tetracycline and Enterobacteriaceae-Infections

Prostatitis remains a challenging condition. The clinical features are often nonspecific while the aetiology and pathogenesis can be diverse and includes inflammatory, obstructive, and/or chemical causes and may also be related to calculi. Four categories are recognized: acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, non-bacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia. The diagnosis of prostatitis was advanced substantially by the introduction of sequential sampling of urine aliquots following prostatic massage. Bacterial prostatitis is largely associated with the Enterobacteriaceae although Pseudomonas spp., enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus may also be isolated. In chronic bacterial prostatitis a variety of streptococci and anaerobic bacteria may be isolated. Treatment is difficult largely owing to the limited range of agents able to achieve therapeutic concentrations within prostatic fluid, which has a pH lower than that of plasma. Trimethroprim, co-trimoxazole and the tetracyclines have been widely used. The quinolones have recently been shown to diffuse readily into the prostate; ofloxacin and temafloxacin have produced the highest concentrations in prostatic fluid. Antibiotic treatment requires prolonged high dosage and careful monitoring to ensure that bacterial eradication has occurred. Other forms of management have included the judicious use of anti-inflammatory agents and analgesics. In some patients zinc sulphate has proved to be of symptomatic benefit.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Bacterial Infections; Chronic Disease; Colony Count, Microbial; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Male; Prostatitis; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Acute Disease; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlorpheniramine; Chronic Disease; Ear, Middle; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Gentamicins; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Infant; Methicillin; Otitis Media; Recurrence; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tympanic Membrane

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Drug Hypersensitivity; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Erythromycin; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Mycoplasma Infections; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Salpingitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Thrombophlebitis; Tuberculosis, Female Genital; Wound Infection

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephaloridine; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Meningitis; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Sepsis; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacteriuria; Chloramphenicol; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Klebsiella Infections; Nitrofurantoin; Placebos; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Proteus Infections; Pyelonephritis; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Edwardsiella ictaluri is an important pathogen in farmed raised catfish. Recently, we showed that resistance to tetracycline and florfenicol in the E. ictaluri MS-17-156 strain isolated from channel catfish was facilitated by acquisition of a 135 kb plasmid (named pEIMS-171561).. We described the genetic structure of pEIMS-171561. Plasmid copy number and stability within E. ictaluri strain MS-17-156 was determined. We also investigated the in vitro and in vivo transferability of pEIMS-171561 using catfish as a model for in vivo transfer.. pEIMS-171561 belonged to the IncA/C group and contained florfenicol efflux major facilitator superfamily (MFS) (floR), sulfonamides (sul2), and tetracycline efflux MFS (tetD) genes. The plasmid contained two conjugative transfer-associated regions and encoded six transposases and insertion sequences. In vitro conjugation experiments demonstrated that the IncA/C plasmid can transfer from E. ictaluri to Escherichia coli. The plasmid was stable in E. ictaluri without selection pressure for 33 days. We showed that pEIMS-171561 did not transfer from E. ictaluri MS-17-156 to endogenous microbiota in catfish. Moreover, we could not detect in vivo conjugal transfer of pEIMS-171561 from E. ictaluri to E. coli. Results from real-time PCR revealed upregulation of the floR gene in the intestines of catfish receiving florfenicol-medicated feed, compared with that in catfish receiving unmedicated feed.. This study demonstrated that pEIMS-171561 did not disseminate from E. ictaluri to gut microbiota under selective pressure. This result suggests a limited role of the fish microbiota as a reservoir for this plasmid and for the spread of resistance.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Catfishes; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Edwardsiella ictaluri; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Plasmids; Tetracycline

