tetracycline and Cross-Infection

The different patterns of pneumonia are classified and show the various manifestations of the disease, indicating the necessary specific diagnostic procedures. Only by description and recognition of the possible pathogenic agents, an adequate therapy can be initiated as described in the last chapter.

Topics: Aminoglycosides; Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antibody Specificity; Biopsy; Cefoxitin; Cephalosporins; Clindamycin; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Humans; Legionnaires' Disease; Lung; Metronidazole; Penicillin G; Pneumonia; Radiography, Thoracic; Serologic Tests; Sputum; Tetracycline

Topics: Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; England; Erythromycin; Humans; Legionella; Legionnaires' Disease; Pneumonia; Prognosis; Rifampin; Risk; Tetracycline; United States

Legionella pneumophila infections frequently manifest themselves as a multisystem disease with acute pneumonia. Certain clinical and laboratory features are helpful in diagnosis but none are pathognomonic. Diagnosis frequently must be made clinically and erythromycin given presumptively because of the delay in seroconversion but culture and direct fluorescent antibody testing are quite useful for rapid diagnosis. Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations will undoubtedly yield considerable information about this fascinating bacterial disease.

Topics: Air Conditioning; Bacteria; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Erythromycin; Humans; Legionnaires' Disease; Pneumonia; Rifampin; Tetracycline; United States

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; DNA, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Hot Temperature; Humans; Methicillin; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Phenotype; Pigments, Biological; Recombination, Genetic; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Virulence

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Coagulase; Cross Infection; Diffusion; DNA, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Humans; Kanamycin; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Temperature; Tetracycline; Transduction, Genetic

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Bacterial Infections; Carbenicillin; Cross Infection; Gentamicins; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Leukocyte Count; Mycoses; Neutropenia; Patient Isolators; Phagocytosis; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Child; Chloramphenicol; Conjunctiva; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterobacteriaceae; Erwinia; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Humans; Infant; Mice; Parenteral Nutrition; Pharynx; Skin; Sputum; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever; Wound Infection

Topics: Abortion, Septic; Anticoagulants; Bacterial Infections; Bacteroides Infections; Chloramphenicol; Clindamycin; Clostridium Infections; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Lincomycin; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Tetracycline; Thrombophlebitis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbenicillin; Cephalothin; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross Infection; Doxycycline; Drug Combinations; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Lincomycin; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Penicillin Resistance; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infections; Kanamycin; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Penicillins; Pseudomonas Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carrier State; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross Infection; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Nasal Mucosa; Respiratory System; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

From 1 January to 31 December 2022, fifty-five institutions across Australia participated in the Australian Staphylococcus aureus Surveillance Outcome Program (ASSOP). The aim of ASSOP 2022 was to determine the proportion of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) isolates in Australia that were antimicrobial resistant, with particular emphasis on susceptibility to methicillin and on characterisation of the molecular epidemiology of the methicillin-resistant isolates. A total of 3,214 SAB episodes were reported, of which 77.5% were community-onset. Overall, 15.0% of S. aureus were methicillin resistant. The 30-day all-cause mortality associated with methicillin-resistant SAB was 21.4%, which was significantly different to the 16.8% all-cause mortality associated with methicillin-susceptible SAB (p = 0.02). With the exception of the β-lactams and erythromycin, antimicrobial resistance in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus was rare. However, in addition to the β-lactams, approximately 31% of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were resistant to ciprofloxacin; 30% to erythromycin; 13% to tetracycline; 11% to gentamicin; and 2% to co-trimoxazole. One MRSA isolate, with a daptomycin MIC of 1.5 mg/L, harboured the A302V mprF and A23V cls2 mutations. When applying the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints, teicoplanin resistance was detected in one MRSA isolate. Resistance to vancomycin or linezolid was not detected. Resistance to non-β-lactam antimicrobials was largely attributable to the healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) clone ST22-IV [2B] (EMRSA-15), and to the community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) clone ST45-V [5C2&5] which has acquired resistance to multiple antimicrobials including ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. The ST22-IV [2B] (EMRSA-15) clone is the predominant HA-MRSA clone in Australia. Nonetheless, 86% of methicillin-resistant SAB episodes were due to CA-MRSA clones. Although polyclonal, approximately 72% of CA-MRSA clones were characterised as ST93-IV [2B] (Queensland clone); ST5-IV [2B]; ST45-V [5C2&5]; ST1-IV [2B]; ST30-IV [2B]; ST97-IV [2B]; ST953-IV [2B]; and ST8-IV [2B]. As CA-MRSA is well established in the Australian community, it is important to monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns in community- and healthcare-associated SAB as this information will guide therapeutic practices in treating S. aureus bacteraemia.

Topics: Agar; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Australia; Bacteremia; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Gentamicins; Humans; Methicillin; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

To analyse the genome sequences of four archival Acinetobacter nosocomialis clinical isolates (designated AC13, AC15, AC21 and AC25) obtained from Terengganu, Malaysia in 2011 to determine their genetic relatedness and basis of antimicrobial resistance.. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the A. nosocomialis isolates were determined by disk diffusion. Genome sequencing was performed using the Illumina NextSeq platform.. Genome sequencing of A. nosocomialis isolates led to the discovery of two novel plasmids, one of which encodes the tetA(39) tetracycline-resistant gene in a mobile pdif module. The high degree of genetic relatedness among the three tetracycline-resistant A. nosocomialis isolates is indicative of nosocomial transmission.

Topics: Acinetobacter; Acinetobacter Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefotaxime; Cross Infection; Genomics; Humans; Malaysia; Nucleotides; Phylogeny; Plasmids; Tetracycline

From 1 January to 31 December 2021, forty-eight institutions around Australia participated in the Australian Staphylococcus aureus Surveillance Outcome Programme (ASSOP). The aim of ASSOP 2021 was to determine the proportion of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) isolates in Australia that were antimicrobial resistant, with particular emphasis on susceptibility to methicillin and on characterisation of the molecular epidemiology of the methicillin-resistant isolates. A total of 2,928 SAB episodes were reported, of which 78.4% were community-onset. Overall, 16.9% of S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant. The 30-day all-cause mortality associated with methicillin-resistant SAB was 15.0%, which was not significantly different from the 14.4% all-cause mortality associated with methicillin-susceptible SAB (p = 0.7). With the exception of the β-lactams and erythromycin, antimicrobial resistance in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus was rare. However, in addition to the β-lactams, approximately 36% of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were resistant to ciprofloxacin; 30% to erythromycin; 15% to tetracycline; 16% to gentamicin; and 3% to co-trimoxazole. When applying the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints, teicoplanin resistance was detected in three S. aureus isolates. Resistance to vancomycin or linezolid was not detected. Resistance to non-β-lactam antimicrobials was largely attributable to the healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) clone ST22-IV [2B] (EMRSA-15), and the community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) clone ST45-V [5C2&5] which has acquired multiple antimicrobial resistance determinants including ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin and tetracycline. The ST22-IV [2B] (EMRSA-15) clone is the predominant HA-MRSA clone in Australia. Nonetheless, 85% of methicillin-resistant SAB episodes were due to CA-MRSA clones. Although polyclonal, approximately 68% of CA-MRSA clones were characterised as ST93-IV [2B] (Queensland clone); ST45-V [5C2&5]; ST5-IV [2B]; ST1-IV [2B]; ST30-IV [2B]; and ST97-IV [2B]. As CA-MRSA is well established in the Australian community, it is important to monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns in community- and healthcare-associated SAB as this information will guide therapeutic practices in treating S. aureus bacteraemia.

