tetracycline and Dysentery--Bacillary

Topics: Africa; Asia; Central America; Chloramphenicol; Developing Countries; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Enterobacteriaceae; Humans; R Factors; Streptomycin; Sulfamethizole; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Toxins; Drug Combinations; Dysentery, Bacillary; Fluid Therapy; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Intestines; Lactulose; Nalidixic Acid; O Antigens; Oxolinic Acid; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Shiga Toxins; Shigella; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dehydration; Drug Combinations; Dysentery, Bacillary; Female; Fever; Humans; Male; Melena; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Pain; Shigella; Shigella boydii; Shigella dysenteriae; Shigella flexneri; Streptomycin; Sulfamethazine; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Vomiting

Topics: Acute Disease; Ampicillin; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Feces; Humans; Infant; Nalidixic Acid; Penicillin Resistance; Shigella; Tetracycline

Co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole) was compared with furazolidone in the treatment of shigellosis in two groups of 33 and 30 patients respectively. Those treated with co-trimoxazole recovered more quickly; none had shigellae in the faeces four days after the start of treatment, whereas in the group given furazolidone eight still had positive stool cultures seven days after treatment.The susceptibility of 104 shigella strains to seven antimicrobial agents was studied by plate dilution technique. All agents but tetracycline and chloramphenicol were found highly effective against most of the strains tested. All shigella isolates were resistant to sulphamethoxazole, and 63% were sensitive to trimethoprim. Potentiation of trimethoprim by sulphamethoxazole was shown in that all strains tested became sensitive to the combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in a ratio of 1:20.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Dysentery, Bacillary; Feces; Folic Acid Antagonists; Furazolidone; Humans; Infant; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pyrimidines; Shigella; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Trimethoprim

Topics: Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Female; Humans; Male; Shigella; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacteria; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Feces; Female; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Intestines; Male; Middle Aged; Proteus; Streptococcus; Tetracycline; Yeasts

We reported earlier about nano-formulation of tetracycline through its entrapment within calcium-phosphate nano-particle (CPNP) and about killing of pathogenic bacterium Shigella flexnari 2a, resistant to tetracycline (and 9 other antibiotics), by the nanonized antibiotic (Tet-CPNP). Here, we report on therapeutic role of Tet-CPNP against deadly diarrheal disease 'shigellosis' in mice, caused by Shigella infection. Our findings revealed that occurrence of mushy-stool excretion, colon-length shortening, weight-loss and bacterial colonization in gastrointestinal tract of mice due to shigellosis was significantly reduced by Tet-CPNP treatment. Histo- and immuno-logical studies showed that changes in morphology and level of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ in intestinal tissue of Shigella-infected mice were reverted to almost normal features by Tet-CPNP treatment. Bulk tetracycline had no anti-shigellosis action. Thus, nanonization of tetracycline rejuvenated the old, cheap, broad-spectrum antibiotic from obsolescence (due to resistance generation), making it highly beneficial for diarrhea-prone developing countries with limited health-care budgets.

Topics: Animals; Calcium Phosphates; Colon; Colony Count, Microbial; Cytokines; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Shigella flexneri; Tetracycline

Shigella flexneri is one of the most prominent pathogenic bacteria in developing countries. In the battle against shigellosis and other bacterial diseases, antibiotic resistance has become an increasing global public health threat. Although the serious phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR) has been identified as one of the top three burdens on human health, resistance mechanisms are still poorly understood at the molecular level. In this study, we analyzed genomic data and the evolution of resistance in Shigella flexneri under sequential selection stress from three separate antibiotics: ciprofloxacin (CIP), ceftriaxone (CRO), and tetracycline. Through whole-genome sequencing, 82 chromosomal antibiotic resistance genes were identified. Re-sequencing of the evolved populations identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that contributed to MDR and SNPs that were specific to a single drug. A total of 40 SNPs in 8 genes and 3 intergenic regions, including mutations in metG (L582R) and 1538924, 1538924, and 1538924, appeared under each antibiotic. Several nonsynonymous mutations in gyrB (S464Y), ydgA (E378A), rob (R156H), and narX (K75E) were observed under selective pressure from CIP or CRO. Based on a bioinformatic analysis and previous reports, we discuss the contribution of these mutated genes to resistance. Therefore, more circumspect selection and use of antimicrobial drugs for treating shigellosis is necessary.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ceftriaxone; Ciprofloxacin; Computational Biology; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Intergenic; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Gene Ontology; Genes, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Phylogeny; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Shigella flexneri; Tetracycline; Whole Genome Sequencing

The objective of this study was to assess antibiotic resistance and the molecular epidemiology of shigella isolates from a case-control study of diarrhoea, conducted from 2007 to 2012 in children aged less than 5 years in Manhiça district, southern Mozambique. All isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the disc diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect different molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Serotyping was performed using specific antisera. The clonal relationship of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Of the 67 shigella isolates analysed, 59 were diarrhoeal cases and eight were controls. S. flexneri (70.1%; 47/67) was the most common species, followed by S. sonnei (23.9%; 16/67). The most prevalent S. flexneri serotypes were 2a (38.3%; 18/47), 6 (19.2%; 9/47) and 1b (14.9%; 7/47). High rates of antimicrobial resistance were observed for trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole (92.5%; 62/67), tetracycline (68.7%; 46/67), chloramphenicol (53.7%; 36/67) and ampicillin (50.7%; 34/67). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was present in 55.2% (37/67) of the isolates and was associated with a case fatality rate of 8.1% (3/37). PFGE revealed 22 clones (16 S. flexneri and 6 S. sonnei), among which P1 (31.9%; 15/47), P9 (17%; 8/47) and P2 (10.6%; 5/47) were the most prevalent clones of S. flexneri. In conclusion, S. flexneri was the most prevalent species, with MDR isolates mainly belonging to three specific clones (P1, P9 and P2). The case fatality rate observed among MDR isolates is a matter of concern, indicating the need for appropriate treatment.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Case-Control Studies; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Epidemiology; Mozambique; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Central African Republic; Child; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Feces; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Serogroup; Shigella; Shigella dysenteriae; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei; Tetracycline; Young Adult

