance IncA/C plasmid conjugative transfer, while subinhibitory concentrations of tetracycline in vitro strongly selected for IncA/C plasmid-containing E. coli. Together, these experiments improve our knowledge on the impact of differing concentrations of tetracycline on the selection of IncA/C-type plasmids.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Plasmids; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline

Our objectives were to describe the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from dogs in the northeastern USA and to identify temporal trends in resistance to selected antimicrobial agents. Data were collected retrospectively for all canine E. coli isolates from clinical samples submitted to Cornell University's Animal Health Diagnostic Center between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2011. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 3519 canine E. coli isolates; frequency of resistance to each agent ranged from 0.4% (amikacin) to 34.3% (ampicillin). No trends were evident among urinary isolates, but cephalosporin resistance remained consistently high. Among non-urinary isolates, there was evidence of a significantly increasing trend in prevalence of resistance to several agents, including cephalosporins, enrofloxacin, and tetracycline. These data suggest that some of the most commonly used antimicrobial agents in companion animal practice are becoming less effective against canine E. coli infections outside the urinary tract.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Enrofloxacin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Fluoroquinolones; Logistic Models; Multivariate Analysis; New England; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Gram-negative 'superbugs' such as New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (blaNDM-1) producing pathogens have become world's major public health threats. Development of molecular strategies that can rehabilitate the 'old antibiotics' and halt the antibiotic resistance is a promising approach to target them. We report membrane-active macromolecules (MAMs)that restore the antibacterial efficacy (enhancement by >80-1250 fold) of tetracycline antibiotics towards blaNDM-1 Klebsiella pneumonia and blaNDM-1 Escherichia coli clinical isolates.Organismic studies showed that bacteria had an increased and faster uptake of tetracyclinein the presence of MAMs which is attributed to the mechanism of re-sensitization. Moreover,bacteria did not develop resistance to MAMs and MAMs stalled the development of bacterial resistance to tetracycline. MAMs displayed membrane-active properties such as dissipation of membrane potential and membrane-permeabilization that enabled higher uptake of tetracycline in bacteria. In-vivo toxicity studies displayed good safety profiles and preliminary in-vivo antibacterial efficacy studies showed that mice treated with MAMs in combination with antibiotics had significantly decreased bacterial burden compared to the untreated mice. This report of re-instating the efficacy of the antibiotics towards blaNDM-1 pathogens using membrane-active molecules advocates their potential for synergistic co-delivery of antibiotics to combat Gram-negative superbugs.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Cell Membrane; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Mice; Tetracycline

Although cattle movement and commingling play an important role in the inter-herd transmission of pathogens, little is known about the effect of commingling of heifers at raising operations. The objective of this study was to compare the resistance of E. coli and prevalence of Salmonella from pooled faecal pats of heifers raised off-farm at multi-source raisers (MULTI) that raised heifers from at least two farms compared with on-farm raisers (HOME), with heifers from only that farm. MULTI faecal pat samples were collected from pens with animals that had arrived at the farm within the previous 2 months (AP) and from animals that would be departing the heifer raiser in 2-3 months (DP). Corresponding age sampling was conducted at HOME raisers. Odds of ampicillin resistance were 3·0 times greater in E. coli collected from MULTI compared to HOME raisers. E. coli from AP pens had significantly (P < 0·05) higher odds of resistance to ampicillin, neomycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline compared to DP pens. Salmonella recovery was not significantly different between heifer-raising systems (P = 0·3). Heifer-raising system did not have a major overall impact on selection of resistant E. coli, which was strongly affected by the age of the animals sampled.

Topics: Age Factors; Ampicillin; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Prevalence; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance is a major global public health concern. To clarify the role of flies in disseminating antimicrobial resistance between farms, we isolated and characterized tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from flies and feces of livestock from four locations housing swine (abattoir, three farms) and three cattle farms. The percentages of isolates from flies resistant to tetracycline, dihydrostreptomycin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol (80.8%, 61.5%, 53.8%, and 50.0%, respectively) and those from animal feces (80.5%, 78.0%, 41.5%, and 46.3%, respectively) in locations housing swine were significantly higher than those from cattle farms (p<0.05). The rates of resistance in E. coli derived from flies reflected those derived from livestock feces at the same locations, suggesting that antimicrobial resistance spreads between livestock and flies on the farms. The results of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed that, with a few exceptions, all E. coli isolates differed. Two pairs of tetracycline-resistant strains harbored similar plasmids with the same tetracycline-resistance genes, although the origin (fly or feces), site of isolation, and PFGE patterns of these strains differed. Therefore, flies may disseminate the plasmids between farms. Our results suggest that flies may be involved not only in spreading clones of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria within a farm but also in the widespread dissemination of plasmids with antimicrobial resistance genes between farms.

Topics: Abattoirs; Agriculture; Ampicillin; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Cattle; Chloramphenicol; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Diptera; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Genes, Bacterial; Genetic Variation; Japan; Phylogeny; Plasmids; Swine; Tetracycline

Novel mdfA gene variants were identified simultaneously from 3 of 13 positive isolates of PCR amplification in Escherichia coli from patients. These 13 positive isolates showed resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and erythromycin. The 3 mdfA gene variants were of the same genotype and all the 13 positive isolates were investigated by conjugation experiment, EcoRI restriction, and gene mapping. Conjugation experiments demonstrated that the novel mdfA variant and mdfA genes were located on plasmids that were restricted by EcoRI for ∼8.2 kb-length, which was also validated by gene mapping. Further study indicated three types of genetic structures (A, B, and C) in the recombinant plasmids harboring mdfA and surrounding genes, and structure B was first reported in the article. Structure A comprises two partial-length and six full-length genes, including the mdfA gene variant in the recombinant plasmid; structure B comprises four full-length genes, the mdfA, ybjG, dacC, and ybjI; structure C comprises two full-length genes, the mdfA and dacC. These results suggested that the mdfA gene can function as transporter responsible for multidrug resistance and also mediated the synergistic function with its surrounding genes in conjugative plasmids.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biological Transport; Chloramphenicol; Conjugation, Genetic; Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genotype; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Membrane Transport Proteins; Plasmids; Serine-Type D-Ala-D-Ala Carboxypeptidase; Tetracycline

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) produced by conventional microemulsion techniques using thermal heat have specific limitations (e.g. high polydispersity, instability and low encapsulation). Replacing thermal heat with microwave heat may produce SLNs which overcome some of these limitations.. Stearic acid-based SLNs prepared with Tween® 20 as the emulsifier were chosen as the optimum formulation to encapsulate and potentially deliver the antibacterial drug tetracycline. All formulations were characterized for their particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, thermal and X-ray diffraction analyses. Short-term stability and in vitro drug studies were also performed.. Microwave heating helps to overcome several disadvantages associated with thermal heating (nonuniform, inefficient and slow) and results in improved particle characteristics. There is thus the potential for new opportunities in the development of colloidal carriers. The particle sizes of microwave-produced SLNs were in the desired nanometer range (200-250 nm) with both lower size and lower polydispersity than the conventional SLNs. We take this as an indication of improved stability; however zeta potential measurements were not different, indicating similar stability. True stability testing (visual observation with time) did show that the microwave-induced SLNs were found to be more stable, particularly when refrigerated. The microwave-produced SLNs also demonstrated improved encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity. Thermal and diffraction analysis confirmed a lowered crystallinity of stearic acid with successful incorporation of tetracycline into the SLNs. In vitro release studies indicated that, after an initial burst release, SLNs could provide prolonged release of tetracycline. The presence of tetracycline and non-toxicity of carriers towards microbes was confirmed by antimicrobial susceptibility tests.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Carriers; Emulsions; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Microwaves; Nanoparticles; Polysorbates; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Stearic Acids; Tetracycline

In Escherichia coli the genes involved in the acquisition of tetracycline resistance are mainly tet(A) and tet(B). In addition, tet(M) is the most common tetracycline resistance determinant in enterococci and it is associated with conjugative transposons and plasmids. Although tet(M) has been identified in E. coli, to our knowledge, there are no previous reports studying the linkage of the tet(M) gene in E. coli to different mobile genetic elements. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of tet(A), tet(B), and tet(M) genes in doxycycline-resistant E. coli isolates from pigs, as well as the detection of mobile genetic elements linked to tet(M) in E. coli and its possible transfer from enterococci.. tet(A) was the most frequently detected gene (87.9%) in doxycycline-resistant isolates. tet(M) was found in 13.1% E. coli isolates. The tet(M) gene was detected in relation with conjugative transposons in 10 out of 36 enterococci isolates analyzed but not in any of E. coli isolates positive for tet(M). Southern blot showed that in E. coli and in most of the enterococci isolates the tet(M) gene was carried on a plasmid. According to the phylogenetic analysis, E. coli contained a new tet(M) allele grouping separately. Mating experiments revealed that tet(M) was carried on a mobile element successfully transferred between enterococci and between enterococci and E. coli.. The detection of tet(M) in E. coli isolates from pigs was higher than expected. In our study, tet(M) detected in E. coli seems not to have been transferred from enterococci, although it can not be ruled out that the horizontal transfer of this gene occurred from other intestinal tract bacteria.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genetic Linkage; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline

Tetracycline resistance is one of the most frequently encountered resistance properties in bacteria of animal origin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and diversity of tetracycline resistance (tet) genes among Escherichia coli clinical isolates from diseased ducks in China and to report the identification and sequencing of the tet(M) gene. The susceptibility of 85 Escherichia coli strains to tetracyclines was determined by broth microdilution, and the presence of tet genes was investigated by multiplex PCR. All of the 85 isolates were fully resistant to both oxytetracycline and tetracycline, and 76.5 % were resistant to doxycycline. Seventy-seven of the isolates (90.6 %) encoded multiple tet genes, with 17.6, 38.8 and 34.1 % encoding two, three and four tet genes, respectively, and only 7.1 % encoded a single tet(A) gene. The MICs of oxytetracycline and tetracycline for all isolates ranged from 16 to ≥128 µg ml(-1) with a MIC90 of >128 µg ml(-1), regardless of the type or number of tet genes encoded. Isolates containing tet(M) commonly had more than one tet gene per strain. The doxycycline resistance rate in the tet(M)-positive isolates was significantly higher than in the tet(M)-negative isolates (P<0.05). A full-length tet(M) gene, including the promoter region, was obtained by PCR in seven of the 41 tet(M)-positive isolates and was sequenced and cloned. The cloned tet(M) gene conferred resistance to tetracyclines in the recombinant Escherichia coli host strain. These results revealed that, in these isolates, the prevalence of multiple tet genes was strikingly high and that tet(M) played a role in doxycycline resistance.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bird Diseases; China; Consensus Sequence; Ducks; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

This and the accompanying report (DOI: 10.1021/jm201467r ) describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a new generation of tetracycline antibacterial agents, 7-fluoro-9-substituted-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracyclines ("fluorocyclines"), accessible through a recently developed total synthesis approach. These fluorocyclines possess potent antibacterial activities against multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. One of the fluorocyclines, 7-fluoro-9-pyrrolidinoacetamido-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline (17j, also known as TP-434, 50th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Conference , Boston, MA , September 12-15, 2010 , poster F1 - 2157 ), is currently undergoing phase 2 clinical trials in patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI).