Topics: Agar; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Australia; Bacteremia; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Gentamicins; Humans; Methicillin; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as one of the major nosocomial pathogens implicated in variety of severe infections and mortality. It is rapidly developing multi-drug resistance and also possesses surface colonization ability, which make it most difficult to treat through traditional antibiotics. This is an extensive study to describe the antibacterial activity of bacteriagenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against A. baumannii AIIMS 7 in planktonic and biofilm mode. Minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics were in the range of 1 to 4096 μg/ml whereas AgNPs inhibited planktonic bacteria at concentration of 16 μg/ml. Fractional inhibitory concentration index revealed the synergistic interaction of AgNPs with doxycycline, tetracycline and erythromycin. Nanoparticles exhibited significant biofilm disruption activity with minimum biofilm eradication concentration of 2 mg/ml. Eradication of mature biofilm was enhanced on exposure to combination of AgNPs and antibiotics. These nanoparticles affected bacterial growth and distorted cellular morphology. Intracellular oxidative stress, induced in presence of AgNPs, also rendered bacteria susceptible to killing by nanoparticles. Besides this, AgNPs were found to interact with thiol-groups, which indicate their potential to interact with cellular proteins to exhibit antimicrobial activity.

Topics: Acinetobacter baumannii; Acinetobacter Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross Infection; Doxycycline; Metal Nanoparticles; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Silver; Tetracycline

Severe infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been increasingly recognized in virtually all fields of veterinary medicine. Our objective was to study the occurrence, phylogenetic relationships and antimicrobial resistance properties of MRSA isolated from ocular surfaces of horses prior to invasive procedures. Within a 49-week sampling period, ocular swabs obtained from 46 eyes of 44 horses, including eyes with clinical signs of conjunctivitis/blepharitis, keratitis or uveitis were screened for the presence of S. aureus. As a result, seven samples were positive for S. aureus (15.2%), with six of them being classified as MRSA (13%). In addition, all isolates were resistant or showed reduced susceptibility to tetracyclines, the aminoglycosides gentamicin and kanamycin, fluoroquinolones, and the combination sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Since a very close relationship between the MRSA isolates was assumed after pulsed-field gel electrophoresis employing the restriction endonuclease ApaI, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to shed more light on the phylogenetic relationships and the molecular composition of all MRSA isolates. Analysis of WGS data revealed closely related MRSA belonging to sequence type 398, spa type t011 and dru type dt10q, harboring an SCCmec IV element and the Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity island SaPIbov5. Moreover, all MRSA were positive for a beta-hemolysin converting phage carrying genes of the immune evasion cluster (IEC). Since cases of eye infections due to MRSA were often associated with fatal outcomes, more research is needed with respect to the origin of MRSA isolated from ocular surfaces to implement sufficient barrier and infection control measures.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophages; Cross Infection; Eye; Eye Diseases; Genomic Islands; Horses; Methicillin; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Whole Genome Sequencing

To understand the relationship between the Staphylococcus aureus infection rate and the reasonable usage of antibiotics, which will help in the effective control of MRSA infection.. All data were obtained by the application of the nosocomial infection surveillance network. Drug resistance, departmental sources, and isolated sites as well as infection rate variations of S. aureus were analyzed in the 7-year period in key departments.. Between 2008 and 2014, 2525 strains of S. aureus isolates, mainly from sputum, skin/soft tissue, bloodstreams were collected from several hospital departments including respiratory, burn, brain surgery, orthopedics, ICU, and emergency. During these periods, the resistance rate of S. aureus to most drugs, including oxacillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin, showed a tendency to decrease. The resistance to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim showed the opposite trend (P = 0.075) and there were no S. aureus strains resistant to linezolid and vancomycin. The MRSA infection rate was different across crucial hospital departments, with the burns department and ICU maintaining a high infection level. Over the 7-year period, both the brain surgery and the emergency departments had an expected upward trend (P < 0.05), while the orthopedic department showed a clear downward trend (P < 0.05) in MRSA infection rate.. Hospitals should continue to maintain the current pattern of antibiotic administration, while more effective measures should be taken to reduce the high MRSA infection rate in some important hospital departments.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; China; Clindamycin; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tertiary Care Centers; Tetracycline

The epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in the community in Ghana was never investigated prior to this study. The aims of the study were: i) to assess prevalence of nasal S. aureus carriage in Ghanaian people living in an urban and a rural area, and ii) to identify phenotypic and genotypic traits of strains isolated from the two communities. Nasal swabs were collected from healthy individuals living in an urban community situated in the suburb of the capital city, Accra (n = 353) and in a rural community situated in the Dangme-West district (n = 234). The overall prevalence of nasal carriage was 21% with a significantly higher prevalence in the urban (28%) than in the rural community (11%) (p<0.0001). The levels of antimicrobial resistance were generally low (<5%) except for penicillin (91%) and tetracycline (25%). The only two (0.3%) MRSA carriers were individuals living in the urban area and had been exposed to hospitals within the last 12 months prior to sampling. Resistance to tetracycline (p = 0.0009) and presence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene (p = 0.02) were significantly higher among isolates from the rural community compared to isolates from the urban community. Eleven MLST clonal complexes (CC) were detected based on spa typing of the 124 S. aureus isolates from the two communities: CC8 (n = 36), CC152 (n = 21), CC45 (n = 21), CC15 (n = 18), CC121 (n = 6), CC97 (n = 6), CC30 (n = 5), CC5 (n = 5), CC508 (n = 4), CC9 (n = 1), and CC707 (n = 1). CC8 and CC45 were less frequent in the rural area than in the urban area (p = 0.02). These results reveal remarkable differences regarding carriage prevalence, tetracycline resistance, PVL content and clonal distribution of S. aureus in the two study populations. Future research may be required to establish whether such differences in nasal S. aureus carriage are linked to socio-economic differences between urban and rural communities in this African country.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross Infection; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; Ghana; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Nose; Penicillins; Rural Population; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Urban Population

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398, associated with livestock animals, was described in 2003 as a new lineage infecting or colonizing humans. We evaluated the prevalence and molecular characteristics of MRSA ST398 isolated in the Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge from January 2000 to June 2011. Tetracycline resistant (Tet-R) MRSA isolates from single patients (pts) were screened by SmaI-pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Nontypable MRSA strains by SmaI (NT Sma I)-MRSA were further analysed by ApaI-PFGE, spa, SCCmec, agr, MLST typing, and by DNA microarray hybridization. Among 164 pts harboring Tet-R MRSA, NT Sma I-MRSA ST398-agrI was found in 33 pts (20%). Although the first pt was detected in 2003, 22/33 pts (67%) were registered in the 2010-2011 period. Ten pts (30%) were infected and cancer was the most frequent underlying disease. In one case, death was due to MRSA-ST398-related infection. Five pulsotypes (A-E) were detected using ApaI-PFGE, with type A accounting for 76% of the strains. The majority of the studied isolates presented spa type t011 (70%) and SCCmec type V (88%). One strain was spa negative both by PCR and microarray analysis. Forty-nine percent of the studied isolates showed resistance to 3 or more antibiotic classes, in addition to beta-lactams. Ciprofloxacin resistance was 67%. Tet-R was mediated by tet(M) and tet(K) in 26 isolates. All isolates lacked Panton-Valentine Leukocidin production, as well as other significant toxins. This study displays the molecular features of MRSA-ST398 clone and shows the increase in tetracycline resistance together with arise in MRSA-ST398 isolates infecting or colonizing patients in our clinical setting.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross Infection; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Female; Humans; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Spain; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Nosocomial septicemia due to extended spectrum beta-(Beta)-lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli are a therapeutic challenge due to resistance. Knowledge of disease burden and resistance patterns is required for proper and timely management. We report the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of ESBL producing E. coli and K .pneumoniae from septicemia at a tertiary care hospital.. A total of 2,870 blood samples of suspected cases of septicemia were studied between January and December 2009. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method and MICs for imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem were determined using the E-test. All isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae were tested for ESBL production by E-test method.. Forty-one (70.7%) K. pneumoniae isolates and ten (41.7%) E. coli isolates were ESBL producers. Two (5%) of ESBL producing K. pneumoniae isolates, but no E. coli isolates, were resistant to carbapenems. In vitro, all ESBL producers were sensitive to tigecycline.. Our data indicated that the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumonia strains isolated from blood cultures from hospitalized patients is high. ESBL-producing organisms were found to be more susceptible to meropenem than to imipenem and ertapenem. Tigecycline is active against all the ESBL or multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; India; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Sepsis; Tetracycline