Salmonella and Shigella remain the major contributors to acute enteric infections and diarrhoea. Hence, the objective of this study was to isolate and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Shigella and Salmonella species from children with acute diarrhoea in Mekelle Hospital and Semen Health Center.. A cross sectional study was conducted among 260 children with acute diarrhoea from November 2011 to March 2012 in Mekelle, Ethiopia. Stool specimen was collected from all study participants who presented with acute diarrhoea. Microscopy, culture and confirmatory identification were done by the pattern of biochemical reactions using a standard bacterial identification system (API 20E, BioMerieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France) and polyvalent (Poly O and H) antiseras for Salmonella species and Vi for S.typhi. Isolated colonies were assessed for antimicrobial susceptibility profile using disk diffusion method. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 software.. Out of the 260 study participants, 145(55.8%) were males while 115(44.2%) were females. The majority of the patients (44.2%) were of children under five years old. A total of 120 enteropathogens were isolated. The frequency of isolation was 19(7.3%), 18(6.9%) and 83(31.9%) for Salmonella species, Shigella species and intestinal parasites respectively. Most of the Shigella isolates were resistant to ampicillin (88.9%), Tetracycline (77.8), cotrimoxazole (55.6%) and chloramphenicol (55.6%). Among the Salmonella isolates, the highest resistance was observed to ampicillin (89.5%), Tetracycline (89.5%), chloramphenicol (78.9%) and cotrimoxazole (57.9%). Multi-drug resistance was noted in 19(100%) and 16(88.9%) of Salmonella and Shigella species respectively.. Shigella and Salmonella are still challenging pathogens in children < 5 years of age. High antibiotic resistance was observed among both isolates to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diarrhea; Dysentery, Bacillary; Ethiopia; Feces; Female; Hospitals; Humans; Infant; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pediatrics; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Shigella; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Bacillary dysentery caused by bacteria of the genus Shigella is a significant public health problem in developing countries such as China. The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiological pattern of bacillary dysentery, the diversity of the causative agent, and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella spp. for the purpose of determining the most effective allocation of resources and prioritization of interventions.. Surveillance data were acquired from the National Infectious Disease Information Reporting System (2004-2014) and from the sentinel hospital-based surveillance system (2005-2014). We analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of bacillary dysentery, age and sex distribution, species diversity, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella spp.. The surveillance registry included over 3 million probable cases of bacillary dysentery during the period 2004-2014. The annual incidence rate of bacillary dysentery decreased from 38.03 cases per 100,000 person-years in 2004 to 11.24 cases per 100,000 person-years in 2014. The case-fatality rate decreased from 0.028% in 2004 to 0.003% in 2014. Children aged <1 year and 1-4 years were most affected, with higher incidence rates (228.59 cases per 100,000 person-years and 92.58 cases per 100,000 person-years respectively). The annual epidemic season occurred between June and September. A higher incidence rate of bacillary dysentery was found in the Northwest region, Beijing and Tianjin during the study period. Shigella flexneri was the most prevalent species that caused bacillary dysentery in China (63.86%), followed by Shigella sonnei (34.89%). Shigella isolates were highly resistant to nalidixic acid (89.13%), ampicillin (88.90%), tetracycline (88.43%), and sulfamethoxazole (82.92%). During the study period, isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime increased from 8.53 and 7.87% in 2005 to 44.65 and 29.94% in 2014, respectively.. The incidence rate of bacillary dysentery has undergone an obvious decrease from 2004 to 2014. Priority interventions should be delivered to populations in northwest China and to individuals aged <5 years. Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella is a serious public health problem and it is important to consider the susceptibility profile of isolates before determining treatment.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ampicillin; Anti-Infective Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Seasons; Sentinel Surveillance; Shigella; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei; Tetracycline; Young Adult

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dysentery, Bacillary; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Risk; Seasons; Serotyping; Shigella flexneri; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Shigella species are a common cause of bacterial diarrhea worldwide and the disease is characterized by seasonality. Shigella has been encountered by widespread resistance to commonly used antibiotics which is a serious concern. The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiological relatedness of Shigella strains isolated from children during one year period by PFGE method and to investigate antimicrobial resistance determinants and cassettes among Shigella species. The occurrence of Shigella spp. in the present study was 1.32% during the study period and the majority of cases (56 (80%)) were occurred during autumn while Shigella sonnei was the most prevalent species identified. Multi-drug resistance phenotype was seen in 98.5% of total isolates with SXT(r)/TE(r)/TMP(r) resistance pattern. Among the 70 Shigella spp. analyzed in this study, 16 isolates were positive for class I integron (int1(+)) with two types of gene cassette arrays (dfrA17/aadA5 and dfrA7).The class 2 integron was more frequently detected among the isolates (85.71%) with dfrA1/sat1/aadA1 (10%) and dfrA1/sat1 (75.71%) gene cassettes. The tetA and tetB determinants were observed in 75.7% and 21.42% of Shigella isolates and tet(A) was the foremost in S. sonnei and Shigella flexneri population. In this study 5 tetracycline resistant isolates had no tetracycline resistance gene (A-D) and no association was recognized between the value of MIC against tetracycline and the tet genes content of isolates. Fifty three of total Shigella isolates (75.7%) showed an identical PFGE patterns. Seven PFGE clusters observed in our study were composed of members with one to three band variations, which is indicative of closely related isolates. The major cluster (cluster C) constituted 75.7% of total isolates, all of which (except eight isolates) consonantly showed identical class 2 integron of 1500 bp which strongly suggests the dissemination of a single S. sonnei clone among the pediatric population in 2012 autumn in Tehran, Iran, in comparison with the equal data from the comparable time period from recent years.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Genes, Bacterial; Genotype; Humans; Iran; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Typing; Shigella sonnei; Tetracycline

A retrospective study conducted on patients with diarrhea in Shanghai, China from 2004-2011, indicated that of 77,600 samples collected, 1,635 (2.1%) tested positive for Shigella. Species isolated included S. sonnei (1,066, 65.1%), S. flexneri (569, 34.7%), and S. boydii (3, 0.2%). Most of the Shigella isolates were found to be resistant to streptomycin (98.7%), trimethoprim (98.0%), ampicillin (92.1%), and nalidixic acid (91.7%). Additionally, many isolates were resistant to tetracycline (86.9%), trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole (80.1%), sulfisoxazole (76.8%) and gentamicin (55.5%). Approximately 80% of the isolates were resistant to at least eight antimicrobial agents, 14% to at least ten antimicrobials tested and 10 isolates to fourteen antimicrobials, including sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides and β-lactamases. Importantly, co-resistance to fluoroquinolones and the third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins was also identified. The high levels of resistance to antimicrobial agents commonly used in clinical medicine presents a great challenge to treating patients with shigellosis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Gentamicins; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Serotyping; Shigella; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Young Adult

Shigella is a frequent cause of bacterial dysentery in the developing world. Treatment with antibiotics is recommended for shigellosis, but the options are limited due to globally emerging resistance. This study was conducted to determine the frequency and pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella in China.. We studied the antimicrobial resistance profiles of 308 Shigella spp. strains (260 S. flexneri, 40 S. sonnei, 5 S. boydii, and 3 S. dysenteriae) isolated from fecal samples of patients (age, from 3 months to 92 yr) presenting with diarrhea in different districts of Anhui, China. The antimicrobial resistance of strains was determined by the agar dilution method according to the CSLI guidelines.. The most common serogroup in the Shigella isolates was S. flexneri (n=260, 84.4%), followed by S. sonnei (n=40, 13.0%). The highest resistance rate was found for nalidixic acid (96.4%), followed by ampicillin (93.2%), tetracycline (90.9%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (80.8%). Among the isolates tested, 280 (91.0%) were multidrug resistant (resistant to ≥2 agents). The most common resistance pattern was the combination of ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (70.8%). Resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline were more common among S. flexneri than among S. sonnei isolates.. S. flexneri is predominant in Anhui, China, and its higher antimicrobial resistance rate compared with that of S. sonnei is a cause for concern. Continuous monitoring of resistance patterns is necessary to control the spread of resistance in Shigella. The recommendations for antimicrobial treatment must be updated regularly based on surveillance results.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ampicillin; Anti-Infective Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Feces; Humans; Infant; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Nalidixic Acid; Shigella; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Young Adult

We applied a previously reported method to clarify whether a multidrug-resistant Shigella colonizes in a south Asian country. At Kansai Airport Quarantine Station, stool samples were collected from overseas travelers who reported a history of diarrhea. Shigella strains were isolated, ranging from 53 to 106 (average, 82.4) isolates/year (2001-2005), and almost 80% of the isolates were Shigella sonnei. The most frequent country of origin was India. Strains from the country of the most frequent origin were studied by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistance to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and nalidixic acid was observed at the highest frequency: in 23 of the 25 strains isolated in 2001, 5 of the 13 strains isolated in 2002, and 16 of the 19 strains isolated in 2005. Strains showing the most prevalent multidrug-resistance pattern were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The PFGE profiles showed that 27 of the 44 strains isolated in 2001, 2002, and 2005 were identical in PFGE pattern, as determined using two restriction enzymes. We concluded that a multidrug-resistant Shigella sonnei colonizes in a south Asian country.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diarrhea; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Humans; India; Japan; Nalidixic Acid; Quarantine; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Shigella sonnei; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Travel; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Emergence and global dissemination of multiresistant strains of enteric pathogens is a very concerning problem from both epidemiological and Public Health points of view. Shigella sonnei is the serogroup of Shigella most frequently responsible for sporadic and epidemic enteritis in developed countries. The dissemination is associated most often to human to human transmission, but foodborne episodes have also been described. In recent years the circulation of multiresistant strains of S. sonnei biotype g carrying a class 2 integron has been reported in many countries worldwide. In southern Italy a strain with similar properties has been responsible for a large community outbreak occurred in 2003 in Palermo, Sicily. The objective of this study was to date the emergence of the biotype g strain carrying the class 2 integron in southern Italy and to evaluate the genetic heterogeneity of biotype g S. sonnei isolated throughout an extended interval of time.. A total of 31 clinical isolates of S. sonnei biotype g identified in southern Italy during the years 1971-2000 were studied. The strains were identified at the serogroup level, characterized by biochemical tests and submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Molecular typing was performed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after digestion of DNA by XbaI. Carriage of class 2 integrons was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers and confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis of amplicons.. The 15 isolates of S. sonnei biotype g identified in the decade 1971-1980 showed highly heterogeneous drug resistance profiles and pulsotypes. None of the isolates was simultaneous resistant to streptomycin and trimethoprim and none was class 2 integron positive. On the contrary, this resistance phenotype and class 2 integron carriage were very common among the 16 strains of biotype g identified in the following two decades. Moreover, all the more recent isolates, but one, showed closely related pulsotypes.. Although our findings refer to a limited geographic area, they provide a snapshot of integron acquisition by an enteric pathogen responsible for several outbreaks in the years 2001-2003 in Italy. Molecular typing, indeed, suggests that the emergence of biotype g class 2 integron carrying S. sonnei in southern Italy should be backdated to at least the late 1980s. In the following decades, the circulation of biotype g appears to be sustained by multiresistant highly related strains. Similar trend are described in several countries, but the questions about mechanism of emergence and worldwide spread of this pathogen remain open.

Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Disease Outbreaks; Dysentery, Bacillary; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Humans; Integrons; Italy; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Retrospective Studies; Shigella sonnei; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Eighty isolates of Shigella spp. (37 Shigella flexneri and 43 Shigella sonnei) from patients with travellers' diarrhoea were studied. Susceptibility tests revealed high levels of resistance, especially to ampicillin (65%), tetracycline (78%) and trimethoprim (75%), and particularly among the S. flexneri isolates. Dihydrofolate reductase 1 genes (dfrA1) were prevalent among the trimethoprim-resistant isolates, while oxa genes predominated among the ampicillin-resistant isolates. Chloramphenicol resistance was associated with production of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, while nalidixic acid-resistant isolates had a single mutation in the gyrA gene. The results indicate a continuing need for resistance surveillance and rational use of antimicrobial agents.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Infective Agents; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Shigella; Tetracycline; Travel

One hundred and sixty-six shigellae strains, isolated from stool samples of paediatric patients (< 5 years old) at a Childrens' Hospital in Kolkata, India during the period of 1995-2000 were examined for serotyping, drug resistance pattern and plasmid profiles. Sh. flexneri (58 %) was found to be commonest isolate of total shigellae, followed by Sh. sonnei (28 %), Sh. boydii (9%) and Sh. dysenteriae (5%). This profile of species was in sharp contrast to the picture obtained before 1995, when Sh. dysenteriae 1 predominated over Sh. flexneri. In Sh. flexneri strains, Sh. flexneri 2a (35%) was the most prevalent serotype, following Sh. flexneri 3a (31%), Sh. flexneri 6 (14%), Sh. flexneri 2b (11%) and Sh. flexneri 4 (9%). Resistance patterns of the strains to 12 commonly used antimicrobial agents and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the antibiotics were also tested. All strains were found uniformly susceptible to norfloxacin, but more than 90% strains were resistant to tetracycline, co-trimoxazole and 67% strains were resistant to ampicillin. Resistance to amoxicillin, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid was found in 55% (range 45-74%), 46% (range 40-60%) and 29% (range 15-40%) strains respectively. Overall, shigellae strains showed statistically significant increase in resistance against tetracycline, nalidixic acid and furazolidone (P < 0.05) over the years of this study. This indicates decreased efficacy of furazolidone, cotrimoxazole and nalidixic acid for the empirical treatment of shigellosis in Kolkata. Although a few strains showed intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (4%) and cefotaxime (10%) by disk diffusion test, but the MICs of those antibiotics were within the normal limits. Almost 57% of the strains were resistant to four or more drugs with high MICs of the antibiotics. Plasmid profile analysis revealed presence of large plasmid of 220 kb in majority of the strains except in Sh. sonnei and a correlation between presence of smaller plasmids and shigellae serotypes. Hence this study reports epidemiological change of shigellae species in Kolkata, India with regard to serotypes and antibiotic resistance patterns.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Feces; Female; Furazolidone; Humans; India; Infant; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Plasmids; Prevalence; Seasons; Serotyping; Shigella; Tetracycline

A great many reports have been published about the multiresistance to strains of antibiotics in countries with a high incidence of shigellosis. In order to obtain better information about the situation in Germany, we tested 255 Shigella strains to 28 antibiotics during the 1989-1990 period. 153 (60%) of isolates originated from imported cases of infection (Middle and Far East, West and North Africa, Central America), whereas no history of infection in foreign countries was available for the remaining 102 strains. 207 (81.2%) of these strains were resistant to one or more antibiotics. They were divided into 6 phaenotypes according to their resistant pattern. The phaenotypes with the resistance patterns AMP, CMP, SM, SSS, TET as well as SM, SSS, TET in combination with SXT (38.6%) were most frequently isolated, followed by phaenotypes with the resistance pattern AMP, CMP, SM, SSS, or SM, SSS, combined with or without SXT (27.5%), and the phaenotypes AMP, CMP, SM, TET and CMP, SM, SSS, TET (15%). The incidence of resistance was significantly higher in strains from imported cases (93.5%) than in isolates from domestic infections (62.7%; p < 0.001). The similarity of the resistance patterns of strains acquired abroad and those acquired in Germany suggested that such strains might have been introduced from abroad. All strains were sensitive to the quinolones examined (ofloxacin and enoxacin) as well as to cephalosporines of the second and third generations.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Germany, West; Humans; Lactams; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Serotyping; Shigella; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Shigella flexneri SFL124, with a deletion encompassing all, or nearly all, of the coding sequence of gene aroD was obtained after selection on a fusaric acid medium supplemented with 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid for tetracycline-sensitive mutants of S. flexneri SFL114 which is an aroD::Tn10 transductant. Two of 20 tetracycline-sensitive mutants tested in colony hybridization with a 32P-labelled DNA probe of approximately 1400 base pairs (comprising all except the 75 N-terminal base pairs of the coding region of gene aroD) did not hybridize. The selected mutant SFL124 is Congo-red positive, invades and shows a limited multiplication in HeLa cells and does not cause keratoconjunctivitis in guinea-pigs. It is well tolerated by Macaca fascicularis monkeys, is excreted for up to 4 days, elicits a slight inflammatory reaction in the colonic mucosa, stimulates significant secretory IgA responses in the intestine and serum IgA and IgG responses against the S. flexneri cell envelope lipopolysaccharide. The immune response conferred a complete protection against challenge with 1 x 10(11) (equivalent to a 100 LD50 dose) live S. flexneri SFL1.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Antibodies; Bacterial Vaccines; Chromosome Deletion; Congo Red; Dysentery, Bacillary; Female; Guinea Pigs; HeLa Cells; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Intestine, Large; Macaca fascicularis; Mutation; Sensitivity and Specificity; Shigella flexneri; Tetracycline; Vaccination

Under combat conditions infectious disease can become a major threat to military forces. During Operation Desert Shield, there were numerous outbreaks of diarrhea among the U.S. forces. To evaluate the causes of and risk factors for diarrheal disease, we collected clinical and epidemiologic data from U.S. troops stationed in northeastern Saudi Arabia.. Between September and December 1990, stool cultures for enteric pathogens were obtained from 432 military personnel who presented with diarrhea, cramps, vomiting, or hematochezia. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to 2022 soldiers in U.S. military units located in various regions of Saudi Arabia.. A bacterial enteric pathogen was identified in 49.5 percent of the troops with gastroenteritis. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei were the most common bacterial pathogens. Of 125 E. coli infections, 39 percent were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 63 percent to tetracycline, and 48 percent to ampicillin. Of 113 shigella infections, 85 percent were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 68 percent to tetracycline, and 21 percent to ampicillin. All bacterial isolates were sensitive to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. After an average of two months in Saudi Arabia, 57 percent of the surveyed troops had at least one episode of diarrhea, and 20 percent reported that they were temporarily unable to carry out their duties because of diarrheal symptoms. Vomiting was infrequently reported as a primary symptom, but of 11 military personnel in whom vomiting was a major symptom, 9 (82 percent) had serologic evidence of infection with the Norwalk virus.. Gastroenteritis caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli and shigella resistant to a number of drugs was a major problem that frequently interfered with the duties of U.S. troops during Operation Desert Shield.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ampicillin; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Military Personnel; Norwalk virus; Saudi Arabia; Shigella sonnei; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; United States; Vomiting; Warfare

Stool specimens collected systematically from a group of Celebes black macaques (Macaca nigra) with a high incidence of diarrhea were examined microbiologically. Numerous isolates of Shigella flexneri, Campylobacter jejuni and pathogenic Escherichia coli were recovered. Previous parasitology reports had revealed that the majority of the animals had Balantidium coli. Subsequently, the group was treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin and tetracycline. After treatment, Shigella flexneri was not detected in the stool of any animal for 1 year, and the clinical condition of the group was improved. Reduced recovery rates were obtained with other enteric pathogens.

Topics: Animals; Drug Combinations; Drug Therapy, Combination; Dysentery, Bacillary; Erythromycin; Macaca; Monkey Diseases; Shigella flexneri; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

One hundred and eighty-six clinical strains of Enterobacteriaceae isolated in the Krasnodar region and Krasnodar in 1982 from patients with acute intestinal diseases were studied. 137 strains of Shigella were investigated in detail. It was shown that S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. boydii and S. dysenteriae accounted for 77, 15, 5 and 2 per cent, respectively. 78.1 per cent of the wild Shigella strains were resistant to antibiotics and in 43.9 per cent of the strains this property was controlled by conjugative R plasmids. 11 variants of the antibiotic resistance spectra were revealed. However, strains of SmTcApCm, SmTc and SmTcAp phenotypes were the most frequent. Among the resistant strains 80.3 per cent were resistant to tetracycline, 75.7 per cent to streptomycin, 50.4 per cent to ampicillin, 31.7 per cent to chloramphenicol, 1.8 per cent to trimethoprim, and 0.9 per cent to kanamycin. The investigation showed that the strains isolated in one region usually had similar phenotypes of antibiotic resistance. The frequency of the plasmid transfer varied from 10(-1) to 10(-7). However, the majority of the plasmids were transferred at a frequency of 10(-4)-10(-5). Only one of the investigated plasmids had a capacity for transmitting fd phage sensitivity to the host cells. 33 plasmids belong to the fi+ type and the others belong to the fi- type. The majority of the plasmids have molecular weights of 46 to 50 mD.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; R Factors; Russia; Shigella; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Antibacterial sensitivity tests were done for 513 salmonellae and 133 shigellae. Salmonella strains were divided into three groups: 336 Salmonella typhi, 134 salmonellae isolated from cases of gastroenteritis and 43 salmonellae isolated from non-human sources. All salmonellae and shigellae were sensitive to chloramphenicol. All salmonellae were sensitive to co-trimoxazole, while shigellae showed 18% of resistance. Salmonella resistance to ampicillin was low compared with a high resistance in shigellae. No resistance to from non-human sources. In analysing the resistance pattern in the 4-year period 1979-1982, it was found that there was a rising resistance to ampicillin and sulphonamides in salmonellae. In contrast there was no significant increase in resistance to tetracycline. Tetracycline resistance was high in cases of salmonellae isolated from gastroenteritis. A comparatively low resistance to streptomycin was detected in Salmonella isolated from non-human sources.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dysentery, Bacillary; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella typhi; Shigella; Sudan; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever

Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Shiga bacillus) has made a dramatic comeback in Bangladesh after 10 years when Shigella flexneri was the dominant serogroup. Whereas S. flexneri showed little increase in resistance to the commonly used antimicrobial agents--namely, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and ampicillin-over the years, S. dysenteriae type 1 underwent rapid changes with regard to sensitivity pattern during the last two years. The first TMP-SMX-resistant strain of S. dysenteriae type 1 was detected in September 1982; however, by mid-1984 most strains were resistant while retaining sensitivity to ampicillin. During this period, the ratio of S. flexneri to S. dysenteriae type 1 narrowed from 0.15 to 1. Such propagation of high resistance to TMP-SMX might have been due to widespread use of the drug imported into the country in large quantities. Resistance to ampicillin is increasing rapidly, particularly in S. dysenteriae type 1.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Ampicillin; Bangladesh; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Drug Combinations; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Infant; Penicillin Resistance; Shigella dysenteriae; Shigella flexneri; Streptomycin; Sulfamethizole; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Trimethoprim

Topics: Acute Disease; Adenylyl Cyclases; Adolescent; Adult; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Dysentery, Bacillary; Furazolidone; Guanylate Cyclase; Humans; Middle Aged; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Culture Media; Dysentery, Bacillary; Feces; Humans; Shigella; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

The studies provided development of a new method consisting of placing 2 filter paper strips each impregnated with an antibiotic (2 antibiotics are used out of 3: levomycetin, tetracycline and streptomycin) under a layer of Ploskirev's medium with sodium sulfacyl. The antibiotics are chosen proceeding from the predominance in the given area of Shigella resistant to some of the above antibiotics. The method simplifies and makes more economic the tests, provides higher frequency of Shigella isolation as compared to the procedure with the routine Ploskirev's medium or gradient dishes, has almost the same isolation frequency as with the use of 2 plates (with and without antibiotic). The method is recommended for wide use in practice.

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Chloramphenicol; Culture Media; Dysentery, Bacillary; Feces; Humans; Paper; Shigella; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Chloramphenicol; Colon, Sigmoid; Drug Therapy, Combination; Dysentery, Bacillary; Female; Furazolidone; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Middle Aged; Rectum; Regeneration; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei; Tetracycline

The Ploskirev medium with addition of tetracycline in an amount of 10 mu/ml was used for increasing the isolation frequency of dysenteric bacteria. 102 faeces samples from children with acute dysentery were tested. It was shown that the Ploskirev medium with tetracycline was elective and its use is advisable for isolation of antibiotic resistant Shigella.

Topics: Culture Media; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Shigella; Tetracycline

Topics: Cholera; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Tetracycline

Forty-two adults who had Shigella isolated from stool (26 symptomatic, 16 asymptomatic) received a single oral dose of tetracycline hydrochloride (2.5 g). Minimal inhibitory concentrations of the 42 isolates demonstrated that 41% were sensitive to tetracycline. Sixteen of 18 patients with diarrhea who had tetracycline-resistant Shigella and all eight patients with diarrhea who had tetracycline-sensitive Shigella were clinical well and had Shigella-negative stools 48 hours after therapy. Fifteen of 16 asymptomatic patients demonstrated clearing of Shigella from stool within 48 hours of therapy. Single-dose tetracycline therapy is effective in the treatment of Shigella regardless of clinical expression of illness or in vitro sensitive of the organism.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Feces; Humans; Shigella dysenteriae; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Ampicillin; Child; Child, Preschool; Dysentery, Bacillary; Female; Guanidines; Humans; Infant; Male; Sulfaguanidine; Tetracycline

Gastroenteritis is a serious problem among young children in Shiraz Iran and often requires antibiotic therapy as it is commonly superimposed on other debilitating clinical conditions. Stool specimens from over four hundred cases of gastroenteritis among children up to six years of age were examined for the presence of bacterial pathogens and the pattern of drug sensitivity for each pathogenic genus was determined. The presence of infectious drug resistance factors among these isolates was also established.

Topics: Ampicillin; Carbenicillin; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Iran; Kanamycin; Male; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; R Factors; Salmonella Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Infective Agents; Dysentery, Bacillary; Female; Furazolidone; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; Male; Oxyquinoline; Tetracycline

Topics: Blood Bactericidal Activity; Drug Combinations; Drug Therapy, Combination; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Oleandomycin; Tetracycline; Uracil

The analysis of the efficacy of various methods of antibacterial therapy in 1382 patients with obliterated, light and moderately severe forms of dysentery as compared to the patients subjected only to patholgenic therapy showed that broad spectrum antibiotics lost their role in treatment of such patients. Furazolidon proved to be one of the most active drugs. The authors suppose that treatment of patients with obliterated forms of dysentery with antibacterial drugs is not obligatory and is indicated only in cases with repeated isolation of the causative agent.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Chloramphenicol; Clioquinol; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Dysentery, Bacillary; Female; Furazolidone; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sulfathiazoles; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriocins; Biological Products; Colicins; Drug Evaluation; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Humans; Lactobacillus; Middle Aged; Tetracycline

Patterns of antimicrobial resistance were studied for 213 strains of shigellae isolated in rural and urban areas of Michigan by quantitative techniques: 66% of these organisms were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, cephalexin, or chloramphenicol or had multiple resistance to various combinations of these antibiotics. The incidence of resistant organisms was higher in the Detroit-Wayne County area, which is the most urban part of the state. Nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid were noted to be quite effective in vitro against shigellae and perhaps warrant further clinical study as potential agents for therapy of shigellosis, especially in view of the appearance of isolates with multiple resistance. Sulfamethoxazole alone was effective against only 62% of the Shigella isolates tested, but mixture with trimethoprim in a 20:1 ratio yielded a highly active in vitro combination.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Michigan; Nalidixic Acid; Oxolinic Acid; Rural Population; Shigella; Shigella boydii; Shigella dysenteriae; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Urban Population

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Colicins; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Neomycin; Nitrofurazone; Russia; Shigella; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Aminoglycosides; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Carbenicillin; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella Infections; Polymyxins; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Salmonella Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Dysentery, Bacillary; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Female; Humans; Male; Penicillin Resistance; Shigella sonnei; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery, Bacillary; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Humans; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Shigella; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; USSR

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Genetics, Microbial; Humans; Intestines; Kanamycin; Penicillin Resistance; Shigella sonnei; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Feces; Female; Furazolidone; Humans; Male; Mathematics; Middle Aged; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei; Streptomycin; Sulfanilamides; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Enteritis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Shigella; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Culture Media; Dysentery, Bacillary; Methods; Shigella dysenteriae; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Amebiasis; Dysentery, Amebic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Entamoeba histolytica; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Iodoquinol; Male; Shigella flexneri; Tetracycline

Topics: Botulism; Chloramphenicol; Cholera; Clostridium perfringens; Codeine; Diarrhea; Dysentery, Amebic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Food; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Opium; Oxytetracycline; Salmonella Infections; Staphylococcus; Stress, Physiological; Tetracycline; Travel; Virus Diseases

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dysentery, Bacillary; Oxalates; Penicillin Resistance; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Acetyltransferases; Bacteriophage Typing; Central America; Chloramphenicol; Coliphages; Conjugation, Genetic; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Genetics, Microbial; Mexico; Salmonella typhi; Shigella dysenteriae; South Carolina; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Transduction, Genetic; Typhoid Fever

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbenicillin; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; New York City; Penicillin Resistance; Shigella; Shigella sonnei; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Intestines; Kanamycin; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Shigella sonnei; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Central America; Chloramphenicol; Consanguinity; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Genetics, Microbial; Humans; Mexico; Salmonella typhi; Shigella; Shigella dysenteriae; Shigella flexneri; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever; United States

Topics: Animals; Cornea; Disease Models, Animal; Dysentery, Bacillary; Epithelial Cells; Escherichia coli; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Guinea Pigs; Injections, Intramuscular; Kanamycin; Keratoconjunctivitis; Ophthalmic Solutions; Rifampin; Shigella; Shigella flexneri; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Chloramphenicol; Conjugation, Genetic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Escherichia coli; Genetics, Microbial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Shigella flexneri; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Immunotherapy; Plasma Substitutes; Povidone; Salmonella Food Poisoning; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; DNA, Bacterial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; In Vitro Techniques; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella paratyphi A; Salmonella typhi; Shigella; Shigella sonnei; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Colistin; Depression, Chemical; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Polymyxins; Shigella dysenteriae; Shigella sonnei; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; USSR

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing); Depression, Chemical; Desensitization, Immunologic; Drug Hypersensitivity; Dysentery, Bacillary; Feces; Female; Histamine; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Middle Aged; Shigella dysenteriae; Shigella sonnei; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Shigella dysenteriae; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Conjugation, Genetic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Feces; Genetics, Microbial; Germ-Free Life; Humans; Japan; Mutation; Recombination, Genetic; Shigella; Sulfonamides; Swine; Tetracycline; Transduction, Genetic

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Disease Outbreaks; Dysentery, Bacillary; Female; Florida; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Nicaragua; Shigella dysenteriae; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Two-hundred and twenty-five strains of Shigella sonnei isolated from sporadic cases of bacillary dysentery were subjected to colicine typing. The result showed that types 15 and 12 were the prevailing types in Hong Kong and two new types which did not fit in with the colicine patterns of the current types were observed. A marked increase in the numbers of strains concurrently resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and streptomycin occurred in recent years. However, there was no correlation between drug resistance or biochemical pattern and colicine types. Consistency of colicinogenicity was confirmed by the fact that even a rough variant of a smooth strain had not changed its colicine pattern.

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Colicins; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Fermentation; Hong Kong; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Shigella sonnei; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Central America; Chloramphenicol; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Mexico; Shigella dysenteriae; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; United States

Topics: Acute Disease; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Genetics, Microbial; Humans; Shigella sonnei; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Humans; Klebsiella; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Shigella; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery, Bacillary; Furazolidone; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Shigella; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Amebicides; Child; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Amebic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Emetine; Humans; Liver Abscess, Amebic; Metronidazole; Nalidixic Acid; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

From 1964 to 1967, 6,646 monkeys, representing 10 primate species, were examined for Shigella and Salmonella infections upon arrival at the National Center for Primate Biology. Of these animals, 12% were infected with Shigella, and 75% of the Shigella isolates were S. flexneri 4. The incidence of Salmonella infections decreased from 12 to 3% during the period of study. Epidemiological studies of animals in the colony for 90 days or more indicated no seasonal variation in the occurrence of Shigella and Salmonella. Many of the isolates from incoming monkeys as well as from laboratory-conditioned animals were resistant to chloramphenicol, dihydrostreptomycin, and tetracycline. The possible operation of drug-resistance factors in these infections is discussed.

Topics: Animals; Chloramphenicol; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Monkey Diseases; Neomycin; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Seasons; Shigella; Tetracycline

Topics: Amebiasis; Amebicides; Amoeba; Animals; Anthelmintics; Antimony; Antiprotozoal Agents; Chloroquine; Clioquinol; Cricetinae; Dysentery, Bacillary; Emetine; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Furazolidone; Imidazoles; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Liver Abscess, Amebic; Metronidazole; Mice; Quinacrine; Salmonella Infections; Sulfonamides; Sulfones; Tartrates; Tetracycline; Thiazoles; Trichomonas Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Dysentery, Bacillary; Female; Furazolidone; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Male; Middle Aged; Schools; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Shigella; Shigella dysenteriae; Shigella sonnei; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery, Bacillary; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Erythromycin; Humans; Intestines; Male; Middle Aged; Nalidixic Acid; Nystatin; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Proteus Infections; Rheumatic Heart Disease; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Male; Shigella sonnei; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Child; Cloxacillin; Colistin; Drug Synergism; Dysentery, Bacillary; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Humans; Infections; Lincomycin; Meningitis; Nafcillin; Neomycin; Oxacillin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Polymyxins; Shigella; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Ampicillin; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Infant; Shigella; Shigella sonnei; Tetracycline

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Colicins; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Erythromycin; Humans; Japan; Kanamycin; Shigella sonnei; Streptomycin; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Humans; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Shigella sonnei; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; USSR

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Shigella dysenteriae; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carrier State; Child; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery, Bacillary; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Shigella dysenteriae; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Feces; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Lincomycin; Male; Shigella dysenteriae; Streptomycin; Sulfates; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Dysentery, Bacillary; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne

Topics: Child; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Dysentery, Bacillary; Furazolidone; Hospitals, Psychiatric; Humans; Neomycin; Shigella; Streptomycin; Sulfaguanidine; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Ampicillin; Child; Child, Preschool; Dysentery, Bacillary; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Seizures; Shigella; Tetracycline

Topics: Amebicides; Chloroquine; Drug Synergism; Dysentery, Amebic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Polymyxins; Shigella; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; USSR

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Disease Outbreaks; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Feces; Female; Georgia; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Shigella; Streptomycin; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracycline

Topics: Dysentery, Bacillary; Feces; Intestinal Mucosa; Kidney; Liver; Oxytetracycline; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Blood Proteins; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Chronic Disease; Dysentery, Bacillary; Feces; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Tetracycline

Topics: Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Agglutination Tests; Antibody Formation; Complement Fixation Tests; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Mouth; Oxytetracycline; Phagocytosis; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Feces; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Middle Aged; Tetracycline

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Diarrhea, Infantile; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Infant; Neomycin; Polymyxins; Shigella; Streptomycin; Sulfathiazoles; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Penicillins; Salmonella; Shigella; Sulfadiazine; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Cats; Culture Techniques; Dysentery, Bacillary; Gastric Mucosa; Injections, Intramuscular; Intestinal Mucosa; Kidney; Liver; Organ Specificity; Oxytetracycline; Spleen; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Bacteriological Techniques; Biochemical Phenomena; Biochemistry; Child; Chloramphenicol; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; England; Epidemiology; Furazolidone; Haplorhini; Humans; Immunochemistry; Serologic Tests; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Zoonoses

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Bacteriological Techniques; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; In Vitro Techniques; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Penicillin G; Pharmacology; Research; Shigella; Sodium; Streptomycin; Sulfadiazine; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery, Bacillary; Furazolidone; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Nalidixic Acid; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Paromomycin; Shigella sonnei; Statistics as Topic; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Dysentery, Bacillary; Enteritis; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Oleandomycin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacteriophages; Child; Child, Preschool; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Tetracycline

Topics: Antibodies; Dysentery, Bacillary; Hemagglutination; Humans; Immunotherapy; In Vitro Techniques; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Shigella; Shigella dysenteriae; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Biomedical Research; Blood; Catalase; Ceruloplasmin; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Drug Therapy; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Metals; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Peroxidases; Tetracycline

Topics: Algeria; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Chloramphenicol; Diagnosis; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Military Personnel; Shigella; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Capsules; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Drug Therapy; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Kanamycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Bacteriophages; Child; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Polymyxins; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Epidemiology; Pharmacology; Shigella; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Dysentery, Bacillary; Infant, Newborn; Kanamycin; Mice; Pharmacology; Research; Streptomycin; Sulfanilamide; Sulfanilamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Japan; Kanamycin; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Tokyo

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Carrier State; Chlortetracycline; Drug Therapy; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Immunotherapy; Pyrimidines; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines; Vaccination

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Child; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Drug Therapy; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Geriatrics; Humans; Kanamycin; Mesylates; Sodium; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Child; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Shigella dysenteriae; Shigella sonnei; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; In Vitro Techniques; Oxytetracycline; Pharmacology; Research; Shigella; Shigella sonnei; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacillus; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Immunotherapy, Active; Pentoxyl; Pyrimidines; Tetracycline; Vaccines

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacillus; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Nitrofurans; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Furazolidone; Humans; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacillus; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Genetics; Heredity; Shigella; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Child; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Furazolidone; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Shigella; Streptomycin; Sulfadiazine; Tetracycline

Topics: Agglutinins; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Antibody Formation; Bacillus; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Kanamycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Communicable Disease Control; Dysentery, Bacillary; Furazolidone; Kanamycin; Mental Disorders; Morbidity; Oxytetracycline; Paromomycin; Persons with Mental Disabilities; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Quinidine; Shigella dysenteriae; Sulfathiazoles; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Bacillus; Bone Marrow; Chloramphenicol; Communicable Diseases; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; gamma-Globulins; Hematopoietic System; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Infections; Paratyphoid Fever; Rickettsia Infections; Sepsis; Shigella; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever; Virus Diseases

Topics: Bacillus; Blood Chemical Analysis; Copper; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacillus; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Colistin; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Glucosamine; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Oxytetracycline; Phosphates; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Kanamycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Biomedical Research; Brucellosis; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Communicable Diseases; Cycloserine; Diphtheria; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Influenza, Human; Liver Extracts; Methicillin; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Syphilis; Tetracycline; Trachoma; Tuberculosis; USSR

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Humans; Preventive Medicine; Sulfathiazoles; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacillus; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Mice; Shigella; Streptomycin; Sulfathiazoles; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Oleandomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacillus; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Humans; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Humans; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Enteritis; Humans; Salmonella; Salmonella Food Poisoning; Salmonella Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Humans; Streptomycin; Sulfathiazole; Sulfathiazoles; Tetracycline