As part of the multicentre Antibiotic Therapy Optimisation Study, MIC values of 19 non-β-lactam agents were determined for third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli , Klebsiella species and Enterobacter species (3GCREB) isolates collected in German hospitals.. A total of 328 E. coli , 35 Klebsiella spp. (1 Klebsiella oxytoca and 34 Klebsiella pneumoniae ) and 16 Enterobacter spp. (1 Enterobacter aerogenes and 15 Enterobacter cloacae ) isolates were submitted to broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing with the MICRONAUT system. MICs of fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin and moxifloxacin), aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, streptomycin, neomycin and paromomycin), tetracyclines (tetracycline, minocycline and tigecycline), macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin) and miscellaneous agents [trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, colistin and fosfomycin intravenous (iv)] were determined and reviewed against 2016 EUCAST breakpoints.. The MIC of levofloxacin was >2 mg/L for 128 of 328 E. coli and 8 of 35 Klebsiella spp., but only 1 of 16 Enterobacter spp. Rates of resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were high (>70%), except for Enterobacter spp. Rates of resistance to colistin and fosfomycin iv were still low. About 20% of the tested isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol. Only 1 (of 328) E. coli isolate had an MIC of amikacin >16 mg/L and only 33 of 328 E. coli and 1 of 35 Klebsiella spp. had an MIC of tobramycin >4 mg/L, whereas average gentamicin MICs were in general more elevated. A tigecycline MIC >2 mg/L was only found for 1 of 16 Enterobacter spp., but in none of the E. coli or Klebsiella spp. isolates.. Our study gives insight into previously unreported non-β-lactam MIC distributions of 3GCREB isolates.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams; Cephalosporin Resistance; Cephalosporins; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterobacter; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Hospitalization; Humans; Klebsiella; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minocycline; Tertiary Care Centers; Tetracycline; Tigecycline

Multiple studies have shown that infection with the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis confers Drosophila melanogaster and other insects with resistance to infection by RNA viruses. Studies investigating whether Wolbachia infection induces the immune system or confers protection against secondary bacterial infection have not shown any effect. These studies, however, have emphasized resistance against extracellular pathogens. Since Wolbachia lives inside the host cell, we hypothesized that Wolbachia might confer resistance to pathogens that establish infection by invading host cells. We therefore tested whether Wolbachia-infected D. melanogaster are protected against infection by the intracellular pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium, as well as the extracellular pathogenic bacterium Providencia rettgeri. We evaluated the ability of flies infected with Wolbachia to suppress secondary infection by pathogenic bacteria relative to genetically matched controls that had been cured of Wolbachia by treatment with tetracycline. We found no evidence that Wolbachia alters host ability to suppress proliferation of any of the three pathogenic bacteria. Our results indicate that Wolbachia-induced antiviral protection does not result from a generalized response to intracellular pathogens.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Bacterial Load; Disease Resistance; Drosophila melanogaster; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Genotype; Intracellular Space; Listeria monocytogenes; Providencia; Salmonella typhimurium; Tetracycline; Wolbachia

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Catfishes; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Edwardsiella ictaluri; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Fish Diseases; Molecular Sequence Data; Plasmids; Thiamphenicol

Since the discovery of qnrA in 1998, two additional qnr genes, qnrB and qnrS, have been described. These three plasmid-mediated genes contribute to quinolone resistance in gram-negative pathogens worldwide. A clinical strain of Proteus mirabilis was isolated from an outpatient with a urinary tract infection and was susceptible to most antimicrobials but resistant to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim. Plasmid pHS10, harbored by this strain, was transferred to azide-resistant Escherichia coli J53 by conjugation. A transconjugant with pHS10 had low-level quinolone resistance but was negative by PCR for the known qnr genes, aac(6')-Ib-cr and qepA. The ciprofloxacin MIC for the clinical strain and a J53/pHS10 transconjugant was 0.25 microg/ml, representing an increase of 32-fold relative to that for the recipient, J53. The plasmid was digested with HindIII, and a 4.4-kb DNA fragment containing the new gene was cloned into pUC18 and transformed into E. coli TOP10. Sequencing showed that the responsible 666-bp gene, designated qnrC, encoded a 221-amino-acid protein, QnrC, which shared 64%, 42%, 59%, and 43% amino acid identity with QnrA1, QnrB1, QnrS1, and QnrD, respectively. Upstream of qnrC there existed a new IS3 family insertion sequence, ISPmi1, which encoded a frameshifted transposase. qnrC could not be detected by PCR, however, in 2,020 strains of Enterobacteriaceae. A new quinolone resistance gene, qnrC, was thus characterized from plasmid pHS10 carried by a clinical isolate of P. mirabilis.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Base Sequence; Conjugation, Genetic; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Sequence Data; Plasmids; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Proteus Infections; Proteus mirabilis; Quinolones; Sequence Analysis, DNA