Eighteen identical VanB-type Enterococcus faecalis isolates that were obtained from different hospitalized patients were examined for their drug resistance and plasmid DNAs. Of the 18 strains, 12 strains exhibited resistance to erythromycin (Em), gentamicin (Gm), kanamycin (Km), tetracycline (Tc), and vancomycin (Van) and produced cytolysin (Hly/Bac) and a bacteriocin (Bac) active against E. faecalis strains. Another six of the strains exhibited resistance to Gm, Km, Tc, and Van and produced a bacteriocin. Em and Van resistance was transferred individually to E. faecalis FA2-2 strains at a frequency of about 10(-4) per donor cell by broth mating. The Em-resistant transconjugants and the Van-resistant transconjugants harbored a 65.7-kbp plasmid and a 106-kbp plasmid, respectively. The 106-kbp and 65.7-kbp plasmids isolated from the representative E. faecalis NKH15 strains were designated pMG2200 and pMG2201, respectively. pMG2200 conferred vancomycin resistance and bacteriocin activity on the host strain and responded to the synthetic pheromone cCF10 for pCF10, while pMG2201 conferred erythromycin resistance and cytolysin activity on its host strain and responded to the synthetic pheromone cAD1 for pAD1. The complete DNA sequence of pMG2200 (106,527 bp) showed that the plasmid carried a Tn1549-like element encoding vanB2-type resistance and the Bac41-like bacteriocin genes of pheromone-responsive plasmid pYI14. The plasmid contained the regulatory region found in pheromone-responsive plasmids and encoded the genes prgX and prgQ, which are the key negative regulatory elements for plasmid pCF10. pMG2200 also encoded TraE1, a key positive regulator of plasmid pAD1, indicating that pMG2200 is a naturally occurring chimeric plasmid that has a resulting prgX-prgQ-traE1 genetic organization in the regulatory region of the pheromone response. The functional oriT region and the putative relaxase gene of pMG2200 were identified and found to differ from those of pCF10 and pAD1. The putative relaxase of pMG2200 was classified as a member of the MOB(MG) family, which is found in pheromone-independent plasmid pHTbeta of the pMG1-like plasmids. This is the first report of the isolation and characterization of a pheromone-responsive highly conjugative plasmid encoding vanB resistance.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Bacteriocins; Blotting, Southern; Conjugation, Genetic; Cross Infection; Culture Media; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Enterococcus faecalis; Erythromycin; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Sequence Data; Perforin; Pheromones; Plasmids; Vancomycin Resistance

Methicillin (meticillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious problem worldwide. To investigate the molecular epidemiology of MRSA isolates in China, a total of 702 MRSA isolates collected from 18 teaching hospitals in 14 cities between 2005 and 2006 were characterized by antibiogram analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, and spa typing; and 102 isolates were selected for multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Overall, SCCmec type III was the most popular type and was found in 541 isolates (77.1%), followed by SCCmec type II (109/702; 15.5%). Twenty-four PFGE types were obtained among 395 isolates collected in 2005, and 18 spa types were obtained among 702 isolates. spa type t030, which corresponded to PFEG types A to E, constituted 52.0% (365/702) of all isolates, and isolates of this type were present in all 14 cities; spa type t037, which corresponded to PFGE types F and G, accounted for 25.5% (179/702) of all isolates, and isolates of this type were identified in 12 cities. The two spa genotypes belonged to sequence type 239 (ST239) and carried SCCmec type III. spa type t002, which included isolates of PFGE types L to T, made up 16.0% (112/702) of the isolates that belonged to ST5 and SCCmec type II, and isolates of this type were distributed in 12 cities. The distribution of spa types varied among the regions. spa type t002 was the most common in Dalian (53.4%) and Shenyang (44.4%); spa type t037 was predominant in Shanghai (74.8%), whereas spa type t030 was the most common in the other cities. Two isolates from Guangzhou that harbored SCCmec type IVa with ST59 and ST88 were identified as community-associated MRSA. The prevalence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene was 2.3%. The data documented two major epidemic MRSA clones, ST239-MRSA-SCCmec type III and ST5-MRSA-SCCmec type II, with unique geographic distributions across China.

Topics: Bacterial Proteins; China; Cross Infection; DNA, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Genotype; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Leukocidins; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin-Binding Proteins; Staphylococcal Infections

The first outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates producing the plasmid-encoded carbapenem-hydrolyzing oxacillinase OXA-48 is reported. The 39 isolates belonged to two different clones and were collected at the University Hospital of Istanbul, Turkey, from May 2006 to February 2007, and they coproduced various beta-lactamases (SHV-12, OXA-9, and TEM-1 for clone A and CTX-M-15, TEM-1, and OXA-1 for clone B).

Topics: Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactamases; Carbapenems; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Humans; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Models, Genetic; Turkey

A total of 49 unique clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii identified at a tertiary medical center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, between August 2006 and September 2007 were studied for the genetic basis of their MDR phenotype. Approximately half of all A. baumannii clinical isolates identified during this period qualified as MDR, defined by nonsusceptibility to three or more of the antimicrobials routinely tested in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Among the MDR isolates, 18.4% were resistant to imipenem. The frequencies of resistance to amikacin and ciprofloxacin were high at 36.7% and 95.9%, respectively. None of the isolates was resistant to colistin or tigecycline. The presence of the carbapenemase gene bla(OXA-23) and the 16S rRNA methylase gene armA predicted high-level resistance to imipenem and amikacin, respectively. bla(OXA-23) was preceded by insertion sequence ISAba1, which likely provided a potent promoter activity for the expression of the carbapenemase gene. The structure of the transposon defined by ISAba1 differed from those reported in Europe, suggesting that ISAba1-mediated acquisition of bla(OXA-23) may occur as an independent event. Typical substitutions in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the gyrA and parC genes were observed in the ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, including the qnr genes, were not identified. Fifty-nine percent of the MDR isolates belonged to a single clonal group over the course of the study period, as demonstrated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

Topics: Academic Medical Centers; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acinetobacter Infections; Amikacin; Base Sequence; beta-Lactamases; Cross Infection; DNA Primers; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Epidemiology; Pennsylvania; Polymerase Chain Reaction

Mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is increasingly being reported in many parts of the world. This study describes the epidemiology and laboratory characterization of mupirocin-resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains in Canadian hospitals. Broth microdilution susceptibility testing of 4,980 MRSA isolates obtained between 1995 and 2004 from 32 Canadian hospitals was done in accordance with CLSI guidelines. The clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of strains with high-level mupirocin resistance (HLMup(r)) were compared with those of mupirocin-susceptible (Mup(s)) strains. MRSA strains were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and typing of the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec. PCR was done to detect the presence of the mupA gene. For strains with mupA, plasmid DNA was extracted and subjected to Southern blot hybridization. A total of 198 (4.0%) HLMup(r) MRSA isolates were identified. The proportion of MRSA strains with HLMup(r) increased from 1.6% in the first 5 years of surveillance (1995 to 1999) to 7.0% from 2000 to 2004 (P < 0.001). Patients with HLMup(r) MRSA strains were more likely to have been aboriginal (odds ratio [OR], 3.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 9.4; P = 0.006), to have had community-associated MRSA (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0 to 5.0; P = 0.05), and to have been colonized with MRSA (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.0; P = 0.04). HLMup(r) MRSA strains were also more likely to be resistant to fusidic acid (21% versus 4% for mupirocin-susceptible strains; P < 0.001). All HLMup(r) MRSA strains had a plasmid-associated mupA gene, most often associated with a 9-kb HindIII fragment. PFGE typing and analysis of the plasmid profiles indicate that both plasmid transmission and the clonal spread of HLMup(r) MRSA have occurred in Canadian hospitals. These results indicate that the incidence of HLMup(r) is increasing among Canadian strains of MRSA and that HLMup(r) MRSA is recovered from patients with distinct clinical and epidemiologic characteristics compared to the characteristics of patents with Mup(s) MRSA strains.

Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Canada; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Female; Hospitals; Humans; Male; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mupirocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus

The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial susceptibilities and macrolide resistance mechanisms of beta-hemolytic viridans group streptococci (VGS) in a tertiary Korean hospital. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of seven antimicrobials were determined for 103 beta-hemolytic VGS isolated from various specimens. The macrolide resistance mechanisms of erythromycin-resistant isolates were studied by the double disk test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The overall resistance rates of beta-hemolytic VGS were found to be 47.5% to tetracycline, 3.9% to chloramphenicol, 9.7% to erythromycin, and 6.8% to clindamycin, whereas all isolates were susceptible to penicillin G, ceftriaxone, and vancomycin. Among ten erythromycin-resistant isolates, six isolates expressed a constitutive MLS(B) (cMLS(B)) phenotype, and each of the two isolates expressed the M phenotype, and the inducible MLS(B) (iMLS(B)) phenotype. The resistance rates to erythromycin and clindamycin of beta-hemolytic VGS seemed to be lower than those of non-beta-hemolytic VGS in our hospital, although cMLSB phenotype carrying erm(B) was dominant in beta-hemolytic VGS.

Topics: Ceftriaxone; Chloramphenicol; Clindamycin; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Korea; Macrolides; Penicillin G; Phenotype; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tetracycline; Vancomycin; Viridans Streptococci

Enterococcus faecalis isolates were examined by an automated identification and susceptibility system. Almost all of the 97 isolates were ampicillin susceptible (n = 86) and tetracycline resistant (n = 89). All were nitrofurantoin susceptible. About a third of isolates showed high level resistance to the aminoglycosides streptomicin and gentamicin and this was usually associated with ciprofloxacin resistance (n = 34). Seven isolates were vancomycin resistant, including one that was ampicillin resistant. Most forms of resistance described elsewhere were found

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterococcus faecalis; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Hospitals, University; Humans; Jamaica; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nitrofurantoin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross Infection; Denmark; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Genotype; Humans; Minocycline; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus pyogenes; Tetracycline

Legionella species other than Legionella pneumophila may cause pneumonias and extrapulmonary infections. Most infections are nosocomial or observed in immunocompromised patients and often remain undiagnosed because of the failure of confirmatory culture methods. The therapy is based on macrolides and fluoroquinolones; rifampin and tetracycline are also used.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross Infection; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Legionella; Legionellosis; Macrolides; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Rifampin; Tetracycline

Three types of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates, called GEN S, GEN R, and AMG S, according to their three different aminoglycoside resistance patterns, were responsible for urinary tract colonization or infection in 87, 12, and 13 new patients, respectively, in a French 650-bed geriatric hospital over a 13-month period. The three E. coli types belonged to the same clone and phylogenetic group (group B2) and had identical transferable plasmid contents (a 120-kb plasmid), beta-lactam and fluoroquinolone resistance genotypes (bla(TEM-1B), bla(CTX-M-15), and double mutations in both the gyrA and the parC genes), and virulence factor genotypes (aer, fyuA, and irp2). They disseminated in the geriatric hospital, where the antibiotics prescribed most often were fluoroquinolones and ceftriaxone, but not in the affiliated acute-care hospital, where isolation precautions were applied to the transferred patients. Thus, E. coli isolates, both CTX-M-type beta-lactamase producers and fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates, might present a new challenge for French health care settings.

Topics: Aged; Aminoglycosides; beta-Lactamases; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; France; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Genes, Bacterial; Genotype; Geriatrics; Hospitals, Special; Humans; Isoelectric Focusing; Phenotype; Plasmids; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Virulence Factors

Between January and December 1999, in Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece, a large proportion of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates (34.4%) exhibited susceptibility to virtually all alternative non-beta-lactam antibiotics, including tobramycin. Twenty-five of them were selected randomly for further testing; all belonged to a unique genotype and were characterized as heterogeneously resistant to oxacillin. The aadD gene, encoding tobramycin resistance, failed to be amplified in all cases, indicating absence of the gene or the entire plasmid pUB110 from the mec DNA.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Genotype; Greece; Hospitals, General; Humans; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxacillin; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Tobramycin

The association of Helicobacter pylori with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease led to new therapeutic approaches including the use of antibiotics. Recently, resistance of H. pylori to antibiotics has emerged as the major cause of treatment failure. This retrospective analysis was aimed at investigating the development of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns amongst H. pylori strains isolated at King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar. Susceptibility patterns obtained using isolates from a pilot study (1987-1988) were compared with those subsequently isolated (1990-1996). Metronidazole resistance was estimated to be 35.2% in the first period but more than doubled (78.5%) during the second period. Isolates from females showed a higher resistance rate to metronidazole than those from males. Only one strain was tetracycline resistant. The extremely high resistance rate to metronidazole indicates that it may not be very effective for eradication of H. pylori. Tetracycline should prove a useful component of treatment regimens in this geographical region.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Retrospective Studies; Saudi Arabia; Tetracycline

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of primary Helicobacter pylori resistance, and to investigate the relationship with factors such as age and sex. During 1998, 106 H. pylori strains collected from dyspeptic patients who had had no previous H. pylori treatment were studied. The minimun inhibitory concentrations of metronidazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, tetracycline, azithromycin, clindamycin, cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin were determined by E-test.((R)). The overall prevalence of primary metronidazole resistance was 40.6%. Although it was more frequent in women than in men (44.4% vs. 37.7%), the difference was significant only in the women who were under 45 years of age. For the rest of the antibiotics, the primary resistance rates were the following: clarithromycin 9.5%, azithromycin 10.3%, clindamycin 13.1%, and ciprofloxacin 7.9%. No resistance to tetracycline and b-lactam antibiotics was found. Clarithromycin and amoxicillin were the most active compounds of the macrolides and b-lactams studied, respectively.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Amoxicillin; Azithromycin; Cefotaxime; Ciprofloxacin; Clarithromycin; Clindamycin; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Female; Gastritis; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Pyloric Antrum; Spain; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterococcus; Gentamicins; Humans; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

A total of 473 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from six Italian hospitals was examined for susceptibility to several antimicrobial agents and for plasmid content. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were characterised by a plasmid of mol. wt (10(6)) 18-22 or 25 that carried the determinants for penicillinase production, resistance to cadmium ions and resistance to tetracycline. MRSA isolates usually harboured other smaller plasmids of mol. wt (10(6)) 2.8, 2.6 and 1.65 that encoded resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and erythromycin, respectively, and cryptic plasmids of mol. wt (10(6)) c. 2 and 1 were found frequently. Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) that produced penicillinase often carried plasmids of mol. wt (10(6)) 11 or 13. No particular difference was found in plasmid patterns of strains from the various sources. Analysis of plasmids by EcoRI digestion showed that plasmids of similar mol. wt and phenotypic characteristics may have different restriction patterns, but often share one or more fragments in common.