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cyclophosphamide; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli Infections; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Male; Methicillin Resistance; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neutropenia; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Ribosomes; Sepsis; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tetracycline Resistance; Tetracyclines

We have previously observed high rates of acquired antibiotic resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from healthy children living in urban areas of Bolivia and Peru, including resistance to tetracycline and quinolones, which are not routinely used in childhood. In this work we investigated acquired resistance in commensal E. coli from healthy children and home-raised chickens in 12 households from one of the previously surveyed urban area in Bolivia, to ascertain the possibility of human-animal exchange of resistant strains in similar settings. The resistance rates to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and trimethoprim-sulphametoxazole were overall high (≥50%) and comparable between children and chickens, whereas those to quinolones were significantly higher in chickens (81% vs. 29% for nalidixic acid; 43% vs. 10% for ciprofloxacin). Molecular characterization of tetracycline- and quinolone-resistant isolates (n = 66) from children and chickens of three selected households revealed a remarkable clonal diversity and, in some cases, the presence of the same resistant strains among children or among chickens living in the same household, but not between children and chickens. Several resistance plasmids were characterized, but inter-clonal plasmid dissemination was not detected. Overall, the results from the present study suggested that cross-transmission between children and home-raised chickens could not represent a major spreading mechanism for resistant E. coli in households of resource-limited settings with high human-animal promiscuity.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bolivia; Carrier State; Chickens; Child; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Genetic Variation; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Quinolones; Tetracycline

In this study the plasmid pTC, a 90 kb self-conjugative virulence plasmid of the porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strain EC2173 encoding the STa and STb heat-stable enterotoxins and tetracycline resistance, has been sequenced in two steps. As a result we identified five main distinct regions of pTC: (i) the maintenance region responsible for the extreme stability of the plasmid, (ii) the TSL (toxin-specific locus comprising the estA and estB genes) which is unique and characteristic for pTC, (iii) a Tn10 transposon, encoding tetracycline resistance, (iv) the tra (plasmid transfer) region, and (v) the colE1-like origin of replication. It is concluded that pTC is a self-transmissible composite plasmid harbouring antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. pTC belongs to a group of large conjugative E. coli plasmids represented by NR1 with a widespread tra backbone which might have evolved from a common ancestor. This is the first report of a completely sequenced animal ETEC virulence plasmid containing an antimicrobial resistance locus, thereby representing a selection advantage for spread of pathogenicity in the presence of antimicrobials leading to increased disease potential.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Toxins; Base Sequence; DNA, Bacterial; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Enterotoxins; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Genetic Loci; Humans; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Molecular Sequence Data; Plasmids; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance; Virulence; Virulence Factors

The in vitro activity of mastoparan-AF, an amphipathic antimicrobial peptide isolated from the hornet venom of Vespa affinis, alone and in combination with various clinically used antibiotics, was investigated against 21 Escherichia coli isolates/strains. Most E. coli isolates tested were detected containing multiple-antimicrobial resistance genes. Antimicrobial activity of mastoparan-AF was measured by MIC, MBC, time-kill kinetic assay and chequerboard titration method. Mastoparan-AF exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against most multiple-antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates at the concentrations ranging from 4 to 16 μg/ml. Combination studies showed that mastoparan-AF acts synergistically with certain antibiotics, i.e., cephalothin or gentamicin, against some multiple-antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates. In conclusion, mastoparan-AF alone or in combination with other antibiotics could be promising as alternatives for combating multiple-antibiotic-resistant E. coli in future clinical applications.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Genes, Bacterial; Gentamicins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; Wasp Venoms

The experiment was performed to investigate the tetracycline resistance and antibiotic-resistant genotype of avian Escherichia coli in North China and to analyze the correlation of genotype and phenotype. The resistance of 164 E. coli isolates (from Beijing, Tianjin, inner Mongolia, Shanxi, and Hebei regions of China) to tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline was investigated by using a drug susceptibility test. The results show that the rate of resistance to tetracycline antibiotics was 89.63% (147/164). The higher resistance rate was 84.76% (139/164) to tetracycline and 70.12% (115/164) to doxycycline, and the lowest resistance rate was 4.88% (8/164) to minocycline. The distribution of tetracycline resistance (Tcr) genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, and tetM) in avian E. coli isolates was detected by PCR. Of the isolates, 82.32% (135/164) carried tetracycline resistance genes. The positive rates of tetA, tetB, and tetM were 57.93% (95/164), 38.41% (63/164), and 10.97% (18/164), respectively. No tetC was amplified in avian E. coli isolates. The total positive rate of resistance genes (82.32%) was almost equal to the total rate of resistance to tetracycline antibiotics (89.63%). Thus, the positive rate of genotype was basically in line with that of phenotype for tetracycline resistance. The tetracycline resistance genes are widely distributed in E. coli and their main resistance mechanism to tetracycline is the active efflux effect mediated by tetA and tetB.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; China; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Genotype; Poultry Diseases; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

A novel series of fully synthetic 8-azatetracyclines was prepared and evaluated for antibacterial activity. Compounds were identified that overcome both efflux (tet(K)) and ribosomal protection (tet(M)) tetracycline resistance mechanisms and are active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Two compounds were identified that exhibit comparable efficacy to marketed tetracyclines in in vivo models of bacterial infection.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aza Compounds; Biological Availability; Escherichia coli Infections; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Injections, Intravenous; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sepsis; Streptococcal Infections; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tetracycline Resistance; Tetracyclines

The acquisition of resistance to amoxicillin, tetracycline, and enrofloxacin by Escherichia coli MG 1655 was examined by exposing growing cells to constant or stepwise increasing concentrations of these compounds. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of E. coli for amoxicillin increased from 4-8 to 32 μg/ml after growth in the presence of 1.25 or 2.5 μg/ml. By stepwise increasing the exposure, an MIC of 512 μg/ml was reached. This high MIC was maintained after removal of the antibiotics, whereas the lesser increase after exposure to low levels was reversed, indicating that the high MIC was due to a genetic change, but the lower one to phenotypic adaptation only. The MIC for tetracycline increased from 2 μg/ml to maximally 32 μg/ml. The MIC decreased to control levels in the absence of tetracycline, so no genetic changes seem to have occurred. The MIC for enrofloxacin increased from 0.25 μg/ml to maximally 512 μg/ml depending on the concentration during growth. These data mostly support the "radical-based" theory that bactericidal antibiotics induce a common mechanism that contributes to cell killing. Our findings indicate that exposure to low levels of antibiotics causes an increase in MIC above the concentration that the cells were exposed to. The implication is that exposure to low levels of antibiotics should be prevented as much as possible, because this causes resistance far more than high concentrations that inhibit growth or kill the cell and thus prevent acquisition of resistance.

Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enrofloxacin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Fluoroquinolones; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Tetracycline

We characterized 67 Escherichia coli isolates with reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime or ceftiofur obtained from healthy broilers housed in five Italian farms. The bla(CTX-M-1), bla(CTX-M-32) and bla(SHV-12) beta-lactamase genes were identified on IncI1, IncN, or IncFIB plasmids. Considerable genetic diversity was detected among the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates, and we identified indistinguishable strains in unrelated farms and indistinguishable plasmids in genetically unrelated strains. The detection of highly mobile plasmids suggests a potential animal reservoir for beta-lactamase genes.

Topics: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; Animals; beta-Lactamases; Cephalosporin Resistance; Chickens; Disease Reservoirs; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Genes, Bacterial; Genetic Variation; Humans; Italy; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids

Numerous antibiotics have proven to be effective at ameliorating the clinical symptoms of urinary tract infections (UTIs), but recurrent and chronic infections continue to plague many individuals. Most UTIs are caused by strains of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which can form both extra- and intracellular biofilm-like communities within the bladder. UPEC also persist inside host urothelial cells in a more quiescent state, sequestered within late endosomal compartments. Here, we tested a panel of 17 different antibiotics, representing seven distinct functional classes, for their effects on the survival of the reference UPEC isolate UTI89 within both biofilms and host bladder urothelial cells. All but one of the tested antibiotics prevented UTI89 growth in broth culture, and most were at least modestly effective against bacteria present within in vitro-grown biofilms. In contrast, only a few of the antibiotics, including nitrofurantoin and the fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin, were able to eliminate intracellular bacteria in bladder cell culture-based assays. However, in a mouse UTI model system in which these antibiotics reached concentrations in the urine specimens that far exceeded minimal inhibitory doses, UPEC reservoirs in bladder tissues were not effectively eradicated. We conclude that the persistence of UPEC within the bladder, regardless of antibiotic treatments, is likely facilitated by a combination of biofilm formation, entry of UPEC into a quiescent or semiquiescent state within host cells, and the stalwart permeability barrier function associated with the bladder urothelium.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cells, Cultured; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Endosomes; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Mice; Mice, Inbred CBA; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Recurrence; Urinary Bladder; Urinary Tract Infections; Urothelium