A total of 104 carbapenemase (serine- and metallo-beta-lactamase [MbetaL])-producing strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family collected from 2000 to 2005 in medical centers distributed worldwide were tested against tigecycline and 25 comparators by reference broth microdilution methods. The most frequent carbapenemase was KPC-2 or -3 (73 strains), followed by VIM-1 (14), IMP-1 (11), SME-2 (5), and NMC-A (1). All serine carbapenemases were detected in the United States, while MbetaL-producing strains were isolated in Europe. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae showed high rates of resistance to most antimicrobial agents tested. The rank order of in vitro activity against these strains was as follows: tigecycline (100.0% susceptible) > polymyxin B (88.1%) > amikacin (73.0%) > imipenem (37.5%). Tigecycline was very active (MIC(90), 1 microg/ml) against this significant, contemporary collection of well-characterized strains and appears to be an excellent option compared to the polymyxins for treatment of infections caused by these multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactamases; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Europe; Humans; Latin America; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minocycline; North America; Population Surveillance; Tigecycline

Enterobacter cloacae is an emerging clinical pathogen that may be responsible for nosocomial infections. Management of these infections is often difficult, owing to the high frequency of strains that are resistant to disinfectants and antimicrobial agents in the clinical setting. Multidrug efflux pumps, especially those belonging to the resistance-nodulation-division family, play a major role as a mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in gram-negative pathogens. In the present study, we cloned and sequenced the genes encoding an AcrAcB-TolC-like efflux pump from an E. cloacae clinical isolate (isolate EcDC64) showing a broad antibiotic resistance profile. Sequence analysis showed that the acrR, acrA, acrB, and tolC genes encode proteins that display 79.8%, 84%, 88%, and 82% amino acid identities with the respective homologues of Enterobacter aerogenes and are arranged in a similar pattern. Deletion of the acrA gene to yield an AcrA-deficient EcDC64 mutant (EcDeltaacrA) showed the involvement of AcrAB-TolC in multidrug resistance in E. cloacae. However, experiments with an efflux pump inhibitor suggested that additional efflux systems also play a role in antibiotic resistance. Investigation of several unrelated isolates of E. cloacae by PCR analysis revealed that the AcrAB system is apparently ubiquitous in this species.

Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Base Sequence; beta-Lactamases; Carrier Proteins; Cloning, Molecular; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterobacter cloacae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Genes, MDR; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Sequence Data; Plasmids; Porins

Between March and October 2003 a field study was conducted in 50 randomly selected pig herds to assess the degree of tetracycline-resistance in lactose-positive enteric coliforms (LPEC) originating from fattening pigs and to evaluate the combined effects of various husbandry conditions on the development and persistence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Data on housing, management and antimicrobial-drug consumption were collected, as well as faecal samples at three production stages: end of the nursery period (mean age: 72 days), end of the grower period (mean age: 125 days) and end of the finisher period (mean age: 186 days). The degree of tetracycline-resistant LPEC was determined by means of an agar dilution method. Tetracycline-resistant LPEC were found in every herd. The overall degree of tetracycline-resistance in LPEC was 56.8% (S.D. 22.4%). Only a very weak relation was found between the degrees of TETR in the different production stages within the same herd, indicating that the degree of TETR is mainly associated with the production stage rather than with the farm as a whole. The risk factor analysis showed that besides the antimicrobial-drug use, other factors like inside pen hygiene can influence the development and maintenance of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the gastrointestinal tracts of pigs. It was also observed that tetracycline-resistance in commensal Escherichia coli is often linked with resistance to other antimicrobial drugs like ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulphonamides. These results illustrate that the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance is influenced by antimicrobial-drug use, cross-resistance development and non-antimicrobial risk factors.

Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Belgium; Colony Count, Microbial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Feces; Lactose; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

This case report describes infection in a lumbar disc in a healthy young man with an organism of low pathogenicity. The patient was taking a prolonged course of antibiotics at the time the infection occurred.. To describe this unique case of infective spondylodiscitis.. To the authors' knowledge, spinal infection with Enterobacter agglomeranshas never been reported. This organism is a transient gut colonizer, and may have established itself secondary to the patient's prolonged ingestion of tetracycline for acne.. This 22-year-old farmer had spontaneous lumbar back pain. Radiologic investigations showed an abnormality in the L4-L5 disc region, and together with other investigations, were suggestive of infection. The diagnosis was confirmed by surgical aspiration.. Antibiotic therapy was administered, and the patient made a complete recovery. Follow-up radiographs showed a complete loss of the L4-L5 disc space with only minimal bone destruction.. A unique cause of infective lumbar discitis is presented. Several features of this case are unusual. The magnetic resonance findings were not readily diagnostic. The cultured organism is usually nonpathogenic. The infection may have been secondary to prolonged tetracycline therapy.