Topics: Cross Infection; DNA Restriction Enzymes; DNA, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Gentamicins; Italy; Methicillin; Penicillin Resistance; Plasmids; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated at a single Melbourne Hospital between 1969 and 1981 were examined for susceptibility to a range of antimicrobial agents and for the presence of plasmid DNA. Isolates obtained during 1969 possessed a plasmid of mol. wt 20 X 10(6), encoding heavy metal resistance and penicillinase production, and a plasmid of mol. wt 2.8 X 10(6), mediating tetracycline resistance. In the majority of isolates obtained after 1973, these functions were chromosomally encoded. Before 1980, both high- and low-level chromosomally-encoded gentamicin resistances were encountered, whereas isolates from 1980 and 1981 displayed low-level gentamicin resistance only; the latter phenotype was most commonly mediated by a plasmid of mol. wt 18 X 10(6) that also encoded resistance to tobramycin and kanamycin. Chloramphenicol resistance in strains isolated throughout the period was mediated by one of three plasmids, each of mol. wt c. 3 X 10(6).

Topics: Aminoglycosides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Australia; Bacteriophage Typing; Cadmium; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Humans; Methicillin; Penicillin Resistance; Phenotype; Plasmids; Retrospective Studies; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Gentamicin- and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus have been isolated from Spring 1979 to the present from many hospitals in New York City. A large proportion of the strains were resistant to the majority of antistaphylococcal antibiotics. The ratio of multiply resistant strains was highest among tetracycline-resistant strains. There were significant differences in phage susceptibility patterns and the resistance spectrum of strains isolated at different hospitals, whereas strains isolated at the same hospital often showed a marked degree of similarity. This suggests multiple origins of gentamicin- and methicillin-resistant strains isolated in New York City.

Topics: Bacteriophage Typing; Cross Infection; Gentamicins; Hospitals; Humans; Methicillin; New York City; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

A Salmonella heidelberg epidemic in a hospital nursery was traced to infected calves on a dairy farm where the mother of the index patient lived. The Salmonella isolates from all cases were resistant to chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. Verification of the spread of infection from the farm animals to a hospital population is unusual and raises questions about the hazards of antibiotic animal-feed preparations that may induce infection with resistant organisms in humans.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chloramphenicol; Connecticut; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Nurseries, Hospital; Pregnancy; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Zoonoses

A staphylococcal disperser employed as a theatre technician appeared to have been the source of 11 cases of wound sepsis over a period of about 3 years. He was primarily a nasal carrier and after attempts to eradicate Staphylococcus aureus from his nose failed, his skin dispersal was controlled by daily washing with 4% chlorhexidine detergent ('Hibiscrub') and he was allowed to resume his theatre duties under careful bacteriological surveillance. Over the following 2 years 173 dispersal tests showed a mean dispersal of 1 . 7 c.f.u. per 2800 l air compared with a mean of 152 c.f.u. per 2800 l air in the mouth immediately preceding treatment and 55 c.f.u. per 2800 l in the period after cessation of treatment. One case of wound sepsis was attributed to the technician during the 2 years in which he received skin disinfection treatment.

Topics: Chlorhexidine; Cross Infection; Humans; Male; Nasal Mucosa; Operating Room Technicians; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Nasal swabs were taken from 492 babies born consecutively to residents of two South Wales towns soon after their discharge from maternity hospitals. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 352 babies (72%) and in 79 (22%) of these it was resistant to at least one antibiotic. By the time these babies were a year old the prevalence of both sensitive and resistant strains had fallen, so that only 12% still carried nasal staphylococci, but 64% of these organisms were then resistant to penicillin. Administration of penicillin to the baby seemed to be a more important factor in selecting resistant organisms than other antibiotics given to the baby, any antibiotic treatment to other members of the household, or discharge from hospital.

Topics: Carrier State; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Nasal Mucosa; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Cross-sectional surveys of infection in relation to ward structure and practice were made in 38 hospitals between 1967 and 1973, including repeat surveys in 12 hospitals. The survey team (a research nurse and a senior microbiologist or technician) visited one ward a day and entered data on patients, including appearance of wounds seen at change of dressings, on the structure of the ward, and on ward practices; bacteriological swabs were taken from noses of all patients and staff of wards visited and from infected or open wounds, also from some environmental sites. Effect of age, sex, length of hospital stay and antibiotic use on carriage of tetracycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and on post-operative sepsis are considered here.Clinical infection (sepsis), further classified as ;severe', ;moderate' or ;mild' in accordance with a code of physical signs, including inflammation and suppuration, was found in 6.1% of clean undrained operation wounds. Drained wounds and those through hollow, heavily colonized viscera (;contaminated' wounds) had higher sepsis rates than undrained and ;clean' wounds; there was less sepsis with closed drainage and with small drains. Staph. aureus (24%) was the commonest single bacterial species, but gram-negative bacilli (50%) were found in a much larger proportion of septic wounds. The results showed that the infection rate was lowest among patients between 20 and 40 years old. Infection was significantly more common in male than in female patients.Nasal carriage of tetracycline-resistant Staph. aureus, used as an index of hospital-acquired infection, was commonest in geriatric patients and least common in gynaecological patients. There was correlation between nasal carriage of tetracycline-resistant staphylococci and age of the patient, length of hospital stay, sex, (male greater than female), operative treatment, and treatment with tetracycline, ampicillin and nitrofurantoin, but not with penicillin.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; England; Female; Humans; Length of Stay; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

The susceptibility of 83 non-pigmented Serratia marcescens strains was determined by an agar dilution technique. They originated from miscellaneous pathological specimens submitted to the diagnostic laboratory during a nosocomial infection outbreak in 1974. All strains were completely resistant to 128 mug/ml of cephalothin, colistin sulphomethate, lincomycin and penicillin G. They were also resistant to clinically attainable concentrations of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, novobiocin and tetracycline. With regard to drugs with some activity 84% of the strains were susceptible to nalidixic acid, 48% to sulphamethoxazole, 57% to streptomycin, 60% to kanamycin, 61% to gentamicin, 85% to co-trimoxazole and 100% to amikacin. Environmental strains isolated from the infected units were strikingly more sensitive than the patient strains.

Topics: Amikacin; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbenicillin; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Novobiocin; Rifampin; Serratia marcescens; Sputum; Streptomycin; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Urine; Wound Infection

The relative sensitivities of certain enterobacteriaceae strains obtained from impatient and outpatient material for investigation against trimethoprim-sulf-amethoxazole, ampicillin, cephalothin, gentamicin and tetracycline are reported. The efficacy of the substances tested was very varied, the resistance rates to gentamicin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole being most favorable. Differences in sensitivity could be established between strains from inpatient and outpatient material. Resistance rates were sometimes considerably lower in material for investigation from outpatients. This fact is, among other things, explained by frequent hospital infections with resistant organisms. In addition it could be shown that, by selection of resistant strains in certain areas of a hospital, increases in resistance can appear within a short time.