Nosocomial septicemia due to extended spectrum beta-(Beta)-lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli are a therapeutic challenge due to resistance. Knowledge of disease burden and resistance patterns is required for proper and timely management. We report the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of ESBL producing E. coli and K .pneumoniae from septicemia at a tertiary care hospital.. A total of 2,870 blood samples of suspected cases of septicemia were studied between January and December 2009. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method and MICs for imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem were determined using the E-test. All isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae were tested for ESBL production by E-test method.. Forty-one (70.7%) K. pneumoniae isolates and ten (41.7%) E. coli isolates were ESBL producers. Two (5%) of ESBL producing K. pneumoniae isolates, but no E. coli isolates, were resistant to carbapenems. In vitro, all ESBL producers were sensitive to tigecycline.. Our data indicated that the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumonia strains isolated from blood cultures from hospitalized patients is high. ESBL-producing organisms were found to be more susceptible to meropenem than to imipenem and ertapenem. Tigecycline is active against all the ESBL or multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; India; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Sepsis; Tetracycline

The susceptibility of mastitis-causing Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to two commonly used antibiotics, tetracycline and penicillin G, was tested in raw milk and in Muller-Hinton (MH) broth by introducing a pH indicator, bromocresol purple, which was shown to be a simple, sensitive, and rapid method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of penicillin G in milk was the same as those in MH broth, whereas the MIC of tetracycline in milk was 4 to 32 times that in MH. An irreversible binding between tetracycline and large molecules of milk, which might be due to a hydrophobic interaction, was demonstrated by a dialysis test, suggesting the observed impairing effect was due to the action of milk on the tetracycline being tested. Further investigation revealed that much of the reduction of tetracycline's activity in milk was attributable to the milk protein casein, while other heat-sensitive components in milk also play some roles.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Protein Binding; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae have rapidly spread worldwide and pose a serious threat for health care-associated (HA) infection. We conducted molecular detection and characterization of ESBL-related bla genes, including bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CTX-M), bla(VEB), bla(OXA), bla(PER), and bla(GES), among 362 isolates of ESBL-producing E. coli (n = 235) and ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae (n = 127) collected from patients who met the definition of HA infection at two major university hospitals in Thailand from December 2004 to May 2005. The prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli and ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, patient demographics and the susceptibilities of these bacteria to various antimicrobial agents were described. A total of 87.3% of isolates carried several bla genes. The prevalence of bla(CTX-M) was strikingly high: 99.6% for ESBL-producing E. coli (CTX-M-14, -15, -27, -40, and -55) and 99.2% for ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae (CTX-M-3, -14, -15, -27, and -55). ISEcp1 was found in the upstream region of bla(CTX-M) in most isolates. Up to 77.0% and 71.7% of ESBL-producing E. coli and ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, respectively, carried bla(TEM); all of them encoded TEM-1. ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae carried bla(SHV) at 87.4% (SHV-1, -2a, -11, -12, -27, -71, and -75) but only at 3.8% for ESBL-producing E. coli (SHV-11 and -12). bla genes encoding VEB-1 and OXA-10 were found in both ESBL-producing E. coli (8.5% and 8.1%, respectively) and ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae (10.2% and 11.8%, respectively). None of the isolates were positive for bla(PER) and bla(GES). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated that there was no major clonal relationship among these ESBL producers. This is the first study to report CTX-M-3, CTX-M-27, CTX-M-40, SHV-27, SHV-71, and SHV-75 in Thailand and to show that CTX-M ESBL is highly endemic in the country.

Topics: Adult; Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactamases; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Endemic Diseases; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Male; Middle Aged; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Thailand

One hundred twenty-one extended-spectrum beta-lactamse-producing enterobacterial clinical isolates were screened for the qepA gene. A single CTX-M-15-positive Escherichia coli isolate (0.8%) that produced the putative pump QepA2 was identified. This qepA2 gene was located onto a 90-kb mobilizable plasmid that conferred reduced susceptibility to hydrophilic fluoroquinolones.

Topics: Aged; Base Sequence; DNA Primers; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Female; Fluoroquinolones; France; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Models, Genetic; Molecular Sequence Data; Plasmids

The incidence of antimicrobial resistance and expressed and unexpressed resistance genes among commensal Escherichia coli isolated from healthy farm animals at slaughter in Great Britain was investigated. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among the isolates varied according to the animal species; of 836 isolates from cattle tested only 5.7% were resistant to one or more antimicrobials, while only 3.0% of 836 isolates from sheep were resistant to one or more agents. However, 92.1% of 2480 isolates from pigs were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. Among isolates from pigs, resistance to some antimicrobials such as tetracycline (78.7%), sulphonamide (66.9%) and streptomycin (37.5%) was found to be common, but relatively rare to other agents such as amikacin (0.1%), ceftazidime (0.1%) and coamoxiclav (0.2%). The isolates had a diverse range of resistance gene profiles, with tet(B), sul2 and strAB identified most frequently. Seven out of 615 isolates investigated carried unexpressed resistance genes. One trimethoprim-susceptible isolate carried a complete dfrA17 gene but lacked a promoter for it. However, in the remaining six streptomycin-susceptible isolates, one of which carried strAB while the others carried aadA, no mutations or deletions in gene or promoter sequences were identified to account for susceptibility. The data indicate that antimicrobial resistance in E. coli of animal origin is due to a broad range of acquired genes.

Topics: Amikacin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Ceftazidime; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sheep, Domestic; Streptomycin; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; United Kingdom

Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Conjugation, Genetic; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Recombination, Genetic

Plasmid-mediated Qnr and AAC(6')-Ib-cr have been recognized as new molecular mechanisms affecting fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance. C316, an Escherichia coli strain demonstrating resistance to various FQs, was isolated in Japan. Resistance to FQs was augmented in an E. coli CSH2 transconjugant, but PCR failed to detect qnr genes, suggesting the presence of novel plasmid-mediated FQ resistance mechanisms. Susceptibility tests, DNA manipulation, and analyses of the gene and its product were performed to characterize the genetic determinant. A novel FQ-resistant gene, qepA, was identified in a plasmid, pHPA, of E. coli C316, and both qepA and rmtB genes were mediated by a probable transposable element flanked by two copies of IS26. Levels of resistance to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin were significantly elevated in E. coli transformants harboring qepA under AcrB-TolC-deficient conditions. QepA showed considerable similarities to transporters belonging to the 14-transmembrane-segment family of environmental actinomycetes. The effect of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) on accumulation of norfloxacin was assayed in a qepA-harboring E. coli transformant. The intracellular accumulation of norfloxacin was decreased in a qepA-expressing E. coli transformant, but this phenomenon was canceled by CCCP. The augmented FQ resistance level acquired by the probable intergeneric transfer of a gene encoding a major facilitator superfamily-type efflux pump from some environmental microbes to E. coli was first identified. Surveillance of the qepA-harboring clinical isolates should be encouraged to minimize further dissemination of the kind of plasmid-dependent FQ resistance determinants among pathogenic microbes.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone; Chitosan; Conjugation, Genetic; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Malates; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Sequence Data; Plasmids; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Transformation, Bacterial; Uncoupling Agents

Tigecycline, a member of the glycylcycline class of antibiotics, was designed to maintain the antibacterial spectrum of the tetracyclines while overcoming the classic mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. The current study was designed to monitor the prevalence of the tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D), tet(E), and tet(M) resistance determinants in Escherichia coli isolates collected during the worldwide tigecycline phase 3 clinical trials. A subset of strains were also screened for the tet(G), tet(K), tet(L), and tet(Y) genes. Of the 1,680 E. coli clinical isolates screened for resistance to classical tetracyclines, 405 (24%) were minocycline resistant (MIC > or = 8 microg/ml) and 248 (15%) were tetracycline resistant (MIC > or = 8 microg/ml) but susceptible to minocycline (MIC < or = 4 microg/ml). A total of 452 tetracycline-resistant, nonduplicate isolates were positive by PCR for at least one of the six tetracycline resistance determinants examined. Over half of the isolates encoding a single determinant were positive for tet(A) (26%) or tet(B) (32%) with tet(C), tet(D), tet(E), and tet(M), collectively, found in 4% of isolates. Approximately 33% of the isolates were positive for more than one resistance determinant, with the tet(B) plus tet(E) combination the most highly represented, found in 11% of isolates. The susceptibilities of the tetracycline-resistant strains to tigecycline (MIC(90), 0.5 microg/ml), regardless of the encoded tet determinant(s), were comparable to the tigecycline susceptibility of tetracycline-susceptible strains (MIC(90), 0.5 microg/ml). The results provide a current (2002 to 2006) picture of the distribution of common tetracycline resistance determinants encoded in a globally sourced collection of clinical E. coli strains.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minocycline; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tetracycline Resistance; Tigecycline

The ecological impact of antibiotic resistance in the absence of selective pressure has been poorly studied. We assessed the carriage of tetracycline resistance genes, persistence in the microbiota, fecal population counts and virulence factor genes in 309 commensal, intestinal Escherichia coli strains obtained from 128 Swedish infants followed during the first year of life with regular quantitative fecal cultures. No infant was given tetracycline, but 25% received other antibiotics. Tetracycline resistance was identified in 12% of strains, all of which carried either tet(A) (49%) or tet(B) (51%) genes. Resistance to other antibiotics occurred in 50% of tet(A)-positive strains, 42% of tet(B)-positive strains and 13% of tetracycline-sensitive strains. However, colonization with tetracycline-resistant strains was unrelated to treatment with antibiotics. Strains that were tet(B)- or tet(A)-positive carried the genes for P fimbriae and aerobactin, respectively, more often than susceptible strains. Tetracycline-resistant and -susceptible strains were equally likely to persist among the intestinal microbiota for > or = 3 weeks and had similar population numbers. However, when a resistant strain and a susceptible strain colonized a child simultaneously, the resistant variety showed lower counts (P = 0.03). In cases of long-term colonization by initially tetracycline-resistant E. coli strains, loss of tet genes occurred in 3 of 13 cases with variable effects on population counts. The results indicate that there is limited pressure against the carriage of tet genes in the infantile gut microbiota even in the absence of antibiotics. Resistant strains may possess colonization factors that balance the cost of producing resistance elements.