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Discitis; Enterobacter; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Low Back Pain; Lumbar Vertebrae; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Radiography; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Microscopic changes in duodenal biopsy specimens from 16 elderly patients with small-bowel bacterial overgrowth were studied before and after cyclical courses of antibiotic treatment, using computer-aided morphometry measurements as well as visual assessment. Twenty-three subjects in the same age group with no evidence of intestinal disorder were studied as controls. Mean villus height was significantly reduced in the pre-treatment study compared to the post-treatment measurements and those in controls. Similar significant differences were found in mean crypt depth and total mucosal thickness. The mean intra-epithelial lymphocyte count was raised before treatment and fell after treatment to a level similar to that of the controls. The mean lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood rose significantly after treatment. This study provides objective evidence of microscopic structural changes in the bacterial overgrowth syndrome in old age. The return to normality after antibiotic treatment suggests that these changes are directly attributable to the presence of bacteria in the gut lumen.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biopsy; Clavulanic Acid; Clavulanic Acids; Duodenitis; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Microscopy; Tetracycline

Transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia was diagnosed in 6-month-old A/J mice kept under standard laboratory conditions. Bacterial cultures revealed the presence of Citrobacter freundii (4280). Clinical signs included rough coats, feces adhering to the anus, slight dehydration and rectal prolapses. A nonclotting sanquinous intestinal fluid and gross colonic thickening were frequently seen at necropsy. Morbidity was approximately 50%; mortality approximately 25%. Tetracycline appeared to be effective in controlling the disease.

Topics: Animals; Colonic Diseases; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Rodent Diseases; Tetracycline

To determine if antibiotics used in the treatment of urinary infections alter introital gramnegative carriage after termination of therapy we analyzed 254 cultures obtained between episodes of bacteriuria in 14 women with recurrent urinary infections. Cultures obtained within the first 30 days after termination of therapy were compared to all subsequent cultures. Introital carriage in women with recurrent urinary infections was compared to 416 consecutive introital cultures from 31 control women resistant to bacteriuria. In women with recurrent bacteriuria introital colonization patterns were similar in incidence and density during the immediate post-treatment period compared to later cultures. Four volunteer controls received tetracycline for 10 days. There was no difference in introital carriage of enterobacteria before during or after tetracycline therapy. Consecutive cultures also confirmed a higher incidence and greater density of vaginal carriage of enterobacteria in patients when compared to similar cultures from women who never had a urinary infection.

Topics: Anal Canal; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriuria; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Rectum; Recurrence; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Vagina

Topics: Abscess; Adult; Autopsy; Brain Stem; Cephalothin; Cervical Vertebrae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Gentamicins; Horner Syndrome; Humans; Laminectomy; Male; Myelitis; Pharynx; Postoperative Complications; Quadriplegia; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries; Tetracycline

Drug-resistant gram-negative bacilli conferred with R factors were isolated with high frequencies from the intestinal tracts of ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) cultured in ponds, in which chemotherapeutics had often been used, and with relatively low frequencies from ayu which received no administration of chemotherapeutics. Drug-resistant bacteria were also isolated at low frequencies from the intestinal tracts of wild ayu in rivers, as well as from the water of ayu-culturing ponds and some of them carried R factors. The drug-resistant bacteria carrying R factors were Aeromonas liquefaciens, Citrobacter, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Hafnia and unidentified strains. All the R factors were classified as the Fi-(F) type, except the two R factors detected in an E. coli strain and in an unidentified strain.

Topics: Animals; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ecology; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Intestines; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; R Factors; Tetracycline; Water Microbiology

Two boys aged up to 2 weeks suffered from enterobacter-sepsis. In both cases osteomyelitis developed in spite of treatment with Gentamycin or Gentamycin combined with Chepazolin. Both children were, taking accont of the risks, then treated with Chloramphenicol (100 mg/kg body weight/24 hours) and the first patient also, for a short time, with tetracyclin. In the second patient we saw a marrow depression dependent on Chloramphenicol and its dosage which disappeared rapidly, when the drug was withheld.

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Osteomyelitis; Sepsis; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Bacitracin; Bacterial Infections; Carbenicillin; Cephalexin; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Dexamethasone; Dicloxacillin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Gentamicins; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Root Canal Therapy; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Tetracycline; Tooth Diseases

Topics: Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Conjugation, Genetic; Czechoslovakia; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Female; Humans; Infant; Kanamycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Neomycin; Pregnancy; Shigella; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Aeromonas; Carbenicillin; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Ecthyma; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Erythromycin; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Leg; Leukemia; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Streptomycin; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracycline

Topics: Abscess; Acute Disease; Adolescent; Chronic Disease; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Granuloma; Humans; Knee; Male; Methylamines; Serratia marcescens; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Suppuration; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Body Temperature; Carbenicillin; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Female; Heart Valve Prosthesis; Humans; Lincomycin; Male; Middle Aged; Serratia marcescens; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Ampicillin; Bacteriuria; Chloramphenicol; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Female; Genetics, Microbial; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Streptomycin; Sulfamethazine; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Doxycycline; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Methacycline; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Oxytetracycline; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Cephalothin; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Erwinia; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Polymyxins; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Vancomycin; Wound Infection

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Erythromycin; Humans; Penicillin Resistance; Salmonella; Shigella; Sulfonamides; Sweden; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Bacterial Infections; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Synergism; Enteritis; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intensive Care Units; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Klebsiella Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nurseries, Hospital; Penicillin Resistance; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Bacteria; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross Reactions; Culture Media; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Female; Humans; Infant; Klebsiella; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Nalidixic Acid; Penicillin Resistance; Proteus; Pseudomonas; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urine

Topics: Aged; Ampicillin; Bacteroides; Bacteroides Infections; Blind Loop Syndrome; Candida; Celiac Disease; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Feces; Female; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Male; Middle Aged; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbenicillin; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Drug Combinations; Drug Interactions; Drug Synergism; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Erythromycin; Gentamicins; Glycosides; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infections; Neoplasms; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Computers; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Medical Records; Proteus; Proteus Infections; Pyelonephritis; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline

Topics: Algeria; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Furazolidone; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Penicillin Resistance; Proteus; Salmonella; Salmonella typhi; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Australia; Cephaloridine; Child, Hospitalized; Chloramphenicol; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Kanamycin; Penicillin Resistance; Pseudomonas; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterobacter; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nitrofurantoin; Polymyxins; Sepsis; Streptomycin; Sulfamethizole; Tetracycline; Washington

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Culture Techniques; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillin Resistance; Polymyxins; Sepsis; Serratia marcescens; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Amebiasis; Amebicides; Amoeba; Animals; Anthelmintics; Antimony; Antiprotozoal Agents; Chloroquine; Clioquinol; Cricetinae; Dysentery, Bacillary; Emetine; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Furazolidone; Imidazoles; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Liver Abscess, Amebic; Metronidazole; Mice; Quinacrine; Salmonella Infections; Sulfonamides; Sulfones; Tartrates; Tetracycline; Thiazoles; Trichomonas Infections

The characteristics of an atypical group of the family Enterobacteriaceae resembling Enterobacter cloacae were studied. The urinary tract was the most common source of these organisms, and most strains represented infections of secondary clinical significance. In contrast to typical Enterobacter strains, the atypical strains were highly susceptible to the cephalosporins; otherwise, there was a high degree of susceptibility to five other antibiotics and resistance to ampicillin except in very high concentration.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Enterobacter; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Kanamycin; Penicillin Resistance; Polymyxins; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Mutation; Penicillin Resistance; Polymyxins; Proteus; Quebec; Salmonella typhimurium; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

A rise in Salmonella typhimurium infection was observed in calves in Britain during 1964-6, follwing the adoption of the intensive farming method. A single phage type of S. typhimurium, type 29, was incriminated as the major pathogen. Attempts to treat and control the disease with a range of antibiotics were ineffective, but resulted in the acquisition of transferable multiple drug resistance by type 29. The transmission of drug-resistant type 29, directly or indirectly, from bovines to man resulted in many human infections. Transferable drug resistance reaching man from enterobacteria of animal origin may ultimately enter specifically human pathogens. Infections such as that caused by type 29 can be eliminated, not by the massive use of antibiotics but by improvement in conditions of animal husbandry and reduction in the opportunities for the initiation and spread of the disease. A reappraisal is needed of the methods of using antibiotics to determine how these methods can be improved, in order to conserve the long-term efficacy of the antibiotics.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chloramphenicol; Costs and Cost Analysis; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Furazolidone; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; United Kingdom; Vaccination

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Cross Infection; Enterobacter; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Epidemiologic Methods; Escherichia coli; Housekeeping, Hospital; Humans; Kanamycin; Methods; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases; Proteus; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Tetracycline