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Ampicillin; Cephalothin; Citrobacter; Cross Infection; Drug Combinations; Enterobacter; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Gentamicins; Germany, West; Humans; Klebsiella; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Proteus mirabilis; Proteus vulgaris; Providencia; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Aminoglycosides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriolysis; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Genes; Genetics, Microbial; Humans; Methicillin; Mutation; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Species Specificity; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline; Transduction, Genetic; Transformation, Genetic; Virulence

A study was made of 111 strains of plasma-negative spathylococci isolated from the blood, pleural fluid, urine, and exudate of the abdominal cavity of 30 patients. The studies were carried out by 18 criteria. A variety of biological properties and signs characteristic of pathogenic staphylococci (hemolytic activity, anaerobic splitting of mannite, the presence of phosphatase, lysozyme, protease, alpha-toxin, fibrinolysin) were noted. A high resistance to tetracycline and penicillin was found in the strains isolated from the blood and the pleural cavity.

Topics: Animals; Ascitic Fluid; Bacteriophage Typing; Bacteriuria; Cross Infection; Erythrocytes; Fibrinolysin; Hemolysis; Humans; Mannitol; Muramidase; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Phospholipases; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Pleural Effusion; Pyelonephritis; Rabbits; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline; Toxins, Biological

A strain of Staphylococcus aureus has been isolated from a hospital environment over 3 months. Every isolate was lysed by phage 77, had high-level resistance to streptomycin, and was resistant to about 250 pg per ml of both tetracycline and sulphonamide; a combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim produced little bacteristatic synergy towards each isolate. All These organisms were thus considered to be "the same"; the variation in other properties was probably due to rapid evolutionary change in vivo. the variation in senxitivity to methicillin and neomycin, and the absence of penicillinase production in some isolates, probably indicated loss of the relevant genes. Several isolates had probably acquired resistance to lincomycin by a one-step mutatuon in vivo. The usefulness of lincomycin and analogues in treating staphylococcal infections seems limited.

Topics: Bacteriophage Typing; Biological Evolution; Carrier State; Cross Infection; England; Genes; Genetic Variation; Humans; Lincomycin; Methicillin; Mutation; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Seasons; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Transduction, Genetic

A collection of 98 strains of enteric Gramnegative bacteria isolated in routine investigations in a hospital laboratory all showed beta-lactamase activity, and 39 of them (40%) produced sufficient enzyme to allow determination of their relative activities against benzylpenicillin, ampicillin and cephaloridine (substrate profiles). The commonest type of beta-lactamase, detected in 33 of the 39 strains, was an "all-purpose" enzyme that showed similar activity against the penicillins and the cephalosporins. All 39 were resistant to multiple antibiotics. They were examined for their ability to transfer the beta-lactamase gene during R-factor transfer, and transferability of the beta-lactamase gene was demonstrated in 13 strains out of 32.

Topics: Amidohydrolases; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Chloromercuribenzoates; Cloxacillin; Cross Infection; Enterobacteriaceae; Humans; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; R Factors; Tetracycline

Patients having arterial reconstructive operations appear to have a comparatively high attack rate of hospital-acquired infections. A protocol for administration of antibiotic prophylaxis to such patients was designed to minimize major adverse effects while evaluating the effect on attack rate of hospital acquired infections. Short intensive therapy with an appropriate antibiotic during a period of time surrounding the operative procedure itself is emphasized. The attack rate of nosocomial infections declined from approximately 12 to approximately 3 per cent and wound infections occurred in only seven of 811 patients. Administration of antibiotics according to this protocol appears to reduce the expected attack rate of nosocomial infections.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arteries; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Gentamicins; Humans; Postoperative Complications; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Vascular Surgical Procedures

Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Bacteria; Carbenicillin; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Cross Infection; Delivery, Obstetric; Escherichia coli; Feces; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Infant, Newborn; Intensive Care Units; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillin Resistance; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Serotyping; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Baths; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Germany, West; Health Facilities; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxacillin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Schools; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalothin; Chicago; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Polymyxins; Proteus; Proteus Infections; Rifampin; Species Specificity; Tetracycline

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Cross Infection; Cysts; Disease Outbreaks; Erythromycin; Female; Foot; Gentamicins; Hallux Valgus; Herniorrhaphy; Humans; Kidney Diseases, Cystic; Leg; Male; Middle Aged; Ovarian Diseases; Penicillins; Peptic Ulcer; Quebec; Streptococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Chickenpox; Child; Cross Infection; Cyclophosphamide; Encephalitis; Female; gamma-Globulins; Hemorrhage; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Immunization, Passive; Immunoglobulins; Immunosuppression Therapy; Infusions, Parenteral; Injections, Intramuscular; Nephrosis; Pepsin A; Prednisolone; Prognosis; Tetracycline; Unconsciousness

Topics: Acute Disease; Ampicillin; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Cross Infection; Humans; Povidone; Povidone-Iodine; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Candidiasis; Cross Infection; Enterobacter; Female; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Mycoplasma Infections; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Carrier State; Cross Infection; Demeclocycline; Doxycycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Lincomycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minocycline; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumonia; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline

Topics: Breast; Carrier State; Cross Infection; Disease Reservoirs; Erythromycin; Female; Hospital Departments; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Medical Staff; Nose; Obstetrics; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Poland; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

A survey of the staphylococcal infections occurring in a general hospital over a period of four and a half years showed that multiple-resistant strains of phage type 77 were endemic in the medical and surgical wards. Strains of this phage type were uncommon among patients attending the casualty department, and those found were usually either fully sensitive to antibiotics or resistant to benzylpenicillin only. Regular monitoring of patients admitted to the intensive-care unit showed that 58% of staphylococcal infections in such patients were present at the time of admission to the unit. Although the wards thus constituted a significant reservoir of infection for the intensive-care unit, there was no evidence to suggest that the return of patients from the unit to the wards was responsible for the transfer of infection in the opposite direction. The possibility of reducing the numbers of multiple-resistant staphylococci in the general wards, by the screening of all new admissions for the presence of tetracycline-resistant strains, appears to be impracticable in this area.

Topics: Bacteriophage Typing; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Hospitals, General; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Kanamycin; Methicillin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Gentamicins; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Klebsiella Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Sepsis; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Twenty-three of 43 E. coli and 25 of 39 Klebsiella isolates, resistant to two or more antibiotics, transferred one or more resistance genes to a recipient E. coli K(12) culture. Resistances transferred most frequently by both species were those to kanamycin and neomycin. E. coli cultures transferred resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin and carbenicillin, whereas Klebsiella isolates transferred resistance to the first two of these antibiotics. Extrapolation of these results to a larger series of isolations of E. coli and Klebsiella from hospital patients suggested that 21 and 18% respectively of cultures of these two organisms carried potentially transferable resistance.

Topics: Ampicillin; Carbenicillin; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Escherichia coli; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Neomycin; Ontario; Penicillin Resistance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sepsis; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Wound Infection

Topics: Aged; Ampicillin; Cross Infection; Female; Humans; Klebsiella; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sputum; Tetracycline

Topics: Air Microbiology; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Operating Rooms; Pseudomonas; Pseudomonas Infections; Quebec; Sepsis; Serotyping; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Carrier State; Cross Infection; England; Equipment and Supplies, Hospital; Female; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Male; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nose; Patients; Personnel, Hospital; Staphylococcal Infections; Sterilization; Tetracycline

Topics: Auscultation; Coagulase; Cross Infection; Humans; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Micrococcus; Penicillins; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli; Female; Gentamicins; Hand; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Pharynx; Proteus; Pseudomonas; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Burns; Carbenicillin; Cephaloridine; Cross Infection; Enterobacteriaceae; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Feces; Genetic Linkage; Genetics, Microbial; Hospitals; Humans; Kanamycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Ampicillin; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Cross Infection; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella Infections; Lung; Penicillin Resistance; Prognosis; Sepsis; Skin; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract

An isolation policy in a hospital for skin diseases is reported. Patients carrying penicillin- and tetracycline-resistant organisms were to be isolated in single rooms, though barrier nursing was not practised. The policy failed because the single beds rapidly became blocked with long-stay patients and because even in a single-bed unit patients acquired staphylococci within 3-7 days of admission. Patients with skin diseases often do not feel ;ill' and resent isolation.