Topics: Colon; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Humans; Infant; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Nigeria; Plasmids; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Experiments to demonstrate the transfer of genes within a natural environment are technically difficult because of the unknown numbers and strains of bacteria present, as well as difficulties designing adequate control experiments. The results of such studies should be viewed within the limits of the experimental design. Most experiments to date have been based on artificial models, which only give approximations of the real-life situation. The current study uses more natural models and provides information about tetracycline resistance as it occurs in wild-type bacteria within the environment of the normal intestinal tract of an animal. Tetracycline sensitive, nalidixic acid resistant Escherichia coli isolates of human origin were administered to mice and chicken animal models. They were monitored for acquisition of tetracycline resistance from indigenous or administered donor E. coli. Five sets of in vivo experiments demonstrated unequivocal transfer of tetracycline resistance to tetracycline sensitive recipients. The addition of tetracycline in the drinking water of the animals increased the probability of transfer between E. coli strains originating from the same animal species. The co-transfer of unselected antibiotic resistance in animal models was also demonstrated.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Conjugation, Genetic; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Intestines; Mice; Models, Biological; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

The presence of the tetracycline resistance determinant tet(M) in human clinical isolates of Escherichia coli is described for the first time in this report. The homologue was >99% identical to the tet(M) genes reported to occur in Lactobacillus plantarum, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae, and 3% of the residues in its deduced amino acid sequence diverge from tet(M) of Staphylococcus aureus. Sequence analysis of the regions immediately flanking the gene revealed that sequences upstream of tet(M) in E. coli have homology to Tn916; however, a complete IS26 insertion element was present immediately upstream of the promoter element. Downstream from the termination codon is an insertion sequence that was homologous to the ISVs1 element reported to occur in a plasmid from Vibrio salmonicida that has been associated with another tetracycline resistance determinant, tet(E). Results of mating experiments demonstrated that the E. coli tet(M) gene was on a mobile element so that resistance to tetracycline and minocycline could be transferred to a susceptible strain by conjugation. Expression of the cloned tet(M) gene, under the control of its own promoter, provided tetracycline and minocycline resistance to the E. coli host.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Base Sequence; Cloning, Molecular; Conjugation, Genetic; DNA Transposable Elements; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Intergenic; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Gene Expression; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Humans; Minocycline; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Plasmids; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

The enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strain Ec2173, causing post weaning diarrhoea in swine, harbours six plasmids ranging from 13 to 200 kb in size. The heat stable toxin genes sta, stb and a tetracycline resistance gene were located on a self conjugative 120-kb plasmid, called pTC. In the cloned ColE1 type origin of replication of pTC a deletion was detected compared to other ColE1 replicons affecting the replication modulator gene rom. Epidemiological studies on ETEC isolates showed that pTC-like plasmids are widely distributed among porcine ETEC strains; thus representing an example of co-evolution of antibacterial resistance and virulence in pathogenic E. coli.

Topics: Animals; Conjugation, Genetic; Diarrhea; Enterotoxins; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Fluorine Radioisotopes; Plasmids; Replication Origin; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; Virulence; Weaning

Fifty faecal samples from healthy adults were grown on MacConkey agar and three pink colonies were subcultured, identified to species level and their antimicrobial susceptibility determined. Forty-seven samples yielded 141 isolates of Escherichia coli that were susceptible to most antimicrobials. Resistance was noted for ampicillin (30.5%), chloramphenicol (12.1%), tetracycline (23.4%), trimethoprim (24.8%) and co-trimoxazole (22.7%). A direct faecal plating method was used for extended resistance screening with E. coli as the indicator organism. Zone breakpoints were determined using normalised resistance interpretation and gave similar susceptibility results. Eighty-eight isolates of E. coli from within the zones of inhibition revealed four times more antimicrobial resistance. Extended antimicrobial resistance screening both provides the susceptibility profile of the dominant E. coli isolate and detects greater resistance in rare isolates.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Folic Acid Antagonists; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on a total of 581 clinical Escherichia coli isolates from diarrhea and edema disease in pigs, from acute mastitis in dairy cattle, from urinary tract infections in dogs and cats, and from septicemia in laying hens collected in Switzerland between 1999 and 2001. Among the 16 antimicrobial agents tested, resistance was most frequent for sulfonamides, tetracycline, and streptomycin. Isolates from swine presented significantly more resistance than those from the other animal species. The distribution of the resistance determinants for sulfonamides, tetracycline, and streptomycin was assessed by hybridization and PCR in resistant isolates. Significant differences in the distribution of resistance determinants for tetracycline (tetA, tetB) and sulfonamides (sulII) were observed between the isolates from swine and those from the other species. Resistance to sulfonamides could not be explained by known resistance mechanisms in more than a quarter of the sulfonamide-resistant and sulfonamide-intermediate isolates from swine, dogs and cats. This finding suggests that one or several new resistance mechanisms for sulfonamides may be widespread among E. coli isolates from these animal species. The integrase gene (intI) from class I integrons was detected in a large proportion of resistant isolates in association with the sulI and aadA genes, thus demonstrating the importance of integrons in the epidemiology of resistance in clinical E. coli isolates from animals.

Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Cats; Cattle; Chickens; DNA, Bacterial; Dogs; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Swine; Switzerland; Tetracycline

The upsurge of multiple-drug-resistant microbes warrants the development and/or use of effective antibiotics. Triclosan, though used in cosmetic and dermatological preparations for several decades, has not been used as a systemic antibacterial agent due to problems of drug administration. Here we report the striking efficacy of triclosan in a mouse model of acute systemic bacterial infection. Triclosan not only significantly extends the survival time of the infected mice, it also restores blood parameters and checks liver damage induced by the bacterial infection. We believe that the excellent safety track record of triclosan in topical use coupled with our findings qualifies triclosan as a candidate drug or lead compound for exploring its potential in experimental systems for treating systemic bacterial infections.

Topics: Acute Disease; Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteremia; Blood Chemical Analysis; Escherichia coli Infections; Liver; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillins; Tetracycline; Triclosan; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

We have developed a method for visualizing Escherichia coli cells that are exposed to tetracycline in a biofilm, based on a previous report that liposomes containing the E. coli TetR(B) protein fluoresce when exposed to this antibiotic. By our method, cells devoid of TetR(B) also exhibited tetracycline-dependent fluorescence. At 50 microg of tetracycline ml(-1), planktonic cells of a uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strain developed maximal fluorescence after 7.5 to 10 min of exposure. A similar behavior was exhibited by cells in a 24- or 48-h UPEC biofilm, as examined by confocal laser microscopy, regardless of whether they lined empty spaces or occupied densely packed regions. Further, a comparison of phase-contrast and fluorescent images of corresponding biofilm zones showed that all the cells fluoresced. Thus, all the biofilm cells were exposed to tetracycline and there were no pockets within the biofilm where the antibiotic failed to reach. It also appeared unlikely that niches of reduced exposure to the antibiotic existed within the biofilms.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Diffusion; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Fluorescence; Kinetics; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Plasmids; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance; Ultraviolet Rays; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Animals; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Death; Escherichia coli Infections; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sepsis; Tetracycline; Vena Cava, Inferior

A noninvasive, real-time detection technology was validated for qualitative and quantitative antimicrobial treatment applications. The lux gene cluster of Photorhabdus luminescens was introduced into an Escherichia coli clinical isolate, EC14, on a multicopy plasmid. This bioluminescent reporter bacterium was used to study antimicrobial effects in vitro and in vivo, using the neutropenic-mouse thigh model of infection. Bioluminescence was monitored and measured in vitro and in vivo with an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera system, and these results were compared to viable-cell determinations made using conventional plate counting methods. Statistical analysis demonstrated that in the presence or absence of antimicrobial agents (ceftazidime, tetracycline, or ciprofloxacin), a strong correlation existed between bioluminescence levels and viable cell counts in vitro and in vivo. Evaluation of antimicrobial agents in vivo could be reliably performed with either method, as each was a sound indicator of therapeutic success. Dose-dependent responses could also be detected in the neutropenic-mouse thigh model by using either bioluminescence or viable-cell counts as a marker. In addition, the ICCD technology was examined for the benefits of repeatedly monitoring the same animal during treatment studies. The ability to repeatedly measure the same animals reduced variability within the treatment experiments and allowed equal or greater confidence in determining treatment efficacy. This technology could reduce the number of animals used during such studies and has applications for the evaluation of test compounds during drug discovery.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Ceftazidime; Cell Count; Cephalosporins; Ciprofloxacin; Diagnostic Imaging; DNA, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Luminescent Measurements; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Muscular Diseases; Neutropenia; Tetracycline

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of strains of Escherichia coli isolated between 1994 and 1998 were studied. Of the 1,283 strains examined, 75% were recovered from urine, 8.7% from wounds, 3.2% from blood, 2.6% from pus, and 10.5% from other sources. Isolates from inpatients and outpatients accounted for 46.1% and 53.9%, respectively. Gentamicin and nalidixic acid showed the greatest efficacy against isolates from both inpatients and outpatients, revealing a >90% sensitivity. Drugs with the lowest efficacies were ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, which showed a >45% resistance. Tetracycline showed a significant decline in resistance from 1994 to 1998 among strains from both inpatients and outpatients (P < 0.001). This decline may be related to a policy of restrictive antibiotic reporting by the Microbiology Laboratory and seminars for general practitioners, subsequent to an island-wide survey an antibiotic resistance. A similar pattern of declining resistance was also observed for cefuroxime. E. coli sensitivity to co-trimoxazole was relatively stable during the study period. Although the overall prevalence of resistance among E. coli strains is relatively low, on-going surveillance of bacterial resistance must continue. The microbial antibiogram can provide general practitioners and clinicians with data essential for optimum empiric choices. Further, the introduction of a policy of restrictive reporting may act "synergistically" with the education of doctors on resistance patterns, to effect island-wide reduction of antimicrobial resistance.

Topics: Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefuroxime; Cephalosporins; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Hospitals, Private; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Penicillins; Tetracycline; Trinidad and Tobago

The antibacterial pattern of tetracycline and bactrim was compared with that of the chloroform extract of two Pseudomonas strains using ten hospital strains each of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. There was no perfect correlation between isolate source, antibiotic type and sensitivity. Both the synthetic and natural antibiotic agent exhibited antibacterial activities against resistant hospital isolates at high concentrations.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloroform; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Hospitals; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pseudomonas; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Topics: Animals; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Bacterial Translocation; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sepsis; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

The objective of this study was to determine the most efficient means of sampling faeces of finisher pigs for accurate and precise farm-level estimates of antimicrobial resistance among faecal Escherichia coli. Resistance to tetracycline and gentamicin of 8250 isolates of E. coli from 55 finisher pigs on one farm was measured with a hydrophobic grid membrane filter method. The between-pig, within-pen component of variance in resistance was large (97.5%), while between-pen, within-room and between-room components were small (2.5% and 0%, respectively). Using these resistance data, the abilities of two sampling strategies to estimate prevalence were modelled with a Monte Carlo 'bootstrap' procedure. Compositing faecal samples from several pigs before testing produced unbiased and precise estimates of prevalence and is simpler technically than individual animal testing.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Gentamicins; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Random Allocation; Specimen Handling; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

We investigated the effect of seven antibacterial antibiotics: kanamycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, minocycline, ampicillin, piperacillin and cefotaxime, on survival of mice infected sequentially with a lethal dose of Candida albicans and a sublethal dose of Escherichia coli. The mortality of C. albicans-infected mice was facilitated by the superinfection with E. coli. When administered to mice with C. albicans/E. coli complex infection, aminoglycosides and tetracyclines significantly prolonged the survival period as compared with the infected and untreated controls. The recovery of viable counts of E. coli from the renal tissues was rapidly reduced by the treatment with gentamicin or minocycline, compared to the untreated control. Thus it was concluded that nullification by the treatment with aminoglycosides or tetracyclines of the enhancing effect of E. coli superinfection on the lethality of C. albicans-infected mice is due to early elimination of E. coli from the kidney.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cefotaxime; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gentamicins; Kanamycin; Kidney; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Minocycline; Piperacillin; Tetracycline

Restriction patterns obtained with EcoRI and Southern hybridization were used for the differentiation of tetracycline-resistant (Tet(r)) R plasmids in enterobaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 isolates from a mass outbreak at a kindergarten in Obihiro-City, Hokkaido, Japan, 1996. Two kinds of Tet(r) R plasmids of 50 and 95 kb were detected. The 50-kb plasmids were identical to each other, while the 93-kb plasmids were of three types that were very similar to each other. The tet genes of both 50- and 95-kb R plasmids were 100% identical to the tet gene of pSC101 and all plasmids hybridized to a probe for tet. Because food-origin O157 strains were sensitive to tetracycline, we concluded that such Tet(r) R-plasmids might transfer to drug-sensitive O157 strains in the infected individuals.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blotting, Southern; Child; Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI; Disease Outbreaks; DNA, Bacterial; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli O157; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Japan; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; R Factors; Restriction Mapping; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

The drug-resistance patterns and plasmid profiles of 147 isolates (patient origin 142 and food origin 5 isolates) from the outbreak of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 infection in Obihiro-city Hokkaido in late October, 1996, were examined. Thirty-six isolates were resistant to tetracycline (TC) (24.5%), 15 of which were resistant to both streptomycin and TC. The minimal growth inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fosfomycine (FOM) was examined, confirming that MIC changed by the cultivation conditions, that is 12.5 micrograms/ml at the aerobic condition, 1.6 micrograms/ml at the anaerobic condition and 3.2 micrograms/ml on blood agar plates. Furthermore, though E. coli O157 could not be detected once by the FOM medication, FOM sensitivity of the patient origin O157 isolates who became O157-positive again was examined. Any changes in FOM sensitivity were not observed. Plasmid profiles of all isolates were divided by 4 patterns from A to D. The most dominant pattern was type A, and plasmid profiles of food origin O157 belonged to pattern A. In 9 examples of the person-to-person infection in the family, plasmid patterns of O157 isolates were the same to each other, even though drug-resistant patterns were different. In 13 patients developing the duration of excretion of EHEC, the changes of the drug-resistance patterns were correlated with the changes of plasmid profiles. By comparing plasmid profiles and TC resistance, it was suggested that TC resistance was controlled on a plasmid. Since food origin O157 isolates were sensitive to all drugs and presenting the same plasmid profiles, demonstrating that TC resistance and plasmid are newly added to the bacterial cells while food origin O157 isolates passe inside the human body.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli O157; Female; Fosfomycin; Humans; Japan; Male; Plasmids; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

The rectal swabs of diarrhoeic and apparently healthy non-diarrhoeic dogs presented to a Small Animal Clinic were cultured for Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter and the enteropathogens were characterized. Overall, of 130 dogs divided equally into two groups consisting of 65 diarrhoeic and 65 non-diarrhoeic dogs, 99 (76.2%), 6 (4.6%) and 18 (13.8%) were positive for E. coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter, respectively. The differences were statistically significant (P < or = 0.05; chi 2). The prevalences of the enteropathogens in diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs were not statistically significant (P > or = 0.05; chi 2). Diarrhoea was significantly (P < or = 0.01; chi 2) more prevalent in dogs less than 6 months of age and 7 months to 1 year old than in dogs older than 1 year. The prevalences of Salmonella, E. coli and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains were not significantly (P > or = 0.05; chi 2) associated with age but the prevalence of Campylobacter infection was significantly (P < or = 0.01; chi 2) higher in dogs less than 1 year old (25.0%) than in older dogs (5.4%). Of 99 E. coli strains tested, three (3.0%), four (4.0%), five (5.1%) and 20 (20.2%) were haemolytic, non-sorbitol fermenters, verocytotoxigenic (VT) and EPEC strains, respectively. Resistance to tetracycline (59.6%) and ampicillin (50.5%) was most prevalent and significantly (P < or = 0.01; chi 2) higher than to six other antimicrobial agents.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Campylobacter Infections; Diarrhea; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Male; Penicillins; Prevalence; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Tetracycline; Trinidad and Tobago

A total of 169 Escherichia coli strains were isolated from cows with cases of clinical mastitis. beta-Glucuronidase production, serum sensitivity, and susceptibility to selected antibacterials were analyzed using the fluorometric beta-glucuronidase assay. About 89% (150 of 169) of the isolates tested positive for beta-glucuronidase. Of these isolates producing beta-glucuronidase, 102 (68%) were resistant or moderately resistant to bovine serum. The antibacterial susceptibility of 96 isolates was tested in broth and milk. There was a significant shift from lower fluorometric minimum inhibitory concentration for tetracycline, sulfadoxin-trimethoprim, enrofloxacin, and gentamicin in broth to higher fluorometric minimum inhibitory concentration in milk. Serum sensitivity and susceptibility to tested antibacterials in broth or in milk were not related. Gentamicin and sulfadoxin-trimethoprim seemed to be more potent in mastitic milk than in normal milk, suggesting a possible synergistic effect between these exogenous antibacterials and the indigenous antibacterial agents in mastitic milk.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Cattle; Enrofloxacin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Gentamicins; Glucuronidase; Mastitis, Bovine; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Milk; Quinolones; Sulfadoxine; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

The resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, ticarcillin, tobramycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was examined, and resistant strains were characterized. All 56 isolates collected between 1984 and 1987 were susceptible to all antibiotics tested; 13 (7.4%) of 176 strains isolated between 1989 and 1991 were resistant to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. lambda-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis suggested that the 13 resistant strains belonged to nine different clones. The emerging resistance of E. coli O157:H7 to antibiotics could portend an increased prevalence of this pathogen in food animals that receive antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance of E. coli O157:H7 could be useful as a rapid epidemiologic marker and as a way to select this pathogen from suspected vehicles of transmission, but this resistance could also complicate therapeutic trials with sulfa-containing antibiotics.

Topics: Bacterial Toxins; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Genes, Bacterial; Genotype; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Shiga Toxin 1; Shiga Toxin 2; Streptomycin; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracycline; Washington

Under combat conditions infectious disease can become a major threat to military forces. During Operation Desert Shield, there were numerous outbreaks of diarrhea among the U.S. forces. To evaluate the causes of and risk factors for diarrheal disease, we collected clinical and epidemiologic data from U.S. troops stationed in northeastern Saudi Arabia.. Between September and December 1990, stool cultures for enteric pathogens were obtained from 432 military personnel who presented with diarrhea, cramps, vomiting, or hematochezia. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to 2022 soldiers in U.S. military units located in various regions of Saudi Arabia.. A bacterial enteric pathogen was identified in 49.5 percent of the troops with gastroenteritis. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei were the most common bacterial pathogens. Of 125 E. coli infections, 39 percent were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 63 percent to tetracycline, and 48 percent to ampicillin. Of 113 shigella infections, 85 percent were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 68 percent to tetracycline, and 21 percent to ampicillin. All bacterial isolates were sensitive to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. After an average of two months in Saudi Arabia, 57 percent of the surveyed troops had at least one episode of diarrhea, and 20 percent reported that they were temporarily unable to carry out their duties because of diarrheal symptoms. Vomiting was infrequently reported as a primary symptom, but of 11 military personnel in whom vomiting was a major symptom, 9 (82 percent) had serologic evidence of infection with the Norwalk virus.. Gastroenteritis caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli and shigella resistant to a number of drugs was a major problem that frequently interfered with the duties of U.S. troops during Operation Desert Shield.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ampicillin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Military Personnel; Norwalk virus; Saudi Arabia; Shigella sonnei; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; United States; Vomiting; Warfare

Topics: Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Animals; Clavulanic Acids; Diarrhea; Drug Combinations; Drug Therapy, Combination; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Injections, Intramuscular; Remission Induction; Sulfadiazine; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Trimethoprim

In an epidemiological study of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, 102 strains were isolated from patients seen at the University Teaching Hospital in Lagos. The most common serotype encountered was 055 followed by 026. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and plasmid profiling of the strains were done. All the strains were sensitive to colistin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, cefotaxime, amikacin, and augmentin. Of the 102 strains, 47 (46%) were resistant to one or more of the following antimicrobial agents: Co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamide and a combination of ampicillin with sulbactam. All the strains that were resistant to any antimicrobial agents were also resistant to tetracycline. Seventy-two strains (70.6%) harbored plasmid whose molecular weights ranged from 0.8 to 120 x 10(6) daltons. The majority of the plasmid were smaller than 6 x 10(6); 90% of strains carrying plasmid ranging in size from 2 to 6 x 10(6) daltons and 50 to 70 x 10(6) daltons were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents. Transformation and conjugation experiment showed that about 57% of the resistant strains carried R plasmid. Plasmid-determined resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin and sulphonamide was found.

Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Nigeria; Plasmids; Tetracycline

The ability of tetracycline and clioquinol to prevent intestinal colonization of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli was tested in a rabbit model. In the model 10(10) bacteria are given via oro-gastric tube following intravenous cimetidine and oral sodium bicarbonate and prior to intraperitoneal tincture of opium. Eighteen hours after challenge the rabbits are sacrificed, and the numbers of the challenge strain remaining in the jejunum and ileum are determined. Tetracycline interrupted the intestinal colonization of V. cholerae and E. coli. Clioquinol however, had minimal effect on the colonization process. Our studies demonstrate the efficacy of prophylactic tetracycline but do not support the use of clioquinol to prevent intestinal infection due to these organisms. This rabbit model may also be useful to study the efficacy of other antibiotics against these bacterial infections.

Topics: Animals; Cholera; Clioquinol; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Hydroxyquinolines; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Rabbits; Tetracycline; Vibrio cholerae

A conjugative R-plasmid PE004, Inc F11, conferring resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, kanamycin and trimethoprim was obtained from an E. coli serotype 026 isolate from the stool of a child with acute diarrhoea. The R-plasmid PE004 also co-transfers an enteropathogenicity antigen without the production of enterotoxins or manifestation of invasiveness. It is not yet known whether this transferable antigen mediates enterocyte damage with consequent diarrhoea. The R-plasmid was of molecular weight 2.4 megadaltons (3.7 kilobase) with a transfer frequency of 6 x 10(-4) cfu/ml E. coli J53-1. The uncontrolled mediation with antibiotics in cases of acute diarrhoea could select gut bacteria not only possessing R-plasmids conferring resistance to several antibiotics but with associated undesirable extrachromosomal genes.

Topics: Acute Disease; Ampicillin; Child; Diarrhea; DNA, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Kanamycin; R Factors; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Four hundred and seven clinical isolates of Escherichia coli were examined for the presence of plasmids. These isolates comprised 189 which were collected irrespective of antimicrobial resistance (VP) and 218 which were collected on the basis of high-level trimethoprim resistance (TPR). The VP isolates were divided into drug sensitive (VPS) and drug-resistant (VPR) subpopulations. Plasmids were detected in 88% of VP isolates (81% of VPS and 94% of VPR) and 98% of TPR isolates. The distribution of plasmids in both groups and subpopulations was very similar. However, there were small but statistically significant differences between the plasmid distributions. These showed that more isolates in the resistant groups harboured plasmids than in the sensitive subpopulation (VPS) and that the number of plasmids carried by resistant isolates was greater. Multiple drug resistance was significantly more common among TPR isolates than the VPR subpopulation and this was paralleled by increased numbers of plasmids. Fifty-eight per cent of VPR and 57% of TPR isolates transferred antimicrobial resistance and plasmids to E. coli K12. Of the R+ isolates, 60% carried small plasmids (MW less than 20Md) and 52% of these co-transferred with R-plasmids. These results are discussed.

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Kanamycin; Penicillin Resistance; Plasmids; R Factors; Serotyping; Streptomycin; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Conjugation, Genetic; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Oxytetracycline; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

This paper's purpose is to document a case of unilateral tonsillar malakoplakia. Escherichia coli was repeatedly cultured from the lesion, and the isolate was studied by expert microbiologists who found no abnormalities in its biologic properties. The course of the lesion was followed by repeated punch biopsies before, and after the institution of antibiotic therapy. Following treatment, healing was characterized histologically by the disappearance of edema, granulocytes and bacilli, a striking initial increase in the number of Michaelis-Gutmann (MG) bodies and other calcified particles, and an increase in the number of foamy plasma cells, before the eventual resolution of the lesion.

Topics: Aged; Biopsy; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Malacoplakia; Microscopy, Electron; Palatine Tonsil; Tetracycline

Six of 14 patients with renal abscess had prior history of urinary tract infection; initial symptoms included fever and flank pain in 12. A drip-infusion intravenous pyelogram was the most sensitive radiologic test, but selective renal arteriography was most specific. Urine cultures were positive in all 14 patients; blood cultures were positive in nine. Six patients were treated with antibiotics alone and eight required surgery. Of the eight, five had pus-filled cavities, one had multiple stones, one had a renal infarct, and one had a resolving abscess. Of six treated with antibiotics alone, one died of unrelated complications and five have demonstrated no pathological renal condition after three to six years.

Topics: Abscess; Adolescent; Adult; Ampicillin; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Middle Aged; Nephrectomy; Tetracycline

Diagnosis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea was made in 109 adult males with an acute dehydrating cholera-like syndrome in Dacca, Bangladesh, by testing 10 colonies isolated from admission stool specimens for production of heat-labile and heat-stable toxins. Toxin testing of one colony yielded a diagnosis in 92% of the cases, testing of two colonies yielded a diagnosis in 95% of the cases, testing of a pool of 5 colonies yielded a diagnosis in 95% of the cases, and testing of a pool of 10 colonies yielded a diagnosis in 96% of the cases. From stool cultures obtained on subsequent days, toxin testing of individual colonies and pools revealed diminished efficacy of pooling with decreasing numbers of enterotoxin-positive isolates in the pool. To detect the presence of enterotoxigenic E. coli in stools, toxin testing of 5 individual isolates and a pool of 10 colonies was found to be almost as effective as the testing of 10 individual isolates.

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Bangladesh; Diagnosis, Differential; Diarrhea; Enterotoxins; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Humans; Male; Tetracycline

This paper describes an extension to an earlier account of the coliform flora carried by a married couple, one of whom was taking tetracycline for prolonged periods. The latter phase of this study was notable for the following: first, certain tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli O antigen types persisted in one of the participants for several weeks after tetracycline was withdrawn; second, a course of ampicillin led to replacement of the tetracycline-resistant flora by one that was ampicillin resistant, but the end of the ampicillin course led to the reappearance of the tetracycline-resistant line, even though no tetracycline was being taken; and third, the tetracycline-sensitive O75 E. coli, which appeared toward the end of the survey, had not lost their plasmid but carried a derivative in which the tetracycline resistance gene(s) had been inactivated by the insertion of an extra piece of deoxyribonucleic acid with a molecular weight of about 1 megadalton.

Topics: Antigens, Bacterial; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Male; R Factors; Tetracycline

Germ-free swine were artificially contaminated with tetracycline (TC) sensitive strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. One of these strains, E. coli 3306, was infected with a plasmid carrying kanamycin (KM) resistance, i.e., T-kan factor. Another strain, E. coli P-5, carried a conjugally transferable Col B factor. Among the nine strains used, only E. coli P-38 became TC-resistant after TC administration. Three types of TC-resistance E. coli P-38 strains were found; (a) one strain carried nontransferable TC resistance and could not produce colicin, (b) one strain carried TC resistance with a high transmission frequency which could not produce colicin, and (c) one strain carried TC resistance with a low transmission frequency that could produce colicin B. Genetic studies disclosed that the transmissible TC resistance factors, i.e., Rms105 (group b) and Rms104 (group c), were formed by recombination between Col B factor and nontransmissible TC-resistance (tet) determinant which appeared in E. coli P-38 mutants.

Topics: Animals; Bacteriocin Plasmids; Colicins; Conjugation, Genetic; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Germ-Free Life; Kanamycin; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Mutation; Plasmids; R Factors; Recombination, Genetic; Swine; Tetracycline

Experiments were conducted to study transfer of an enterotoxin (Ent) plasmid from a porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to an E coli K12 strain in the intestine of newly weaned pigs. The Ent plasmid carried genes for resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides, thereby permitting a selection for tetracycline-resistant exconjugants in the feces of the pigs. In vivo transfer of the Ent plasmid was demonstrated to occur when the pigs were given large oral inocula of donor and recipient cultures, 1 hour apart. Differences in extent of transfer were not detected in pigs given antibiotic-free feed compared with littermates on feed containing oxytetracycline at 50 g/ton. In one experiment, tetracycline-resistant Ent- exconjugants were found which appeared to have received an R plasmid from an enteropathogenic type of E coli resident in the intestine.

Topics: Animals; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterotoxins; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Intestines; Oxytetracycline; Plasmids; R Factors; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline

To determine if antibiotics used in the treatment of urinary infections alter introital gramnegative carriage after termination of therapy we analyzed 254 cultures obtained between episodes of bacteriuria in 14 women with recurrent urinary infections. Cultures obtained within the first 30 days after termination of therapy were compared to all subsequent cultures. Introital carriage in women with recurrent urinary infections was compared to 416 consecutive introital cultures from 31 control women resistant to bacteriuria. In women with recurrent bacteriuria introital colonization patterns were similar in incidence and density during the immediate post-treatment period compared to later cultures. Four volunteer controls received tetracycline for 10 days. There was no difference in introital carriage of enterobacteria before during or after tetracycline therapy. Consecutive cultures also confirmed a higher incidence and greater density of vaginal carriage of enterobacteria in patients when compared to similar cultures from women who never had a urinary infection.

Topics: Anal Canal; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriuria; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Rectum; Recurrence; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Vagina

Typing of R factors by genetic properties was done with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli isolated from calves on a feedlot where epizootics of clinical or subclinical calf salmonellosis had repeatedly occurred during 5 years. Forty-nine R factors from S typhimurium were fi- (no fertility inhibition) and spp- (no restriction against phage lambda vir). Twenty-three (46.9%) of them belonged to compatibility group Ialpha and the remainder were nontypable. Fourteen R factors from E coli belonged to different genetic types: fi+ (11=78.6%) and fi- (3=21.4%); spp+ (1=7.1%) and spp- (13=92.9%); compatibility groups FII (5=35.7%), N (1=7.1%), and nontypable (8=57.2%). In contrast to the R factors of S typhimurium, 9 (64.3%) of the 14 R factors of E coli carried resistance against aminobenzyl penicillin with or without kanamycin resistance. The compatibility groups of R factors of S typhimurium seemed to be useful as a subsidiary epizootiologic marker in this feedlot.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Kanamycin; Male; Penicillin Resistance; R Factors; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Gastroenteritis is a serious problem among young children in Shiraz Iran and often requires antibiotic therapy as it is commonly superimposed on other debilitating clinical conditions. Stool specimens from over four hundred cases of gastroenteritis among children up to six years of age were examined for the presence of bacterial pathogens and the pattern of drug sensitivity for each pathogenic genus was determined. The presence of infectious drug resistance factors among these isolates was also established.

Topics: Ampicillin; Carbenicillin; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Iran; Kanamycin; Male; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; R Factors; Salmonella Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Drug Hypersensitivity; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Fingers; Hemorrhage; Humans; Nails; Photosensitivity Disorders; Pigmentation Disorders; Skin Diseases; Tetracycline

Fifty-six patients with uncomplicated urinary infections were treated with a five-day course of antimicrobials. Fifty-four patients had sterile urine two weeks after termination of the drugs. Over a two-year period 8 patients were found to become reinfected.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriuria; Carbenicillin; Cephalexin; Child; Drug Administration Schedule; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Recurrence; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

The therapeutic potencies of colistin methanesulfonate (CLM) was assessed quantitatively in acute infection of mice with clinically isolated strains of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and effect of different routes of administration was compared. There was no detectable difference in the therapeutic effect of CLM when intramuscular (im) or intravenous (iv) administration was initiated one hour after the infection. On the other hand, a significant difference in ED50 given by im and iv administrations was observed, indicating the superiority of iv administration, when the treatment started 4 to approximately hours after the infection. No difference in the therapeutic effect of polymyxin B (PMB) and tetracycline (TC) administered via either im or iv route was found even in the delayed administration. In contrast to PMB and TC, lower toxicity of CLM was determined when it was administered iv rather than im.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Bacterial Infections; Colistin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Mesylates; Mice; Polymyxins; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis, Infectious; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cystitis; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Foot Diseases; Fusobacterium Infections; Liver Abscess; Mastitis, Bovine; Meningitis; Osteomyelitis; Pasteurella Infections; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Uterine Diseases

The sensitivity patterns of strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to nine antibiotics were determined. Most strains were sensitive to gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, and colistin. Sensitivity to cephalexin was generally greater than sensitivity to ampicillin. Compared with sensitivity patterns of strains isolated in previous years, no significant change in sensitivity patterns of recently isolated strains was detected. All ampicillin-resistant strains destroyed the drug by producing beta-lactamase. The activity of this enzyme against cephalexin was significantly lower than its activity against ampicillin. The role of beta-lactamase, the correlation between its production and resistance to beta-lactamase antibiotics, and the similarity between beta-lactamase produced by EEC and the classified beta-lactamases produced by other enteric bacteria and Escherichia coli, are discussed.

Topics: Amidohydrolases; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalexin; Cephalosporinase; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Gastroenteritis; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kanamycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Serotyping; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Abortion, Septic; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitoxins; Carbenicillin; Cephalosporins; Complement System Proteins; Endometritis; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Methicillin; Muramidase; Penicillin G; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Topics: Aminoglycosides; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Carbenicillin; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella Infections; Polymyxins; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Salmonella Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Infections; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Mice; Neomycin; Nystatin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Thiourea; Undecylenic Acids

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Bronchitis; Carbenicillin; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Humans; Penicillin G; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Syndrome; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Ampicillin; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli Infections; Fatty Liver; Female; Hepatitis; Humans; Klebsiella Infections; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Methicillin; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Peritonitis; Pneumococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Syndrome; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Blood; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Klebsiella Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pseudomonas Infections; Salmonella Infections; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Conjugation, Genetic; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Gentamicins; Humans; Japan; Kanamycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Penicillin Resistance; Streptomycin; Sulfanilamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Chlortetracycline; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Intestinal Mucosa; Kidney; Lethal Dose 50; Liver; Lung; Macaca; Mice; Mice, Inbred A; Oxytetracycline; Rabbits; Rats; Shock, Septic; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Nalidixic Acid; Penicillin Resistance; Pyelonephritis; Rats; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Virulence

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriuria; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Hungary; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Neomycin; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillin Resistance; Polymyxins; Proteus; Proteus Infections; Proteus mirabilis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Enteritis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Shigella; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Colitis; Dysentery; Enteritis; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Humans; Infant; Lactobacillaceae; Mice; Salmonella Infections; Seasons; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Nitrofurantoin; Oleandomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Proteus; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas; Pseudomonas Infections; Pyelonephritis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Tetracycline

Of 173 epidemiologically unrelated strains of Escherichia coli isolated from the pericardial sac of chickens that had died from infection with these organisms in England in 1972, approximately 1 year after the introduction of legislation forbidding the routine use of feeds containing ;therapeutic' antibiotics, 83.8% were resistant to sulphonamides, 31.2% to tetracyclines, 20.8% to furazolidone, 18.5% to streptomycin, 2.9% to spectinomycin and 1.2% to ampicillin; none of the strains were resistant to chloramphenicol, neomycin, polymixin, trimethoprim or nalidixic acid. The sulphonamide resistance and possibly some of the resistance to other agents might have been the consequence of sulphonamides being exempted from the legislation. Much of the resistance, with the exception of that to furazolidone, was of the transferable type. Many strains possessed transfer factors in the absence of any known transferable characteristic. Colicine production was twice as common in the pathogenic strains as in a collection of strains isolated from the faeces of healthy chickens; about half of it was transferable.By means of serology, antibiotic resistance and other markers, it was found that several different kinds of E. coli were usually incriminated in any one outbreak of E. coli infection in broiler chickens. Sometimes the same kinds of E. coli were found in outbreaks in consecutive crops of chickens on the same farm. New kinds, too, appeared to be brought in by replacement chickens.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Chickens; Colicins; Epidemiologic Methods; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Furazolidone; Penicillin Resistance; Poultry Diseases; Serotyping; Spectinomycin; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Botulism; Chloramphenicol; Cholera; Clostridium perfringens; Codeine; Diarrhea; Dysentery, Amebic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Food; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Opium; Oxytetracycline; Salmonella Infections; Staphylococcus; Stress, Physiological; Tetracycline; Travel; Virus Diseases

Topics: Abortion, Septic; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Bicarbonates; Blood Transfusion; Chloramphenicol; Digoxin; Escherichia coli Infections; Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Hysterectomy; Isoproterenol; Kanamycin; Penicillins; Plasma Substitutes; Pregnancy; Puerperal Infection; Sepsis; Shock, Septic; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Family Practice; Humans; Kanamycin; Nalidixic Acid; Penicillin Resistance; Streptomycin; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Doxycycline; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Methacycline; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Oxytetracycline; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bacteria; Cholecystitis; Cholelithiasis; Enterobacter; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gallbladder; Humans; Klebsiella; Liver; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Child; Escherichia coli Infections; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Appendicitis; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Methicillin; Nystatin; Peritonitis; Polymyxins; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfadimethoxine; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella Infections; Lincomycin; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Oxacillin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Proteus Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfates; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Bacterial Infections; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Synergism; Enteritis; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intensive Care Units; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Klebsiella Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nurseries, Hospital; Penicillin Resistance; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Bacterial Infections; Catheterization; Cephalothin; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Kanamycin; Kentucky; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Postoperative Complications; Sepsis; Streptomycin; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline

Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Chickens; Escherichia coli Infections; Methods; Mycoplasma Infections; Poultry Diseases; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; HeLa Cells; Kanamycin; L Cells; Male; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Rifampin; Shigella; Shigella flexneri; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Entamoeba histolytica; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Gastroenteritis; Gentamicins; Giardia; Humans; Infant; Kanamycin; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Neomycin; Salmonella; Shigella; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Trichuris

Topics: Computers; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Medical Records; Proteus; Proteus Infections; Pyelonephritis; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Cell Count; Disease Models, Animal; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Kidney; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Oxytetracycline; Pyelonephritis; Rats; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adult; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Otitis Media; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Conjugation, Genetic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Genetics, Microbial; Methods; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Nalidixic Acid; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriuria; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Genes; Genetics, Microbial; Hospitalization; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Ampicillin; Animal Feed; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Food Microbiology; Kanamycin; Legislation, Drug; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Netherlands; Penicillin Resistance; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Serotyping; Tetracycline

Topics: Aldehydes; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antitussive Agents; Escherichia coli Infections; Klebsiella Infections; Mice; Oxadiazoles; Pyrazoles; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Chlortetracycline; Depression, Chemical; Doxycycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Kinetics; Methacycline; Oxytetracycline; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Escherichia coli Infections; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Kidney; Liver; Lung; Male; Muscles; Myocardium; Oxytetracycline; Pyelonephritis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Solubility; Spleen; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tritium

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Drug Synergism; Edetic Acid; Escherichia coli Infections; Injections, Subcutaneous; Mice; Penicillin G; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies; Carbenicillin; Cell Membrane; Colistin; Complement System Proteins; Drug Antagonism; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Receptors, Drug; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterobacter; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nitrofurantoin; Polymyxins; Sepsis; Streptomycin; Sulfamethizole; Tetracycline; Washington

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Animals; Arteriovenous Anastomosis; Blood Pressure; Capillary Permeability; Cardiac Output; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Dogs; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Methylprednisolone; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Pseudomonas; Pseudomonas Infections; Shock, Septic; Tetracycline; Venous Pressure

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Colistin; Depression, Chemical; Drug Synergism; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Middle Aged; Nitrofurantoin; Oleandomycin; Oxacillin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Proteus Infections; Pyelonephritis; Staphylococcal Infections; Stimulation, Chemical; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clostridium Infections; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli Infections; Gas Gangrene; Liver Extracts; Penicillin G Procaine; Proteus Infections; Rats; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Ampicillin; Animals; Cephaloridine; Cephalothin; Depression, Chemical; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Proteus; Proteus Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Bacteriuria; Cross Infection; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Penicillins; Pyelonephritis; Tetracycline; Urinary Catheterization; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine; Urography

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aminosalicylic Acids; Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Benzimidazoles; Cephaloridine; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli Infections; Kanamycin; Liver Glycogen; Macrophages; Mice; Neomycin; Oxacillin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Abscess; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Cellulitis; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Hand; Humans; Infections; Kanamycin; Lincomycin; Methicillin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Appendicitis; Brucellosis; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Cholangitis; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Male; Meningitis; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antisepsis; Child; Child, Preschool; Drainage; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Postoperative Care; Preoperative Care; Sex Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli Infections; Mice; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus subtilis; Cephalosporins; Cornea; Escherichia coli Infections; Eye Diseases; Humans; Infections; Neisseria; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Proteus Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Proteus; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Brain; Demeclocycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Kidney; Liver; Lung; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Rats; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Agar; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Diffusion; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Furazolidone; Hemolysis; Kanamycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Paper; Serotyping; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephaloridine; Child; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Colistin; Enteritis; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Kanamycin; Nalidixic Acid; Neomycin; Oleandomycin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Polymyxins; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Viomycin

Topics: Abortion, Septic; Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Clostridium; Clostridium Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Kanamycin; Klebsiella Infections; Penicillin G; Pregnancy; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Methylation; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella typhi; Salmonella typhimurium; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Mice; Sepsis; Tetracycline; Uracil

Topics: Animals; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli Infections; Lipopolysaccharides; Mice; Pyrogens; Rabbits; Streptomyces; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Benzimidazoles; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli Infections; Immunity, Active; Leukocytes; Mice; Phagocytosis; Tetracycline

Topics: Age Factors; Body Weight; Child; Enterobacter; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Male; Methacycline; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Proteus Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Urologic Diseases

Stool carrier rates of Escherichia coli serogroups 4, 6, and 75 were determined on admission and discharge for 190 patients. Persons who were in the hospital 3 weeks or longer had an intestinal carrier rate of 46% compared to a rate of 28% in individuals who had no recent hospital contact. Treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics increased the susceptibility for acquisition of certain specific serologic groups. This was apparently not related to replacement of sensitive E. coli by drug-resistant forms. Studies were made to determine the environmental source for colonization of hospitalized patients and the risk of urinary infection in stool carriers of these strains. A survey of inanimate objects of medical and urological wards demonstrated infrequent isolation of 04, 06, and 075, indicating that extraintestinal foci were an unlikely source for hospital-acquired E. coli. Hemagglutination titers with determination of group-specific O antibody failed to demonstrate any deficiency in hospitalized patients who became colonized with certain coliforms. Similarly, no significant deficit in group-specific serum antibody was found in patients who were community carriers of E. coli 04, 06, or 075. Despite a high rate of acquisition of E. coli serogroups 4, 6, and 75 in the stools of hospitalized patients, only those patients undergoing urinary tract manipulation developed bacteriuria.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies; Cephalothin; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Kanamycin; Polymyxins; Streptomycin; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enteritis; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Candidiasis; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Lactobacillus; Mycoplasma Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Vaginitis

Topics: Adult; Ascorbic Acid; Chronic Disease; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Infections; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Osteomyelitis; Peritonitis; Pleural Diseases; Pneumonia; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Suppuration; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Thiamine

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cholagogues and Choleretics; Cholangitis; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli Infections; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Mice; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Mice; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Colistin; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Infections; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptomycin; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Enterobacter; Epididymitis; Escherichia coli Infections; Fever; Humans; Male; Postoperative Care; Prostatectomy; Proteus Infections; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracycline; Vas Deferens

Topics: Acidosis; Cystitis; Diabetes Complications; Escherichia coli Infections; Gases; Tetracycline; Urography

Topics: Adult; Chloramphenicol; Diabetes Complications; Escherichia coli Infections; Gangrene; Humans; Leg; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Novobiocin; Pseudomonas Infections; Skin Transplantation; Sulfacetamide; Tetracycline; Transplantation, Autologous

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Penicillin Resistance; South Africa; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Penicillins; Salmonella; Shigella; Sulfadiazine; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Kanamycin; Middle Aged; Milk; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Rats; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Enterobacter; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Klebsiella; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Pyelonephritis; Statistics as Topic; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis, Infectious; Drainage; Drug Therapy; Escherichia coli Infections; Hip Joint; Humans; Pseudomonas Infections; Radiography; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Framycetin; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Statistics as Topic; Tetracycline

Topics: ABO Blood-Group System; Antibody Formation; Bacteriuria; Chloramphenicol; Cystitis; Demeclocycline; Escherichia coli Infections; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillin G; Pyelonephritis; Streptomycin; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Dysentery, Bacillary; Enteritis; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Oleandomycin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterobacter; Escherichia coli Infections; In Vitro Techniques; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Pharmacology; Polymyxins; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Enterobacter aerogenes; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Spinal Dysraphism; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood Chemical Analysis; Child; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Leukocyte Count; Nitrofurantoin; Proteinuria; Pyelonephritis; Pyuria; Tetracycline; Urea; Urine; Urography

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Child; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Drainage; Empyema; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kanamycin; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Pediatrics; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumothorax; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Chloramphenicol; Epidemiology; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Kanamycin; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillins; Prognosis; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfamethoxypyridazine; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Urography; Urology; Virginia

Topics: Anthelmintics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Aqueous Humor; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Conjunctivitis; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Endophthalmitis; Escherichia coli Infections; Helminthiasis; Keratitis; Keratitis, Dendritic; Lens, Crystalline; Manometry; Mycoses; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases

Topics: Abortion, Septic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bile Ducts; Chloramphenicol; Emetine; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Paraplegia; Penicillins; Peritonitis; Pregnancy; Pressure Ulcer; Pseudomonas Infections; Pyelonephritis; Pyoderma; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Achromobacter; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriology; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Klebsiella; Maxillary Sinus; Maxillary Sinusitis; Penicillin V; Penicillins; Placebos; Pneumococcal Infections; Proteus Infections; Sinusitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enteritis; Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Furazolidone; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Israel; Neomycin; Pathology; Polymyxins; Statistics as Topic; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Burns; Child; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Immune Sera; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kanamycin; Novobiocin; Polymyxins; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Salmonella Infections; Sepsis; Serum Albumin; Shigella; Sodium Chloride; Solutions; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Aeromonas; Alcoholism; Ascites; Bacteremia; Escherichia coli Infections; Geriatrics; Humans; Intestines; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Function Tests; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Peritonitis; Sepsis; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood Chemical Analysis; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Methenamine; Methionine; Nitrofurantoin; Pyelonephritis; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Enterobacter aerogenes; Enterobacteriaceae; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Kanamycin; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Ristocetin; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Haemophilus; Humans; Meningitis; Meningitis, Haemophilus; Meningitis, Meningococcal; Meningitis, Pneumococcal; Penicillins; Proteus Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Atropine; Chloramphenicol; Cholinesterases; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Escherichia coli Infections; Malathion; Metabolism; Neurologic Manifestations; Organophosphate Poisoning; Oximes; Penicillins; Pharmacology; Phosphorus; Poisons; Pralidoxime Compounds; Prednisone; Pyridines; Streptomycin; Suicide; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Jaundice; Jaundice, Obstructive; Liver Diseases; Liver Function Tests; Pancreas; Pancreatitis; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pyelonephritis; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Toxicology; Uremia

Topics: Adolescent; Alaska; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Diarrhea; Drug Therapy; Escherichia coli Infections; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Infant; Tetracycline; Whooping Cough

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Agranulocytosis; Arthritis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Bone Marrow Examination; Complement Fixation Tests; Escherichia coli Infections; Geriatrics; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Penicillamine; Pharmacology; Prednisolone; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Kanamycin; Nitrofurantoin; Ohio; Polymyxins; Sepsis; Streptomycin; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Alcaligenes; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Diabetes Mellitus; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Neomycin; Nitrofurantoin; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Proteus Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Boston; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Therapy; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Hospitals, Urban; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Massachusetts; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Proteus Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Statistics as Topic; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Apnea; Colistin; Dexamethasone; Escherichia coli Infections; Femoral Fractures; Fractures, Spontaneous; Hydrocortisone; Injections; Injections, Intramuscular; Osteomyelitis; Spinal Injuries; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Topics: Bacteroides; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Chloramphenicol; Drug Therapy; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Klebsiella; Norway; Penicillins; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Thoracic Surgery

Topics: Anemia, Macrocytic; Anemia, Megaloblastic; Diverticulum; Drug Therapy; Escherichia coli Infections; Geriatrics; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Intestines; Tetracycline; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Aging; Angiotensins; Bacteremia; Bacteroides; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Drug Therapy; Enterobacter aerogenes; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Kanamycin; Metaraminol; Polymyxins; Postoperative Complications; Proteus; Pseudomonas Infections; Sepsis; Sex; Streptomycin; Sympatholytics; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchial Fistula; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Collapse Therapy; Drug Therapy; Empyema; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Klebsiella; Penicillins; Pneumonectomy; Polymyxins; Postoperative Complications; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Thoracic Surgery

Topics: Adolescent; Amphotericin B; Child; Diphtheria; Enterovirus Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant; Otolaryngology; Phosphates; Pneumococcal Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Celiac Disease; Diarrhea; Diverticulum; Duodenal Diseases; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Intestines; Sprue, Tropical; Steatorrhea; Tetracycline; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bile Ducts; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli Infections; Klebsiella; Proteus Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Cerebrospinal Fluid; Chloramphenicol; Diarrhea, Infantile; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Epidemiology; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gastroenteritis; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Meningitis; Salmonella Infections; Serogroup; Serologic Tests; Shigella; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; West Indies

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli Infections; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Postoperative Complications; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood Chemical Analysis; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Delayed-Action Preparations; Dogs; Escherichia coli Infections; Metabolism; Mice; Pharmacology; Research; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella typhi; Sepsis; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Biomedical Research; Brucellosis; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Communicable Diseases; Cycloserine; Diphtheria; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Influenza, Human; Liver Extracts; Methicillin; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Syphilis; Tetracycline; Trachoma; Tuberculosis; USSR

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Colitis, Ulcerative; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Intestines; Penicillins; Peptic Ulcer Perforation; Polyps; Proteus Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Enterobacter; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Nitrofurantoin; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Bacteremia; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Infections; Lung Diseases; Micrococcus; Sepsis; Tetracycline