Topics: Attitude to Health; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Length of Stay; Male; Patient Isolators; Penicillin Resistance; Skin Diseases; Social Isolation; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Bacteriological Techniques; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Escherichia coli; Genetics, Microbial; Humans; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Immunization, Passive; Mutation; Penicillin Resistance; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urine

Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella Infections; Lincomycin; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Oxacillin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Proteus Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfates; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Bacterial Infections; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Synergism; Enteritis; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intensive Care Units; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Klebsiella Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nurseries, Hospital; Penicillin Resistance; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Bacterial Infections; Catheterization; Cephalothin; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Kanamycin; Kentucky; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Postoperative Complications; Sepsis; Streptomycin; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Colicins; Conjugation, Genetic; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Feces; Humans; Models, Biological; Swine; Tetracycline

Topics: Cross Infection; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Escherichia coli; Feces; Food Microbiology; Genetics, Microbial; Hospitalization; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Neomycin; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillin Resistance; Poultry; Serotyping; Streptomycin; Sulfisoxazole; Sulfonamides; Swine; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacitracin; Bacteriophage Typing; Burns; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Virulence

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Chlorides; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Lipase; Lysogeny; Mercury; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Sepsis; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline; Transduction, Genetic

Topics: Bacteriophage Typing; Carrier State; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nursing Staff, Hospital; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Poland; Serotyping; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cephalothin; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Infant; Kanamycin; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Male; Middle Aged; Polymyxins; Postoperative Complications; Respiratory Tract Infections; Serotyping; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbenicillin; Cephaloridine; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Humans; Kanamycin; Lincomycin; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxacillin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Personnel, Hospital; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Abscess; Adnexal Diseases; Adult; Bacterial Infections; Bacteroides; Bacteroides Infections; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Female; Heparin; Humans; Hysterectomy; Kanamycin; Penicillins; Postoperative Complications; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Puerperal Infection; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacteroides Infections; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Hospitals; Humans; Information Services; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacitracin; Burns; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Nose; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

The spread of coagulase-positive staphylococci has been studied in a modern hospital in which most of the patients were nursed in 4-bed rooms separated from a common corridor only by low dividing walls. Acquisition of new nasal strains from patients in other bedrooms was nearly as easy as from patients in the neighbouring beds. There was no indication that subdivision of this type hindered the spread of nasal strains as compared with open wards of the ;Nightingale' pattern.

Topics: Air Microbiology; Carrier State; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Hospital Design and Construction; Humans; Nose; Penicillin Resistance; Personnel, Hospital; Staphylococcus; Statistics as Topic; Tetracycline

Studies on infections in a hospital for diseases of the skin are described. Patients were shown to acquire staphylococci in the groin and on the chest at about the same rate as in the nose. In contrast to surgical wards, many staphylococci were resistant to tetracycline but sensitive to penicillin. Nevertheless, much of the epidemic spread of staphylococci was with typical surgical-ward strains rather than with phage group II strains which might be thought typical of skin diseases.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Hospitals, Special; Humans; Nose; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Skin; Skin Diseases; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Thorax

Topics: Antisepsis; Carrier State; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Hand; Hexachlorophene; Hospital Departments; Humans; Infant Care; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Meningitis; Nursing Staff, Hospital; Osteomyelitis; Proteus; Proteus Infections; Rectum; Sepsis; Tetracycline; Umbilical Cord; Vagina

Topics: Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Hospitals, Special; Humans; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcus; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Bacteriuria; Cross Infection; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Penicillins; Pyelonephritis; Tetracycline; Urinary Catheterization; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine; Urography

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacteriuria; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ear Canal; Ecology; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli; Female; Fermentation; Genetics, Microbial; Hospitals; Humans; Lactose; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Selection, Genetic; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Suppuration; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Uganda; Vagina; Wound Infection

Topics: Air Microbiology; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Dust; Germany, East; Hand; Humans; Nose; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pharynx; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Sterilization; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptomycin; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Results from clinical isolations confirmed that mercury resistance is common among antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus present in a large general hospital although the correlation is not as high as that found by Moore (1960).The distribution of mercury-resistant strains among infections and carriers in surgical, medical, obstetric and geriatric patients and staff was studied. Attention was directed to the distribution among carriers since there are fewer extraneous factors operating among them, and a statistical analysis was made on the total number of mercury-resistant strains and the number of non-endemic strains; this latter figure was obtained by subtracting the dominant type 80/81, which is nearly always mercury-resistant and antibiotic-resistant, from the total. Analysis showed the geriatric patients to have a significantly higher proportion of mercury-resistant strains in both cases, and obstetric patients to have a significantly lower proportion when the total number of mercury-resistant strains was considered. Among the surgical, medical and staff categories, no significant difference in proportions could be found although a trend, in that order, of decreasing proportions of mercury-resistant strains present was noted.In those cases infected on admission with tetracycline-resistant strains, although mercury-resistant strains still predominate, mercury-sensitive strains make a sizeable contribution. This is a reflexion of their dominance in the non-hospital environment.

Topics: Aged; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Male; Medical Staff, Hospital; Mercury; Patients; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bacteriophage Typing; Boston; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Humans; Kanamycin; Lincomycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Child; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; England; Humans; Pneumococcal Infections; Serotyping; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline

Antibiotic-resistant enterobacteria, the vast majority of which carried transmissible R factors, were isolated from 81 out of a total of 100 healthy infants. There was surprisingly little correlation between previous antibacterial therapy and the resistant enterobacterial flora.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli; Feces; Furazolidone; Humans; Infant; Nalidixic Acid; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Species Specificity; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urban Population

Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Bacteriuria; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli; Feces; Genetics, Microbial; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Klebsiella Infections; Prospective Studies; Serotyping; Sputum; Streptomycin; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli Infections; Mice; Tetracycline

Topics: Communicable Disease Control; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Hospitals, Special; Humans; London; Male; Neomycin; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Skin Diseases; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Air Microbiology; Ampicillin; Ascitic Fluid; Bacteriocins; Benzalkonium Compounds; Catheterization; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Cross Infection; Ethylene Oxide; Filtration; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Lysogeny; Middle Aged; Nalidixic Acid; Peritoneal Dialysis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Renal Dialysis; Sterilization; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Ultraviolet Rays; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Cross Infection; Enterobacteriaceae; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Genetics, Microbial; Humans; Kanamycin; Nalidixic Acid; Neomycin; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Bacitracin; Bacteriophage Typing; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Denmark; Erythromycin; Genetics, Microbial; Hospitals; Humans; Infant; Lysogeny; Methicillin; Middle Aged; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Sepsis; Sex Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacteria; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Tetracycline

Topics: Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Hospital Design and Construction; Humans; Length of Stay; Male; Nose; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Ventilation

Topics: Bacteriophage Typing; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Humans; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacitracin; Bacteriophage Typing; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Lysogeny; Mercury; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Surface-Active Agents; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bacteriophage Typing; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Denmark; Erythromycin; Humans; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Escherichia coli; Feces; Humans; Infant; Nalidixic Acid; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Cross Infection; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Extracorporeal Circulation; Heart Valve Prosthesis; Humans; Male; Methicillin; Middle Aged; Penicillin G; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Cross Infection; Enterobacter; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Epidemiologic Methods; Escherichia coli; Housekeeping, Hospital; Humans; Kanamycin; Methods; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases; Proteus; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Feces; Humans; Infections; Intestines; Lincomycin; Male; Oxacillin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Humans; Methicillin; Nose; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcus; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Virulence

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchiolitis, Viral; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Cross Infection; Humans; Laryngitis; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pharyngitis; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Tracheitis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Humans; Kanamycin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Child; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Dysentery, Bacillary; Furazolidone; Hospitals, Psychiatric; Humans; Neomycin; Shigella; Streptomycin; Sulfaguanidine; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arteriosclerosis; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Cross Infection; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Lung Diseases; Postoperative Complications; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Vascular Surgical Procedures

The type of penicillinase plasmid carried by penicillin-resistant cultures of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from eight London hospitals has been determined. Among ;endemic' hospital staphylococci, cultures resistant to mercury salts and producing large amounts of A-type penicillinase, a high proportion of which is extracellular, are most common. C-type penicillinase is rarely associated with resistance to mercury salts.The majority of strains resistant to penicillin and at least one other antibiotic carried the alpha-plasmid. Possible reasons for the prevalence of the alpha-plasmid among endemic hospital staphylococci are discussed.

Topics: Cross Infection; Cytoplasm; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Genes; Mercury; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Chlortetracycline; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Poland; Proteus; Pseudomonas; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Topics: Adult; Aged; Australia; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumococcal Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Baths; Cross Infection; Female; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Infant Care; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Otitis Externa; Otitis Media; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Steroids; Sweden; Tetracycline

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Humans; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Child, Preschool; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Infant; Pneumococcal Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Child; Cross Infection; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Massachusetts; Penicillin Resistance; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Bacitracin; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Methicillin; Novobiocin; Penicillin G; Sepsis; Tetracycline; Troleandomycin; Vancomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bacteriophage Typing; Burns; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Erythromycin; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Australia; Bronchopneumonia; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Culture Media; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Enterobacter aerogenes; Escherichia coli; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Proteus; Pseudomonas; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Carrier State; Communicable Disease Control; Cross Infection; Diagnosis; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Epidemiology; Humans; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Statistics as Topic; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Framycetin; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Statistics as Topic; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; England; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Otitis Media; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Cross Infection; England; Humans; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Tetracycline

The nasal carrier status of 3,736 patients was determined throughout their stay in hospital. The carrier rate on admission, which was highest in patients under 20 years of age, did not appear to vary with season.The carriage of strains resistant to penicillin increased with the patients' stay in hospital from 13.% on admission to 20.5% on discharge, and the acquisition of these strains was enhanced by the administration of antibiotics. Patients discharged from hospital carrying strains of staphylococci acquired in hospital lost them more readily than patients discharged carrying the strain which they had carried on admission, 31% of those discharged carrying strains resistant to penicillin and tetracycline being readmitted carrying these strains compared with 69% of those discharged carrying strains sensitive to these antibiotics.

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Carrier State; Child; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Geriatrics; Humans; Nose; Penicillins; Staphylococcus; Statistics as Topic; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Bacteriophage Typing; Bacteriophages; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; India; Penicillins; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Kanamycin; Methicillin; Mycoses; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Toxicology; Vancomycin

Topics: Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Hospitals; Hospitals, Psychiatric; Humans; Lung; Penicillins; Skin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; United Kingdom; Urinary Catheterization; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Carrier State; Child; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Eggs; Epidemiology; Feces; Food Handling; Food Service, Hospital; Gastroenteritis; Geriatrics; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Metaraminol; Minnesota; Penicillin G; Penicillin G Procaine; Procaine; Salmonella; Salmonella Food Poisoning; Salmonella Infections; Tetracycline

A survey of Staphylococcus albus urinary infections is reported from a general hospital. The infection followed urethral instrumentation in 75% of the patients, and was usually caused by organisms already present in the urethra. Novobiocin-resistant strains caused infections in four out-patients with no predisposing lesions or instrumentation of the urinary tract.

Topics: Bacteriology; Coagulase; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Hydrolases; Male; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urethra; Urinary Catheterization; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Kanamycin; Nitrofurantoin; Ohio; Polymyxins; Sepsis; Streptomycin; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

A new strain of Staphylococcus aureus, implicated in severe "hospital-acquired" infections, has been recognized and identified. This strain is characterized by lysis with a recently isolated bacteriophage, UC-18. Resistance to penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline combined with widespread prevalence in the hospital environment make S. aureus UC-18 a significant contributor to endemic staphylcoccal disease in hospitals.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Cross Infection; Hospitals; Humans; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Abscess; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Cross Infection; Diabetes Mellitus; Erythromycin; Furunculosis; Fusidic Acid; Gangrene; Humans; Leukemia; Lung Diseases; Penicillins; Pyelonephritis; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Communicable Diseases; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Israel; Mastitis; Mothers; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Puerperal Disorders; Pyoderma; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptomycin; Sulfathiazoles; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Boston; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Therapy; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Hospitals, Urban; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Massachusetts; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Proteus Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Statistics as Topic; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bronchial Fistula; Bronchopneumonia; Cross Infection; Empyema; Humans; Influenza, Human; Lung Abscess; Pneumonectomy; Postoperative Complications; Sputum; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Thoracic Diseases; Thoracoplasty; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Air Microbiology; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Epidemiologic Studies; Epidemiology; Erythromycin; Humans; Kanamycin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Air Conditioning; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cross Infection; Escherichia coli; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Influenza, Human; Nose; Pharynx; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Viral; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus; Sterilization; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Epidemiology; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Obstetrics; Penicillin Resistance; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Geriatrics; Hospitals, General; Humans; Pneumococcal Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline

An aerosol-induced staphylococcal infection of previously non-infected guinea pigs is described. Investigations concerning the dynamics of this infection indicate that: 1. An infection ("carrier state") could be established predictably in every animal exposed to the aerosol inoculum. 2. Infection was limited to the upper respiratory tract and occurred without apparent systemic dissemination. 3. Cross-infection between infected and non-infected animals did not occur. 4. The initially established infection persisted in detectable form for 6 days or less in the majority of exposed animals. 5. Tetracycline administration prior to and following aerosol infection with tetracycline-resistant strains significantly prolonged the duration of the carrier state. 6. When tetracycline-resistant strains were employed, the infection could be recalled predictably by means of tetracycline administration. 7. Infection initiated with a tetracycline-susceptible strain could not be recalled by tetracycline administration. 8. The mechanism(s) of action of tetracycline in recalling the attenuated infection is (are) unknown. It (they) may not be wholly attributable to ecological changes alone, at least as these are usually considered. The indigenous microflora diminished and changed as a result of tetracycline administration, and no growth-enhancing effect of the antimicrobial of the infection strains was detectable in vitro. 9. The experimental model described lends itself well to the study of attenuated staphylococcal infection in guinea pigs, and to more general studies of staphylococcal epidemiology and pathogenesis.

Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Guinea Pigs; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; France; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Penicillins; Saints; Spiramycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Nose; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Child; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Hospitals; Humans; India; Infant; Micrococcus; Nose; Orthopedics; Penicillins; Pharynx; Pneumococcal Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Kanamycin; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Oleandomycin; Oxacillin; Penicillins; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Kanamycin; Oleandomycin; Osteomyelitis; Penicillin G; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Chloramphenicol; Classification; Cross Infection; Enterobacter; Erythromycin; Escherichia; Hospitals, General; Humans; Incidence; Neomycin; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline