tetracycline and Chlamydia-Infections

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that cause serious diseases in a wide range of hosts. Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the leading sexually transmitted pathogens in the world. Because vaccines are not currently available, effective drugs are essential. In both animals and humans, chlamydial infections are often treated with tetracycline or its derivatives. A stable tetracycline-resistant phenotype was described in Chlamydia suis strains from pigs in the USA and in Europe. In humans, there are reports of tetracycline treatment failure and the in vitro adaptability of C. trachomatis to evolve to antibiotic resistance has been described, suggesting the pressing need to search for alternative and effective classes of antimicrobial drugs. Host defense peptides (HDPs) are known as direct antimicrobial agents as well as innate immune modulators. Being active against multidrug-resistant bacteria, HDPs are attractive candidates as templates for new drugs. A number of studies evaluated the activity of natural and synthetic HDPs against Chlamydia spp., showing C. trachomatis to be the most sensitive among chlamydia species tested. Protegrins and α-helical peptides were the most active among the HDPs assessed.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cathelicidins; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Defensins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunologic Factors; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chlamydia Infections; Doxycycline; Female; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chlamydia Infections; Doxycycline; Female; Humans; Male; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Scrub Typhus; Tetracycline

Antibiotics are one of four arms of the SAFE strategy for the control of trachoma, an eye infection that is responsible for more cases of blindness than any condition other than cataract. The evidence for the use of topical tetracycline and oral tetracycline, doxycycline, erythromycin, cotrimoxazole and azithromycin in trachoma are reviewed here and a number of issues are nominated as research and policy priorities.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Doxycycline; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erythromycin; Humans; Ophthalmic Solutions; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Tetracycline; Trachoma; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

In the pathogenesis of spondyloarthropathies, infection and gut inflammation are the most important external triggering factors. Early antimicrobial therapy to treat urethritis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis is effective in preventing a recurrent reactive arthritis. When the arthritis appear, a short term conventional antimicrobial therapy is unable to modify its course. In acute chlamydia arthritis, patients benefit from a prolonged (3-month) treatment with tetracycline, while such a treatment has not proved to be effective in enteroarthritis or in chronic forms of reactive arthritis. The role of sulfasalazine in the treatment of patients with spondyloarthropathies is controversial. It might modify the disease course during acute and chronic reactive arthritis, and is working for patients with ankylosing spondylitis, especially patients with peripheral arthritis. Data showing an effect of sulfasalazine in the prevention of chronic spondyloarthropathy or in modification of the long-term prognosis of ankylosing spondylitis are, however, lacking.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis, Infectious; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Disease Progression; Humans; Inflammation; Prognosis; Spondylitis, Ankylosing; Sulfasalazine; Tetracycline

In the pathogenesis of reactive arthritis, infection through the mucosal route and genetic susceptibility (HLA-B27) are the most important contributing factors. With regard to non-specific urethritis, most probably caused by Chlamydia trachomatis infection, the use of early antimicrobial therapy has been shown to be effective in preventing arthritic recurrences. When the arthritis has been initiated, short-term conventional antimicrobial therapy seems unable to modify the course of the ongoing disease. In patients with acute reactive arthritis, a prolonged (3-month) treatment with tetracycline shortens the duration of arthritis when triggered by Chlamydia trachomatis, while such treatment has not proved effective in enteroarthritis. In patients with chronic reactive enteroarthritis, a prolonged course of quinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, might be of benefit. Sulfasalazine, which has an effect in the acute exacerbations of ankylosing spondylitis, is probably also effective in chronic reactive arthritis. An antimicrobial effect can be one of the mechanisms by which sulfasalazine exerts its therapeutic effect. Follow-up studies are necessary to assess the influence of antibiotic therapy on the late prognosis of patients with reactive arthritis.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis, Reactive; Chlamydia Infections; Ciprofloxacin; Humans; Sulfasalazine; Tetracycline

Topics: Canada; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Erythromycin; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Preventive Medicine; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in infections of the male genital tract is reviewed. The organism is an important cause of non-gonococcal urethritis, post-gonococcal urethritis and epididymitis, but does not appear to play a major part in the pathogenesis of chronic abacterial prostatitis or in proctitis in anoreceptive homosexual men.

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Epididymitis; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Urethritis

Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain TWAR is a newly recognized third species of Chlamydia. It is an important cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, and other acute respiratory infections. It is a human pathogen transmitted by the respiratory route. Successful antibiotic treatment with tetracycline or erythromycin requires high dosage and a prolonged course.

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Erythromycin; Humans; Pneumonia; Tetracycline

Topics: Age Factors; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Female; Humans; Tetracycline

Acute bacterial prostatitis caused by common urinary tract pathogens is an infrequent disease, and diagnostic difficulties are rarely encountered. On the other hand, chronic prostatitis is a common disease requiring rather elaborate diagnostic procedures. We applied the localization protocol of the four-specimen technique and combined quantitative determinations of microorganisms and quantitative cytologic analysis plus, in chlamydial infections, serologic investigations. Our studies provide good evidence that Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis must be considered etiologic agents in many cases of chronic bacterial prostatitis. These unconventional microorganisms are assumed to infect the prostate by way of intracanalicular ascension from the urethra.

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Chronic Disease; Humans; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Prostatitis; Tetracycline; Ureaplasma; Urethra; Urine

Topics: Cephalosporins; Chlamydia Infections; Clavulanic Acid; Clavulanic Acids; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Penicillanic Acid; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pharyngeal Diseases; Quinolines; Spectinomycin; Sulbactam; Syphilis; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Gonorrhea; Humans; Male; Spectinomycin; Tetracycline; Urethritis

Administration of silver nitrate 1% solution into the eyes of the newborn has proven effective in the prophylaxis of gonococcal neonatal conjunctivitis. Silver nitrate, however, is not active against Chlamydia trachomatis, the most common cause of neonatal conjunctivitis. Also, silver nitrate commonly is associated with substantial chemical irritation. For these reasons, alternative agents are receiving increasing attention. Recently, erythromycin 0.5% and tetracycline 1% ophthalmic ointments were recommended by the Centers for Disease Control Venereal Disease Control Division for prophylaxis of neonatal conjunctivitis. Erythromycin has proven at least as effective as silver nitrate for gonococcal prophylaxis, can prevent chlamydial conjunctivitis in infants born to Chlamydia-positive mothers, and is associated with minimal complications. Clinical studies, however, demonstrating significant differences between erythromycin and tetracycline ophthalmic ointments are lacking. Well-controlled clinical studies comparing silver nitrate, erythromycin, and tetracycline prophylaxis are needed to determine the relative effectiveness of these agents.

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacitracin; Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Penicillins; Silver Nitrate; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Humans; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila psittaci; Humans; Meningococcal Infections; Mycoplasma Infections; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal; Pneumonia, Viral; Tetracycline

The trachoma and LGV organisms, the human pathogens of the species C. trachomatis, cause oculogenital infections and disease syndromes of the eye and genital tract. The incidence of the most prominent disease, endemic trachoma with eye-to-eye transmission, is decreasing all over the world. At the same time there is increasing recognition of high-frequency venereal infections with trachoma organisms and of the genital disease and occasional ocular disease that they cause. Laboratory techniques for diagnosis and investigation are improving, but work with these interesting intermediate agents remains more difficult than that with many other microorganisms. Proper recognition of the diseases is important because specific therapy is available.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lymphogranuloma Venereum; Male; Middle Aged; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trachoma; United States

Topics: Animals; Birds; Chick Embryo; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Complement Fixation Tests; DNA, Bacterial; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Lung; Male; Mice; Neutralization Tests; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis; RNA, Bacterial; Sputum; Sulfadiazine; Tetracycline; United States; Virulence; Zoonoses

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bird Diseases; Birds; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Chloramphenicol; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Cycloserine; Disease Models, Animal; Erythromycin; Glycosides; Humans; Lymphogranuloma Venereum; Nystatin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Psittacosis; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trachoma; Vancomycin

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Penicillins; Psittacosis; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trachoma

To investigate whether the use of an antibacterial vaginal pessary containing tetracycline and amphotericin B would reduce complications from large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ).. Prospective randomised controlled trial.. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong.. A total of 321 women who underwent LLETZ.. Women were randomised to either receiving an antimicrobial vaginal pessary twice a day for 14 days after LLETZ or no medication. Before LLETZ, endocervical and high vaginal swabs were taken for the detection of Chlamydia and other pathogens. All women were given a diary to record the degree of symptoms, such as vaginal discharge, bleeding and pain for 3 weeks. These were then compared between the two groups.. Bleeding, vaginal discharge and pain after LLETZ.. There was no significant difference in the total bleeding, vaginal discharge and pain scores between the two groups. However, for women who had positive endocervical or high vaginal swabs, the treatment group had significantly less bleeding in the second week (Z=-2.083, P= 0.037) and less overall vaginal discharge (Z=-2.024, P= 0.043).. An antimicrobial vaginal pessary containing tetracycline and amphotericin B did not provide any significant benefit after LLETZ, except for a subgroup of women with positive vaginal or endocervical swabs. Given that this group of women cannot be identified before the procedure since swabs are not routinely taken, the use of routine prophylactic topical antibiotics cannot be recommended for the general population.

Topics: Abdominal Pain; Administration, Intravaginal; Adult; Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Chlamydia Infections; Female; Humans; Pessaries; Postoperative Complications; Prospective Studies; Tetracycline; Treatment Failure; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Uterine Hemorrhage; Vaginal Discharge

Major outer membrane protein sequences, determined from Chlamydia-positive eye swab samples collected in 2 Egyptian villages, were used to analyze the epidemiology of trachoma in an endemic setting. Samples were collected during the 1999 Azithromycin in Control of Trachoma trial, in which residents of villages were mass treated with either oral azithromycin or topical tetracycline and were followed up for nearly 2 years. Three genovar families (A, Ba, and C) and 12 genovars were detected, with 2 genovars (A1 and Ba1) comprising almost 75% of the samples. The presence of >1 genovar within households was common, with > or =24% of households having >1 genovar. Evidence consistent with reinfection and persistence as mechanisms of communitywide continued presence of trachoma was provided by data for individuals infected with rare genovars.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Conjunctivitis, Bacterial; DNA, Bacterial; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rural Population; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Tetracycline

To assess the efficacy and occurrence of severe side effects associated with the use of a single dose of azithromycin in the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnant women.. Patients and their sexual partners were randomized into three treatment groups: both the patient and her sexual partner received a single dose of azithromycin (group 1); the patient was given a standard course of erythromycin, while her partner was given a standard course of tetracycline (group 2); and the patient was given a single dose of azithromycin with the sexual partner given a standard course of tetracycline (group 3). Group 3 was included in order to assess the relative efficacy of tetracycline with respect to the use of azithromycin among patients and to indirectly assess possible patient reinfection by sexual partners.. With respect to the cure rate, 4.5% of study participants given azithromycin has positive cultures vs. 21.1% of patients given erythromycin or tetracycline (P = .018). With respect to side effects severe enough to warrant a change in medication, 7.4% of patients receiving azithromycin reported suffering such side effects vs. 38.8% of patients given erythromycin (P = .02). Among sexual partners, 28.6% given tetracycline reported severe side effects vs. none of those given azithromycin (P = .03).. Azithromycin in the treatment of C trachomatis in pregnant women substantially improved the cure rates while substantially reducing the occurrence of severe side effects associated with the use of a standard course of erythromycin. Since both tetracycline and erythromycin are known to be effective against C trachomatis infection, the improved efficacy of azithromycin is probably due to noncompliance with the multidose, multiday regimen associated with the use of these two antibiotics.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Logistic Models; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Sexual Partners; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Drug Costs; Humans; Lymecycline; Male; Sweden; Tetracycline; Urethritis

Difloxacin is a new quinolone antimicrobial agent with in vitro activity against both Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis and a long (26-h) half-life. A single oral dose of 200 mg of difloxacin was used to treat 30 men with uncomplicated urethral gonorrhea in an open trial. Of the isolates of N. gonorrhoeae, three produced penicillinase and two were resistant to tetracycline. N. gonorrhoeae was eradicated from all 29 evaluable patients. The geometric mean MIC of difloxacin for 30 pretreatment N. gonorrhoeae isolates was 0.014 (range, less than or equal to 0.0039 to 0.03) microgram/ml. Four (13.3%) of the 30 subjects with gonococcal urethritis also had C. trachomatis recovered from their pretreatment cultures. Treatment with difloxacin was associated with the eradication of C. trachomatis from all four men. In addition, C. trachomatis was isolated from the posttreatment culture of only one man who had a negative culture before treatment. Nineteen patients (65.5%) reported adverse experiences, and 17 of them (58.6%) developed symptoms suggestive of central nervous system dysfunction. An oral dose of 200 mg of difloxacin is effective treatment for uncomplicated urethral gonorrhea and may also eliminate a coexisting infection with C. trachomatis. Side effects may limit the utility of this agent.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Ciprofloxacin; Clinical Trials as Topic; Fluoroquinolones; Gonorrhea; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Penicillin G; Tetracycline

Opinions differ concerning the efficacy of prophylaxis against neonatal chlamydial and gonococcal conjunctivitis. From January 1986 through June 1988, we gave all infants born at Kings County Hospital Medical Center one of three prophylactic agents -- silver nitrate drops, erythromycin ophthalmic ointment, or tetracycline ophthalmic ointment. The treatments were rotated monthly. Gonococcal ophthalmia occurred in 8 of the 12,431 infants born during the study (0.06 percent), 1 in the silver nitrate group, 4 in the erythromycin group, and 3 in the tetracycline group (P not significant). Seven of these infants were born to women who had received no prenatal care. From September 1985 through December 1987, we screened 4357 pregnant women for cervical chlamydial infection, of whom 341 (8 percent) had positive cultures. Of their offspring, 230 were evaluated for neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis; the incidence was 20 percent in the silver nitrate group, 14 percent in the erythromycin group, and 11 percent in the tetracycline group (P not significant). We conclude that neonatal ocular prophylaxis with either erythromycin or tetracycline ophthalmic ointment does not significantly reduce the incidence of chlamydial conjunctivitis in the offspring of mothers with chlamydial infection as compared with silver nitrate, and that better management of maternal chlamydial infection is therefore required. We also conclude that there is a small but appreciable incidence of neonatal gonococcal ophthalmia that could be prevented by better prenatal screening and treatment of maternal gonococcal infection.

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ointments; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Ophthalmic Solutions; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

The antibacterial efficacy and tolerability of erythromycin acistrate (EA) and erythromycin stearate (ES) were compared in 100 male patients with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). The dosage of EA was 400 mg tid and that of ES 500 mg tid. Mean duration of treatment was ten days. When the final evaluation of the trial was made, the patient material was divided into two groups. One group consisted of patients with chlamydia-positive culture before treatment, the other of chlamydia-negative patients with signs of infection in the direct smear. There were 17 patients with chlamydial infection in the EA-group, and the microbiological cure rate was 100%. In the ES-group there were 21 patients with chlamydial infection and the microbiological cure rate was 95%. In the EA-group, the cure rate of chlamydia-negative NGU patients was 78%, and the corresponding figure in the ES-group was 86%. There was no difference in the cure rates between the two groups on either drug. In the EA-group, 25 patients (50%) reported side effects, in 22 these were gastrointestinal. In the ES-group, 26 patients (52%) reported side effects; in 22 these were gastrointestinal. Two patients in the EA-group discontinued the treatment because of gastrointestinal side effects. There were no differences between the groups in the frequency, severity and duration of side effects.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Humans; Male; Prodrugs; Tetracycline; Urethritis

A total of 113 women thought to have chlamydial infection of the lower genital tract were studied prospectively to evaluate the effect of antibiotic treatment on antibodies to chlamydiae detected by microimmunofluorescence. Of them, 81 were randomly selected for treatment with a two week course of either triple tetracycline or erythromycin stearate, and 32 who had microimmunofluorescent antibodies to, but did not yield cultures for, chlamydiae were used as controls and left untreated. Results for the treated patients showed that 22 (27%) had at least a fourfold fall in the microimmunofluorescent titre, but there was a similar rise in titre in 14 (17%), and the titre remained unaltered in 45 (56%) patients. In the control group 10 (31%) patients had at least a fourfold fall in titre, but there was a similar rise in titre in seven (22%), and it remained unaltered in 15 (47%) patients. The differences between these percentages in treated and untreated patients were not significant.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies, Bacterial; Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Tetracycline

One hundred thirteen women had Chlamydia trachomatis isolated from the cervix, or urethra, or both, were treated, and followed until failure occurred or for at least 40 days after initiation of treatment. On regimens given four times daily for 7 days, failure occurred in three (8%) of 38 on tetracycline, 500 mg, in none of five on erythromycin, 500 mg, and in three (8%) of 37 on erythromycin, 250 mg. On regimens of 500 mg given four times daily for 10 days, failure occurred in none of nine on tetracycline and in one (4%) of 24 on sulfisoxazole. Erythromycin, 500 mg, was stopped because of severe side effects. Another 10 women were given a loading dose of ampicillin plus additional ampicillin for 3 to 21 days and were followed for 4 to 76 days after treatment was stopped. Only two women remained culture positive after therapy. This study demonstrates that antimicrobial regimens that are frequently given to women in North America have significant activity against C. trachomatis.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Random Allocation; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracycline; Urethritis; Uterine Cervicitis

Topics: Cervix Uteri; Chlamydia Infections; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Uterine Cervical Diseases

The obligate intracellular bacterium

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Lactobacillus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxidative Stress; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pyocyanine; Tetracycline

Chlamydia suis is an endemic pig pathogen, belonging to a fascinating genus of obligate intracellular pathogens. Of particular interest, this is the only chlamydial species to have naturally acquired genes encoding for tetracycline resistance. To date, the distribution and mobility of the Tet-island are not well understood. Our study focused on whole genome sequencing of 29 C. suis isolates from a recent porcine cohort within Switzerland, combined with data from USA tetracycline-resistant isolates. Our findings show that the genome of C. suis is very plastic, with unprecedented diversity, highly affected by recombination and plasmid exchange. A large diversity of isolates circulates within Europe, even within individual Swiss farms, suggesting that C. suis originated around Europe. New World isolates have more restricted diversity and appear to derive from European isolates, indicating that historical strain transfers to the United States have occurred. The architecture of the Tet-island is variable, but the tetA(C) gene is always intact, and recombination has been a major factor in its transmission within C. suis. Selective pressure from tetracycline use within pigs leads to a higher number of Tet-island carrying isolates, which appear to be lost in the absence of such pressure, whereas the loss or gain of the Tet-island from individual strains is not observed. The Tet-island appears to be a recent import into the genome of C. suis, with a possible American origin.

Topics: Animals; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Genomics; Livestock; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Swine; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria developing in an intracytoplasmic niche, the inclusion. Chlamydia growth measurement by inclusion counting is a key task in the development of novel antichlamydial antibiotics and in vaccine studies. Most of the current counting methods rely on the immunofluorescent staining of the inclusions and either manual or automatic microscopy detection and enumeration. The manual method is highly labor intensive, while the automatic methods are either medium-throughput or require automatic microscopy. The sensitive and specific PCR technology could be an effective method for growth related chlamydial DNA detection; however the currently described PCR approaches have a major limitation, the requirement of purification of DNA or RNA from the infected cells. This limitation makes this approach unfeasible for high-throughput screenings. To overcome this, we developed a quantitative PCR (qPCR) method for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA directly from the infected HeLa cells. With our method we were able to detect the bacterial growth in a 4 log scale (multiplicity of infection (MOI): 64 to 0.0039), with high correlation between the biological and technical replicates. As a further proof of the method, we applied the direct qPCR for antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurements. The measured MICs of moxifloxacin, tetracycline, clarithromycin and compound PCC00213 were 0.031 μg/ml, 0.031 μg/ml, 0.0039 μg/ml and 6.2 μg/ml respectively, identical or close to the already published MIC values. Our direct qPCR method for chlamydial growth and antibiotic MIC determination is less time-consuming, more objective and more sensitive than the currently applied manual or automatic fluorescent microscopy- based methods.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Clarithromycin; DNA, Bacterial; HeLa Cells; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Bacterial; Tetracycline

The aims of the present study were to assess the prevalence of Chlamydia suis in an Italian pig herd, determine the tetracycline susceptibility of C. suis isolates, and evaluate tet(C) and tetR(C) gene expression. Conjunctival swabs from 20 pigs were tested for C. suis by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and 55% (11) were positive. C. suis was then isolated from 11 conjunctival swabs resampled from the same herd. All positive samples and isolates were positive for the tet(C) resistance gene. The in vitro susceptibility to tetracycline of the C. suis isolates showed MIC values ranging from 0.5 to 4 μg/mL. Tet(C) and tetR(C) transcripts were found in all the isolates, cultured both in the absence and presence of tetracycline. This contrasts with other Gram-negative bacteria in which both genes are repressed in the absence of the drug. Further investigation into tet gene regulation in C. suis is needed.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; DNA, Bacterial; Italy; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Repressor Proteins; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

In pigs, Chlamydia suis has been associated with respiratory disease, diarrhea and conjunctivitis, but there is a high rate of inapparent C. suis infection found in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Tetracycline resistance in C. suis has been described in the USA, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, Cyprus and Israel. Tetracyclines are commonly used in pig production due to their broad-spectrum activity and relatively low cost. The aim of this study was to isolate clinical C. suis samples in cell culture and to evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility in vitro under consideration of antibiotic treatment on herd level. Swab samples (n = 158) identified as C. suis originating from 24 farms were further processed for isolation, which was successful in 71% of attempts with a significantly higher success rate from fecal swabs compared to conjunctival swabs. The farms were divided into three treatment groups: A) farms without antibiotic treatment, B) farms with prophylactic oral antibiotic treatment of the whole herd consisting of trimethoprime, sulfadimidin and sulfathiazole (TSS), or C) farms giving herd treatment with chlortetracycline with or without tylosin and sulfadimidin (CTS). 59 isolates and their corresponding clinical samples were selected and tested for the presence or absence of the tetracycline resistance class C gene [tet(C)] by conventional PCR and isolates were further investigated for their antibiotic susceptibility in vitro. The phenotype of the investigated isolates was either classified as tetracycline sensitive (Minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] < 2 μg/ml), intermediate (2 μg/ml ≤ MIC < 4 μg/ml) or resistant (MIC ≥ 4 μg/ml). Results of groups and individual pigs were correlated with antibiotic treatment and time of sampling (beginning/end of the fattening period). We found clear evidence for selective pressure as absence of antibiotics led to isolation of only tetracycline sensitive or intermediate strains whereas tetracycline treatment resulted in a greater number of tetracycline resistant isolates.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bacterial Load; Bacterial Proteins; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; False Negative Reactions; Farms; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Repressor Proteins; Selection, Genetic; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases; Switzerland; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Postvenereal reactive arthritis is an inflammatory form of arthritis that commonly develops after urogenital infection, predominantly in human leucocyte antigen-B27-positive men in the third decade of life. In our hospital, patients underwent synovectomy before a 4-month course of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and roxithromicin). The clinical remission was achieved in approximately 70% patients. At molecular level, the remission was associated with the negative polymerase chain reaction findings of bacteria.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis, Reactive; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Ciprofloxacin; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Roxithromycin; Synovial Membrane; Tetracycline; Treatment Outcome

The conventional method for quantification of Chlamydia infection using fluorescence microscopy typically involves time- and labor-intensive manual enumeration, which is not applicable for a large-scale analysis required for an inhibitory compound screen. In this study, an alamarBlue (resazurin) assay was adopted to measure Chlamydia infection by measuring the redox capability of infected host cells in a 96-well format. The assay provided measurements comparable to those of the conventional microscopy method while drastically reducing the time required for analysis.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biological Assay; Cell Survival; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Fibroblasts; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; L Cells; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxazines; Polymyxin B; Tetracycline; Xanthenes

In my office I occasionally see neonates with conjunctivitis. What are the current recommendations for ocular prophylaxis at birth? Do topical antibiotics alone provide adequate treatment of neonatal conjunctivitis? When is systemic therapy indicated?. All infants should receive ocular prophylaxis at birth to prevent gonococcal ophthalmia. Neonates presenting with signs of conjunctivitis should have a conjunctival swab sent for Gram stain and culture. If Gram-negative diplococci are present on the Gram stain results, the infants and their parents should be treated immediately for presumed gonorrhea. Infants with chlamydial infection should be treated with oral antibiotics. Most of all other forms of bacterial conjunctivitis can be treated with topical antibiotics, with the exception of Pseudomonas infection. Infants should be followed during their treatment and upon completion of therapy to ensure resolution of symptoms. For cases in which sexually transmitted bacteria are implicated, the mothers and their sexual partners should be treated.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlamydia Infections; Conjunctivitis; Erythromycin; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Silver Nitrate; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Similar cases of severe reproductive failure associated with the presence of Chlamydia suis in two Belgian, one Cypriote and one Israeli pig farrowing to slaughter farms are presented. Vaginal and rectal swabs from 39 sows were examined by culture and DNA microarray. Nineteen of 23 (83 %) C. suis-positive sows were infected with tetracycline-resistant C. suis strains, as determined by MIC tests. Furthermore, boar semen from a German artificial insemination centre, intended for export, was positive for C. suis. Emergence of tetracycline-resistant C. suis strains was confirmed.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Belgium; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Cyprus; DNA, Bacterial; Insemination, Artificial; Israel; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Reproduction; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

This study investigated the existence of vaginal Chlamydia infection and the prevalence of the disease in symptomatic gynecologically diseased women in Egypt. In addition, the antibiotics penicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin were evaluated for their in vitro antichlamydial activity of the isolated strains. Vaginal swabs (n=160) were collected from females gynecologically diseased using cotton swabs. Samples were tested for Chlamydia by Vero cells tissue culture, chicken embryo, Gimenez staining, direct fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibody staining, and immunoperoxidase. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses conducted for the presence of chlamydial DNA was used to detect its specific DNA by the omp2 gene. PCR analyses conducted for the presence of chlamydial DNA revealed that 112/160 (70%) were positive for Chlamydiaceae. The specific DNA defined by the omp2 gene identified them as Chlamydia trachomatis (17/112, 15.2%), Chlamydophila psittaci (56/112, 50.0%), and Chlamydophila abortus (40/112, 35.7%). The antibiotics penicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin at different concentrations were effective in inactivating the viability of Chlamydiaceae isolates.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Chick Embryo; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydiaceae; Chlorocebus aethiops; Egypt; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillins; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Tetracycline; Vagina; Vero Cells

To explore the effects of mycoplasma and chlamydia infections on tubal infertilityand to assess the antibiotic susceptibility and resistance of female urogenital, and consequently to guide clinical rational drug use.. 327 tubal infertility women as infertility group and 286 healthy pregnant women as control group were randomly selected, detected chlamydia trachomatis (CT), ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) and mycoplasma hominis (MH) in cervical secretions and drug resistance of UU and MH.. CT infection rates (14.99%), UU infection rates (23.24%), UU + MH infection rates (29.05%),CT + UU + MH infection rates (9.17%) and total infection rates (88.99%) in infertility group is higher than those (order: 2.80%, 6.99%, 8.39%, 4.55%, 29.02%) in the control group, comparisons of two groups are statistically significant differences (P < 0.05), the susceptibility of UU to roxithromycin (sensitivity is 96.05%), josamycin (sensitivity is 96.05%), tetracycline (sensitivity is 82.89%), vibramycin( sensitivity is 92.11%) and clarithromycin (sensitivity is 96.05%) were relatively high and low to ciprofloxacin and acetyl spiramycin. The susceptibility of MH to josamycin (sensitivity is 95.83%), vibramycin (sensitivity is 91.67%), minocin (sensitivity is 83.33%) and actinospectacin (sensitivity is 75.00%) were relatively high and low to erythromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin and clarithromycin. UU + MH was only sensitive to josamycin (sensitivity is 90.52%), high resistance (77.89% -91.58%) to erythromycin, azithromycin, acetyl spiramycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, azithromycin and clarithromycin.. Infection of CT, UU, MH and tubal infertility have certain relevance,the rates of CT, UU and MH infection in tubal infertility patients higher than fertile people. For many commonantibacterial drugs, UU, MH and UU + MH has strong resistance, the etiology detection and using adapted antibios should be taken seriously in clinical treatment.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Clarithromycin; Doxycycline; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Josamycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minocycline; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Roxithromycin; Spectinomycin; Tetracycline; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Urogenital System; Young Adult

Topics: Animals; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Italy; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline

An outbreak of chlamydiosis was diagnosed in hatchling and juvenile Indopacific crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) on a crocodile farm in Papua New Guinea. The outbreak was characterised by high mortality with hepatitis and exudative conjunctivitis. The agent appears to have been introduced with live wild-caught crocodiles, which are purchased routinely by the farm. Improved quarantine procedures and treatment with tetracycline led to a rapid reduction of losses on the farm.

Topics: Alligators and Crocodiles; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Conjunctivitis, Bacterial; Disease Outbreaks; Eggs; Female; Hepatitis, Animal; Male; Papua New Guinea; Quarantine; Tetracycline

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a family of host-derived enzymes involved in the turnover of extracellular matrix molecules. We have previously reported enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinases in Chlamydia muridarum urogenital tract infection of female mice. Kinetics and patterns of MMP expression as well as enhanced expression in susceptible strains of mice in the prior study implied a role for MMP in pathogenesis. To explore this further, we infected a susceptible strain of mice (C3H/HeN) with C. muridarum and treated two groups of mice with either one of two chemical inhibitors of MMP (MMPi; captopril and a chemically modified tetracycline) and reserved infected sham-treated mice as controls. Neither of the treatments affected shedding of viable chlamydiae from the lower urogenital tract, but the administration of either MMPi protected mice from the formation of hydrosalpinx-a surrogate marker of oviduct occlusion and infertility. Interestingly, the mechanism of protection for mice treated with chemically modified tetracycline 3, appeared to be related to prevention of ascending upper genital tract infection. These results imply that MMP are involved in pathogenesis of chlamydial infection in this model by mediating ascension of the infection into the upper genital tract.

Topics: Animals; Captopril; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia muridarum; Chronic Disease; Female; Female Urogenital Diseases; Hydroxamic Acids; Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Oligopeptides; Tetracycline

The World Health Organization has proposed the syndromic approach for management of sexually transmissible diseases (STD) in countries where diagnostic laboratory tests are not consistently available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach for treatment of ureteral discharge in Senegal. Twenty seven men presenting ureteral discharge underwent two-week treatment using a combination of cotrimoxazole plus tetracycline for suspected gonococcal and a chlamydial infections. Ureteral samples were collected before and after treatment to detect Neisseria gonorrhoeae by culture and Chlamydia trachomatis by direct immunofluorescence and ELISA. Results demonstrated successful treatment of all patients presenting gonococcal and chlamydial infections i.e. 84.6% of cases. Neither germ was detected in 15.4% of cases. Before treatment, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis or both were found respectively in 53.9%, 5.1% and 25.6% of samples respectively. Based on these findings we conclude that the syndromic approach was effective in 84.6% of cases but treatment was in adequation with STD biologically documented only with 25.6% of cases.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Gonorrhea; Humans; Male; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Senegal; Syndrome; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Urethral Diseases

To study the treatment efficacy of tetracyclines and azithromycin in Mycoplasma genitalium positive patients attending an STD clinic.. All M genitalium positive patients (34 men and 26 women) attending an STD clinic during a 6 month period were treated with antibiotics. All patients known to be partners of M genitalium positive patients and those who were M genitalium positive, but not initially treated, were treated with azithromycin. Patients with urethritis and/or cervicitis were treated with tetracyclines before their M genitalium status was known.. 10 of 14 women (71%) and 10 of 16 men (63%) treated with tetracyclines were M genitalium positive at follow up, whereas all patients treated with azithromycin (16 men and 20 women) were M genitalium negative, at the 4 week follow up visit.. These results suggest that tetracyclines are not sufficient to eradicate M genitalium. Randomised controlled treatment trials are urgently needed.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chlamydia Infections; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Male; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tetracycline

Topics: Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Infections; Macrolides; Penicillins; Rheumatic Diseases; Tetracycline; Treatment Outcome

A population-based case-control study of patients enrolled at Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound was conducted to evaluate whether past use of antibiotics active against Chlamydia pneumoniae is associated with a decrease in the risk of first myocardial infarction (MI). Cases with incident fatal and nonfatal MI from mid-1986 through 1995 (n=1796) were compared with randomly sampled controls frequency-matched to cases for age, sex, and year (n=4882). Use of erythromycin, tetracycline, or doxycycline during the previous 5 years was not associated with an alteration in the risk of first MI. In an adjusted logistic regression model, the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for categories of cumulative duration of therapy with any of the three agents combined for 0, 1-14, 15-28, and >/=29 days were 1.0 (reference), 0.93 (0.81-1.07), 0.99 (0.81-1.20), and 1.03 (0.84-1.26), respectively. These results suggest little or no association between past use of erythromycin or tetracycline antibiotics and the risk of first MI among this population.

Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Case-Control Studies; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Doxycycline; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Myocardial Infarction; Risk Factors; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cells, Cultured; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phagosomes; Rickettsia; Rickettsia Infections; Tetracycline

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-chlamydial activities in vitro of liposome-encapsulated doxycycline (Dox) and tetracycline (Tet) in comparison with free Dox and Tet. Dox and Tet encapsulated in cationic (CAL), anionic (ANL) and neutral (NTL) liposomes by sonication, were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anti-chlamydial activities were determined by addition of serial dilutions of antibiotics (MIC 0.12-0.007 mg/L; MBC 4-0.25 mg/L) to HeLa 229 cell monolayers inoculated with Chlamydia trachomatis L2/434/Bu (10(3) ifu/well). After incubation for 72 h at 37 degrees C, chlamydial inclusions were stained by the May-Grünwald Giemsa method to establish MICs. MBCs were determined in chlamydial agent-free medium after second passages. Dox-encapsulation efficiencies were 28.6 SEM 6.4% in cationic (CAL-Dox), 49.1 SEM 6.7% in anionic (ANL-Dox) and 21.0 SEM 0.8% in neutral (NTL-Dox) liposomes. Tet-encapsulation efficiencies were 3.5 SEM 0.3% in anionic (ANL-Tet) and 2.2 SEM 0.6% in neutral (NTL-Tet) liposomes; no Tet was detected in cationic (CAL-Tet) liposomes. MIC values were 0.06 mg/L for Dox, 0.12 mg/L for Tet, 0.03 mg/L for CAL-Dox, NTL-Dox and NTL-Tet, and 0.01 mg/L for ANL-Dox and ANL-Tet. MBCs were 4 mg/L for Tet, 0.5 mg/L for CAL-Dox and NTL-Dox, and 1 mg/L for Dox, ANL-Dox, ANL-Tet, NTL-Tet and NTL-Tet. For MICs, the relative increase in anti-chlamydial activity observed with liposomal formulations compared to the corresponding free antibiotic ranged from 2- to 6-fold with Dox and from 4- to 10-fold with Tet. For MBCs, the relative increases in anti-chlamydial activity were 2- and 4-fold with liposome-encapsulated Dox and Tet, respectively. Dox was better encapsulated than Tet in all liposomes. Liposome-encapsulated drugs showed greater anti-chlamydial activities than their free forms; thus, these drug formulations have potential in the treatment of chlamydial infections.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Doxycycline; Drug Carriers; HeLa Cells; Humans; Liposomes; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phospholipids; Tetracycline

Three patients with a chlamydial respiratory tract infection showed significant titre rises for the three chlamydial micro-immunofluorescence tests, performed with Chlamydia pneumoniae, C. psittaci and C. trachomatis. Such cross-reactions procure an inaccurate discrimination between the various Chlamydia species which remains speculative anyhow when only a positive serological profile against one chlamydial subspecies is performed. We consider that using the serologic assay as proof for past sexually transmitted C. trachomatis infection falls outside the limits of prudent interpretation of laboratory tests.

Topics: Aged; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bird Diseases; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Chlamydophila psittaci; Complement Fixation Tests; Erythromycin; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Parakeets; Pneumonia; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Chlortetracycline; Contact Tracing; Demeclocycline; Doxycycline; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erythromycin; Humans; Male; Ofloxacin; Recurrence; Tetracycline; Urethritis

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Coronary Disease; Humans; Macrophage Activation; Potassium Channels; Roxithromycin; Tetracycline

The basic mechanisms underlying reactive arthritis and specifically the joint injury that follows intra-articular Chlamydia trachomatis infection have not been defined. The present study addresses this question through the development of an experimental model. Stable cell lines were generated from synoviocytes harvested from the knee joints of Lewis rats. The synoviocytes were cocultivated with C. trachomatis to allow invasion by the microbe and were then transferred by intra-articular injection into the knee joints of Lewis rats. The ensuing arthritis could be subdivided into an early phase (

Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Reactive; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Blotting, Western; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Chronic Disease; Ciprofloxacin; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Injections, Intra-Articular; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Subcutaneous; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Spleen; Synovial Membrane; Tetracycline; Time Factors

To study the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) cervical infection in infertility women, and therapeutic effectiveness of tetracycline and qianglimycin.. CT in cervical swab specimen was detected by cell culture, polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and immunofluorescent assay(IFA), Uu in cervical swab specimen was detected by culture, in a group of 145 infertility women, before and after treatment, and 45 women at productive age who attended obstetric and gynecologic clinic.. The positive rate of CT by cell culture, PCR, IFA(shell) and IFA(direct smear) was 62.7%, 66.8%, 64.8% and 36.5%, respectively, which was obviously higher than that of the control (P < 0.01). The positive rate of Uu was 33.1%, that of CT and Uu co-infection was 18.6%. Both were obviously higher than those of the control (P < 0.01).. This study indicates that the prevalence of CT and Uu cervical infection in infertility women is high. CT and Uu cervical infection is closely related to female infertility. The therapeutic effectiveness of tetracycline and qianglimycin is not ideal.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; China; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Prevalence; Tetracycline; Ureaplasma Infections; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Uterine Cervicitis

Topics: Angina, Unstable; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Humans; Myocardial Infarction; Norway; Roxithromycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Administration, Oral; Chlamydia Infections; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Humans; Keratoconjunctivitis; Lymphocytes; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Cephalosporins; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; France; Humans; Male; Penicillin Resistance; Tetracycline

To determine the clinical characteristics, possible etiologic agents, and response to oral antibiotic therapy in patients with phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis.. The authors reviewed the medical records of the 17 patients with phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis who were seen and treated at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute between 1981 and 1991.. All 17 patients were younger than 18 years of age at the onset of their disease. Girls (n = 14) outnumbered boys (n = 3) 4:1. Significant incapacitating symptoms and ocular morbidity occurred frequently, including three perforated corneas. Five of ten patients who were tested for Chlamydia infection had positive test results and five patients possibly had early rosacea dermatitis. All patients experienced long-term remission of their ocular disease after a course of oral tetracycline or erythromycin. Two patients demonstrated unique linear (fascicular) corneal phlyctenules.. Oral tetracycline or erythromycin treatment produces long-lasting remission of phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis in affected children.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Keratoconjunctivitis; Male; Rosacea; Tetracycline; Treatment Outcome; Ulcer

The presence of nasal discharge on a child's face increases the risk of active trachoma, suggesting that Chlamydia trachomatis in nasal secretions may be a possible source of ocular reinfection. The prevalence of chlamydia in nasal secretions and the risk of reinfection after mass treatment was investigated in a hyperendemic area of Tanzania.. In one village a total of 232 children aged 1 to 7 years were followed before and after mass treatment. Clinical trachoma, and microbiologic evidence of chlamydia, were assessed at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks into mass treatment, and 4 weeks after treatment stopped. The presence of chlamydia in ocular and nasal secretions was determined by polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay techniques.. Of the 232 children, 59% had clinical trachoma and 27% had nasal specimens positive for chlamydia. Children with positive ocular chlamydia specimens and/or clinical trachoma were significantly more likely to have positive nasal specimens. At the end of mass treatment, only 4% of children had positive ocular specimens. However, 1 month after treatment stopped, the incidence of new infection was 21%. The rate of new ocular infections in those who had negative ocular specimens after treatment was similar between those who had positive and those who had negative nasal specimens at baseline. Positive ocular specimens at baseline was not a predictor of risk of new infection after treatment (odds ratio = 1.18, 95% confidence interval = 0.58, 2.40), suggesting these new infections were not the result of latent or persistent organism.. These data do not support a role for nasal secretions in causing reinfection after treatment. One mass topical treatment alone is unlikely to be effective in trachoma hyperendemic areas as shown by the rapid re-emergence of infection.

Topics: Base Sequence; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Nasal Mucosa; Prevalence; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Tanzania; Tetracycline; Trachoma

Two cases of follicular conjunctivitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis followed by punctate epithelial keratitis are described. Both cases were initially treated with either oral tetracycline or doxycycline with resolution of the follicles. These two patients subsequently had recurrent, bilateral grayish lesions at various levels in the corneal epithelium that stained in a punctate fashion with fluorescein. There was anterior stromal edema associated with some of these lesions in one case. The lesions were confined mostly to the central cornea. These recurrent lesions were unassociated with a conjunctival reaction, were unresponsive to oral tetracycline, but were exquisitely responsive to low doses of topical steroids. Chlamydial conjunctivitis and the associated keratitis typically shows no response or actual exacerbation of symptoms with topical steroids, and the keratitis shows a predilection for the upper half of the cornea. These patients demonstrate that chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis might result in a clinical appearance consistent with Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Conjunctivitis; Doxycycline; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Keratitis; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Amoxicillin; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Tetracycline

Chlamydia pneumoniae, a newly described Chlamydia species, has been shown to be a cause of acute respiratory tract infection in both adults and children, but its role in human infection is still under investigation. Here we present a family outbreak of C. pneumoniae infection where three members of a family presented with a 'flu-like illness' and acute upper respiratory tract infection which did not improve despite penicillin or septrin therapy. No history of exposure to birds, pets or animals was obtained. As C. pneumoniae isolation from respiratory secretions is not without difficulty, diagnosis usually relies currently on serum-based tests. In this study C. pneumoniae specific IgM determined by the micro-immunofluorescence test was detected in the three clinical cases. All three cases had an elevated complement-fixing antibody titre to Psittacosis-LGV antigen, which may have suggested psittacosis, if type-specific tests had not been performed. In addition, three other members of the family had C. pneumoniae-specific IgG antibody although specific IgM was absent. These three younger members of the family had been symptomatic in the month preceding symptoms in their older sibling and their parents. All the symptomatic members of the family made a complete recovery on tetracycline therapy.

Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Bacterial; Child; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Disease Outbreaks; Family Health; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Immunoglobulin M; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Chlamydia pneumoniae is emerging as a significant cause of respiratory disease, including pneumonia and bronchitis, in humans. In this recently completed study of infection due to C. pneumoniae in patients presenting with pneumonia to SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn, we identified two individuals for whom cultures were positive on multiple occasions over a 1-year period. To determine the frequency of persistent respiratory infection with C. pneumoniae, follow-up specimens were obtained from nine individuals with culture-documented C. pneumoniae infection. Five of these individuals had persistent infection: four had a flulike illness characterized by pharyngitis, and one had bronchitis with prominent bronchospasm. All five individuals appeared to have acute C. pneumoniae infection as determined by results of serologic tests (titers of IgM antibody for all individuals were greater than or equal to 1:16). For three patients, cultures remained positive for 11 months despite therapy with 10- to 21-day courses of tetracycline or doxycycline. These observations suggest that persistent infection with C. pneumoniae may follow acute infection and may persist for many months. Infection with C. pneumoniae may be very difficult to eradicate with use of currently available antibiotics even if there is a clinical response to therapy.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Chronic Disease; Doxycycline; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumonia; Tetracycline

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Eye Infections; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmic Solutions; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

A study was performed on 321 patients with paratrachoma: acute follicular conjunctivitis-189, subacute-132. The first group of patients (108) received 1% Tetracycline ointment 4 to 5 times daily, the second group (103 patients)-1% Tetracycline ointment + 0.1% Dexamethasone eye drops, the third group (110 patients)-Eubetal ointment (tetracycline 0.5%, betamethasone 0.1%, chloramphenicol 1%, colistin). Therapeutic efficacy was higher in groups were antibiotics combined with corticosteroids. Cured in 4 weeks in group I-46.3%, in group II-72.8%, in group III-71.8%, cured in 6 weeks-75.9%, 88.3% and 86.4% respectively.

Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Topical; Adolescent; Adult; Betamethasone; Chlamydia Infections; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Dexamethasone; Drug Combinations; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Male; Ointments; Ophthalmic Solutions; Tetracycline; Treatment Outcome; Urethritis; Uterine Cervicitis

Chlamydia trachomatis is a well-known cause of acute and chronic salpingitis, accounting for approximately half of all cases of pelvic inflammatory disease. Typically, patients with acute chlamydial salpingitis present with acute lower abdominal pain, tenderness on bimanual pelvic examination, or vaginal discharge. We describe a case of acute chlamydial salpingitis with marked ascites and an adnexal mass that simulated a malignant neoplasm. Microscopically, a severe lymphofollicular salpingitis and a marked lymphofollicular hyperplasia of the omentum and retroperitoneal lymph nodes were found. Chlamydial inclusions in the fallopian tube epithelium were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry using a mouse monoclonal antibody to a genus-specific outer membrane lipoprotein. Chlamydial infection may cause marked ascites and a palpable adenexal mass and should be considered whenever marked chronic inflammation with a lymphofollicular hyperplasia involves the fallopian tube or other female genital tract sites.

Topics: Adnexa Uteri; Adolescent; Ascites; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Diagnosis, Differential; Fallopian Tube Neoplasms; Fallopian Tubes; Female; Humans; Hyperplasia; Salpingitis; Tetracycline

54 patients presented by history, physical examination and laboratory tests with suspected pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The use of laparoscopy as a diagnostic tool proved in 13 cases (24%) that the presumptive diagnosis was incorrect. Bacteriological studies revealed chlamydial infection in 21 of 41 cases, in 6 cases only at laparoscopy in the pelvic cavity, gonococcal in 9 of 41 cases; mycoplasmas were identified in 15 cases, being the only pathogen in 7. In 9 cases, no recognized pathogens were isolated. Polymicrobism was frequent. Follow-up studies identified 5 cases of treatment failure; 2 of Gonococcus and 3 of Chlamydia, and detected 3 cases of Chlamydia which had not been identified initially. We discuss the use of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and for follow-up and treatment of PIDs.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Ampicillin; Chlamydia Infections; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Laparoscopy; Metronidazole; Mycoplasma Infections; Netilmicin; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Penicillin G Procaine; Tetracycline; Tobramycin

Four cases of Chlamydia infection of the urogenital tract were received-recently in our out-patient clinic for foreign patients. The 4 patients were two couples. Both male patients had histories of coitus with other partners: among these two, one had suffered gonorrhea and the other was suspected of having had gonorrhea. Urogenital tract symptoms or sustained abnormal urine analysis results are characteristic of this disease, but in females often no obvious symptoms present. Measurements with fluorescence-labeled Chlamydia trachomatis monoclonal antibody provided a simple and accurate method and was used in the diagnosis of this disease. All the 4 cases were cured by tetracycline. Finally, current epidemics, infectious features, diagnosis and treatment for this disease are discussed.

Topics: Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Urethritis; Uterine Cervicitis

Topics: Adult; Antigens, Bacterial; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila psittaci; Complement Fixation Tests; Doxycycline; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Minocycline; Pneumonia; Psittacosis; Tetracycline

The activity of amoxycillin, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid and two tetracycline antibiotics was investigated against three strains of Chlamydia trachomatis in vitro. McCoy cells were infected and single doses of antibiotic administered 24 h after infection. The percentage of infected cells was calculated at intervals up to 72 h after infection. Amoxycillin and clavulanic acid, alone and in combination, reduced the incidence of inclusion formation of all three strains. Particularly good activity was observed against the laboratory-adapted strain C. trachomatis Sa2f and a clinical isolate C. trachomatis LB1, where a progressive reduction in numbers of inclusions was observed with time. Minocycline and oxytetracycline were the most active agents tested. In an experimental animal model, mice were inoculated intranasally with C. trachomatis MoPn (ATCC VR123) which caused a fatal pneumonia within 16 days, and treated orally for four days commencing at 24 h after infection. At doses producing clinically achievable serum concentrations, amoxycillin (10 mg/kg), amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (10 + 5 mg/kg) and minocycline (5 mg/kg) all protected the mice over a 21-day period. The majority of the animals treated with clavulanic acid alone (20 mg/kg) survived the infection. Treatment with oxytetracycline was less effective, a dose of 160 mg/kg being required to protect 70% of the mice. The results indicate that amoxycillin and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid were more effective against C. trachomatis MoPn in vivo than might be predicted from in-vitro data, suggesting that amoxycillin/clavulanic acid may have potential for the treatment of polymicrobial infections involving C. trachomatis.

Topics: Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Animals; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Clavulanic Acids; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Tetracycline

An examination of 163 females suffering from habitual miscarriage revealed chlamydia in 41.7%. The miscarriage rate was 59.1% inChlamydia infection. All the females recovered from Chlamydia infection delivered in term. Antichlamydial agents should be supplemented as part of combined therapy of habitual abortion in patients with Chlamydia infection.

Topics: Abortion, Habitual; Abortion, Threatened; Adolescent; Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Methacycline; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Tetracycline

Interferon (IF)-inducing capacity of C. trachomatis was shown in experiments on mice CBA. The levels of IF production in the parenchymatous organs correlated with accumulation of the pathogen in them. The use of larifan, a natural double-stranded IF inductor, according to the treatment scheme provided high levels of endogenic IF in infected mice. It inhibited multiplication of Chlamydiae in the lungs and lymph nodes detected cytoscopically by light and fluorescence microscopy and with infection titration. The effect of the inductor combined with tetracycline was of additive nature. Double intraperitoneal administration of larifan with an account of the hyporeactivity phase and daily administration of tetracycline proved to be the most efficient. It is possible to successfully use IF inductors in accordance with the treatment schemes in infection caused by C. trachomatis which makes promising their clinical application in therapy of chlamydiosis.

Topics: Animals; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Synergism; In Vitro Techniques; Interferon Inducers; Interferons; Mice; Mice, Inbred CBA; Organic Chemicals; Tetracycline

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Uterine Cervicitis; Vaginal Smears

In 58 patients with chronic conjunctivitis of greater than two weeks' duration, examination included obtaining an ocular and general medical history and performing a complete ophthalmic examination of the external eye. Conjunctival smears were obtained for Gram and Giemsa staining, direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody staining for Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus, and chlamydial culture. Cultures for bacteria and viruses were obtained in 33 patients. The cause of the chronic conjunctivitis based on clinical and laboratory criteria was established in 40 of 58 (69%) patients: chlamydia, 11 (19%); virus, eight (14%); irritant, six (10%); allergen, four (7%); contact lens, four (7%); bacteria, four (7%); acne rosacea, two (3%); and floppy eyelid syndrome, one (2%). In 18 of 58 (31%) patients, no specific cause was detected. We recommend a systematic approach in the investigation of chronic conjunctivitis. Direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody staining is an effective and rapid technique for detecting chronic chlamydial conjunctivitis.

Topics: Adult; Allergens; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Chronic Disease; Conjunctivitis; Contact Lenses; Cromolyn Sodium; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorometholone; Humans; Keratitis, Dendritic; Male; Prospective Studies; Simplexvirus; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Tetracycline

Convenient, reliable tests of cure for genital chlamydial infections have not been evaluated. Cervical appearance, endocervical Gram stain, enzyme immunoassay, and culture for Chlamydia trachomatis were evaluated during a pretreatment visit and at two subsequent randomized test-of-cure visits for 64 nongravid women with endocervical C trachomatis of 3544 patients screened. There were no useful correlations between C trachomatis resolution and cervical appearance. Endocervical Gram stain was determined to be unreliable for test-of-cure use. Both C trachomatis culture and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were shown to be effective for test-of-cure evaluation. The ELISA test became reliably negative 10 days after initiation of treatment and 1 to 5 days after the clearance of viable organisms detected by culture (P = .03). Convenience and cost considerations favor antigen detection methods. This study suggests that antigen detection methods can be used for situations in which test of cure is indicated, such as therapy noncompliance, circumstances supporting reinfection, pregnancy, complicated infections, requests for psychological reassurance, and evidence of persistent cervicitis.

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Uterine Cervicitis

Topics: Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Humans; Pneumonia; Tetracycline

Currently, Chlamydia is a major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can be complicated by perihepatitis. Our patient presented with ascites secondary to Chlamydia infection and responded well to treatment with tetracycline. Since Chlamydia infection is becoming more prevalent in the United States, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ascites in all young sexually active females.

Topics: Adult; Ascites; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Humans; Tetracycline

A group of 1760 women aged 14-35 years were examined for the concurrent presence of Chlamydia trachomatis and cellular atypia of cervical smears. Positive tests for C trachomatis were found in 126 women (7.2%). Cell changes were found in 85 women (4.8%), and 25 of these were C trachomatis-positive. Slight cellular atypia was the major finding in the smears from 22 of the C trachomatis-positive women, whereas three patients had more pronounced cell changes. Smears reverted to normal in 18 of the 23 patients who returned for tetracycline treatment and follow-up cytology. All 18 patients had smears showing slight cellular atypia prior to therapy. In five patients who also had cellular changes suggesting a human papillomavirus infection, the smears did not revert to normal after antibiotic therapy during the observation period. These findings suggest that patients with C trachomatis and mild cellular atypia should have antibiotic therapy and repeat smears taken before further treatment is considered. More advanced cellular atypia is unlikely to be caused by C trachomatis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cervix Uteri; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Uterine Cervical Diseases; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears

This study presents data from a prospective comparison of four currently available diagnostic tests for Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Seventy-six patients clinically suspicious for chlamydial conjunctivitis were all tested with Giemsa stain cytology, direct monoclonal fluorescent antibody (DFA) microscopy, enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) for chlamydial antigens, and standard McCoy cell culture. When compared with primary cell culture, diagnostic Giemsa inclusions had a sensitivity and specificity of 43 and 100%, respectively, supportive Giemsa cytology 71 and 67%, the enzyme immunoassay 71 and 97%, and the monoclonal fluorescent antibody 57 and 81%. Each nonculture method has distinct advantages in terms of cost, technical difficulty, speed, and accuracy, which dictate selection of the most appropriate test for office or laboratory diagnosis of chlamydial conjunctivitis.

Topics: Adult; Azure Stains; Chlamydia Infections; Conjunctivitis; False Positive Reactions; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunologic Tests; Male; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tetracycline

In four patients with an adult chlamydial ophthalmia small, marginal corneal abscesses were detected. These corneal abscesses were associated with unilateral papillary and follicular conjunctivitis and punctate keratitis. In these patients no bacteria was isolated from the abscesses, but Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from materials collected from the abscesses and from the conjunctival swabbings. In addition all patients had microbiologically proved concomitant chlamydial genital infections. The clinical signs resolved after topical treatment with rifampicin or tetracycline eye ointment for six weeks or systemic treatment with tetracycline for two weeks. Because of concomitant chlamydial genital infection it is advisable to treat patients with adult chlamydial ophthalmia with systemic tetracycline and to refer these patients and their consorts for investigation and treatment of their genital infection.

Topics: Abscess; Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Corneal Diseases; Female; Humans; Keratitis; Male; Middle Aged; Rifampin; Tetracycline

Cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection is extremely common, crucial and sexually transmitted disease. In order to prevent from this disease an effective treatment is necessary. Tetracycline is an effective antimicrobial medicine for treatment of cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection. In our study, after we had established the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis on the patient's cervical smear, Tetracycline was used for treatment. In control smear after treatment. Chlamydial intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and atypical cellular changes which we observed in the first smear were not seen.

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Uterine Cervicitis; Vaginal Smears

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Costs and Cost Analysis; Female; Humans; Nystatin; Tetracycline; Vaginitis

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

Three treatment regimens are currently recommended for penicillin-susceptible Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection of the cervix: ampicillin, tetracycline, and a combination of ampicillin and tetracycline. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of these options, we developed a decision analysis model and analyzed the efficacy of each treatment in curing gonorrhea, as well as coexisting Chlamydia trachomatis infection, and in preventing subsequent pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. We included direct costs of medication and expenditures for management of unresolved infections and associated complications. Combination treatment is more than twice as cost-effective as tetracycline and seven times as cost-effective as ampicillin when the medical cost of managing pelvic inflammatory disease is considered. When the costs of ectopic pregnancies and infertility are included, the cost-effectiveness of combination treatment increases further.

Topics: Ampicillin; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infertility, Female; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Ectopic; Tetracycline; Uterine Cervicitis

Topics: Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Dentistry; Doxycycline; Female; Humans; Male; Occupational Diseases; Rifampin; Tetracycline

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Male; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies, Bacterial; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Tetracycline

Four cases of the Curtis-Fitz-Hugh syndrome diagnosed laparoscopically and with microbiological or serological evidence of chlamydial pelvic infection are reviewed. The case histories emphasize the part played by renal angle and left upper quadrant symptoms. In one patient the surface of the spleen was affected by the same classical inflammation normally seen on the surface of the liver. In 3 patients bilateral or left-sided renal angle pain and tenderness constituted the presenting features, or a major manifestation, and in all patients renal tract investigations were entirely normal. The patient with laparoscopic perisplenitis also had perihepatitis and pelvic inflammation, the latter being florid in all cases. Perisplenitis and perinephritis are proposed as possible additional manifestations of this syndrome.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Hepatitis; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Perinephritis; Peritonitis; Splenic Diseases; Syndrome; Tetracycline

Recent guidelines issued by the Centers for Disease Control discuss prevention and control of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Chlamydia trachomatis is the commonest sexually transmitted infection in the United States. The rate of infection has increased in the past 10 years. The guidelines do not discuss control of trachoma and only briefly discuss lymphogranuloma venereum. Education of health care professionals and the public about C. trachomatis is recommended, along with the establishment of a nationwide surveillance system.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Doxycycline; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Pregnancy; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tetracycline; United States

The detection of the differentiated chemotherapeutic activity of tetracyclin and penicillin has been used as an example for demonstrating the possibility of using the experimental in ovo model of mixed chlamydial and gonococcal infection for the detection and primary selection of effective etiotropic preparations, simultaneously affecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Topics: Animals; Chick Embryo; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Gonorrhea; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Penicillin G; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Yolk Sac

We have evaluated the cost-effectiveness of using cell culture to test for chlamydial infections in 9979 patients at a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. From results of cultures, we have established prevalence data and, using decision-theory analysis, have calculated costs and probabilities of various outcomes. According to their histories and presenting signs and symptoms, patients were classified as at high or low risk for chlamydial infections. Empiric treatment of all patients attending the clinic was the most cost-effective strategy, followed by empiric treatment of high-risk women and culture-based treatment of low-risk women. Obtaining cultures for men at high and low risk was not cost-effective. If universal treatment is not provided, the most cost-effective strategy appears to be empiric therapy in patients at high risk for chlamydial infections and therapy based on diagnostic test results in women at low risk.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bacteriological Techniques; Cells, Cultured; Child; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tetracycline

Topics: Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Urethritis; Vulvovaginitis

A case of Fitz-Hugh Curtis syndrome caused by chlamydia is described in which the perihepatic and abdominal swelling also extended to the right perirenal tissue. The case was diagnosed on the basis of the clinical picture, the behaviour of anti-chlamydia serum antibodies, abdominal echography and laparoscopy. The infection was quickly cured by the administration of tetracycline.

Topics: Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Condylomata Acuminata; Female; Hepatitis; Hepatitis, Chronic; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Salpingitis; Syndrome; Syphilis; Tetracycline; Vaginal Neoplasms

4260 conjunctival specimens of 2850 outpatients with keratoconjunctivitis of presumed infectious etiology were studied. Two thousand six hundred sixty-eight specimens (63%) revealed growth of bacteria, and 80 (2%) growth of fungi. One hundred ninety-nine specimens (5%) were McCoy cell culture or direct stain (monoclonal antibody or Giemsa) positive for Chlamydia trachomatis. two patients had a C. psittaci infection (ELISA techniques). In patients with keratoconjunctivitis of bacterial etiology, overall incidence of McCoy cell culture-proven chlamydial infections was 7%; in the 20 to 30-year age group it was 12.5%. Simultaneous infections of chlamydiae and other bacteria were seen in 34 patients. Since sensitive and specific tests to diagnose chlamydial infections are available, ophthalmologists may be able to prevent these infections by agent-specific antibiotic therapy.

Topics: Adult; Bacterial Infections; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Erythromycin; Germany, West; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Keratoconjunctivitis; Rural Population; Social Class; Tetracycline; Urban Population

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlamydia Infections; Female; Head; Humans; Infant; Japan; Lymphadenitis; Male; Minocycline; Neck; Pharyngitis; Tetracycline

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Endometritis; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Salpingitis; Tetracycline; Urethritis; Uterine Cervicitis; Vaginal Smears; Vaginitis

Chlamydia trachomatis causes more sexually transmissible diseases in the United States than any other organism. Complications of chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis include epididymitis, salpingitis and neonatal pneumonia. Chlamydial infections can be easily treated but, until recently, they have been difficult to diagnose. Presumptive antichlamydial therapy for symptomatic/high-risk individuals was the first step taken towards control. With new methods of diagnosis becoming available, detection in asymptomatic women is the next critical step. Key populations for screening include clinics for family planning, abortion, student health, adolescent care and prenatal care. This article outlines the biology, diseases, diagnosis and treatment of C. trachomatis.

Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Fluoresceins; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Nurse Practitioners; Pregnancy; Salpingitis; Tetracycline; Urethritis; Uterine Cervicitis

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Drug Therapy, Combination; Gonorrhea; Humans; Male; Military Medicine; Penicillin G Procaine; Probenecid; Tetracycline

120 patients with abacterial urethritis were studied for chlamydia. Clinical, cytological, serologic and electronenmicroscopic tests were performed. 66.60% of the tested persons were seropositive for C. trachomatis, 32.50% of all patients and 48.80% of the seropositive patients showed positive cytological tests. Direct electron microscopy of biopsy material of the urethra of 30 patients revealed chlamydial bodies in high concentrations. The incubation period was about 1-2 weeks. Oxytetracycline was used for 8 days, but had to be one- to four times repeated in resistent cases.

Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Bacterial; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Complement Fixation Tests; Erythromycin; Humans; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Tetracycline; Urethritis

The case of an infertile man with oligospermia and symptoms of urethritis-prostatitis, whose spouse had a vaginal discharge, is reported. Microbiological analysis of appropriate specimens revealed a strain of tetracycline-resistant ureaplasma urealyticum in both patients. Using the transmission electron microscope, it was possible to demonstrate spermatozoal heads "infected" with microorganisms strongly resembling ureaplasma urealyticum.

Topics: Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; Mycoplasmatales Infections; Prostatitis; Sperm Head; Spermatozoa; Tetracycline; Ureaplasma; Urethritis; Vaginitis

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Humans; Male; Pilot Projects; Tetracycline; Urethritis

We have recently seen two cases of ophthalmia neonatorum (ON) that illustrate a changing picture of this disease and raise a number of questions concerning optimal prophylaxis and treatment. Silver nitrate, which is the most widely used method for prevention of gonococcal ON, fails to prevent neonatal eye disease due to chlamydia. In addition, strains of gonococci which produce a penicillinase and are resistant to penicillin are becoming common in parts of the United States and Europe. Thus all gonococcal isolates must be tested for penicillinase production. The emergence of Chlamydia trachomatis as the most frequent cause of ON and the appearance of penicillin-resistant gonococci has led to new regimens for prophylaxis and therapy of neonatal ophthalmia. At our institution, we now use intramuscular penicillin and topical tetracycline ointment (1%) for eye prophylaxis. For initial therapy of gonococcal ON we recommend penicillin (systemic and topical) plus another antimicrobial with greater stability against the penicillinase of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

Cytologic, colposcopic, histologic and bacteriologic examination was performed in 229 patients because of previous abnormal cervical cytology. Chlamydia trachomatis was found in a significantly greater proportion as well in 70 women with spontaneous recurrence to normal (17.1%) as in 85 women with dysplasia (17.6%). In comparison, chlamydial infection is found in 4.1% of cytologically normal women. In the 2 to 22 months follow-up Chlamydia trachomatis was seen in 19.6% of 92 women with recurrence to normal cytologic pattern, however, in 10.8% of 65 patients with persistence or progression (p less than 0.025, t-test).

Topics: Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Cytodiagnosis; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Uterine Cervical Diseases

Topics: Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Homosexuality; Humans; Male; Proctitis; Tetracycline

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Humans; Male; Retrospective Studies; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tetracycline; Urogenital System

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular parasites, bacteria with a peculiar biology. They belong to the genus Chlamydia which includes two species: C. psittaci and C. trachomatis. A wide range of hosts, including birds, mammals and man can be infected by chlamydiae. The diseases chlamydiae can produce include psittacosis, lymphogranuloma venereum, trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and neonatal pneumonia. The diagnosis of chlamydial infection may be made by visualization of the organism in direct smears, isolation of the agent in cell culture, or by demonstrating a significant rise in antibody titer. Chlamydial infection may be treated with tetracycline, erythromycin, or sulfonamides.

Topics: Adult; Arthritis, Reactive; Child; Chlamydia Infections; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Epididymitis; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Lymphogranuloma Venereum; Male; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Pneumonia; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tetracycline; Trachoma; Urethritis; Uterine Cervicitis

A high incidence of pharyngeal infection was found in babies with isolation-positive chlamydial conjunctivitis. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the pharynx of 12 (52%) of 23 babies before treatment, and was reisolated from the eyes of 4 (12%) of 34 and from the pharynx of 14 (41%) of 34 after treatment. C trachomatis was reisolated significantly more often from babies treated only with topical tetracycline for 4 weeks (75%) than from those treated with both topical tetracycline and oral erythromycin for 2 weeks (32%). Reisolation from the eyes was associated with only minor clinical signs. Radiological signs of an inflammatory lesion in the chest were found in 2 of 8 babies examined because of persistent cough. These signs were not associated with high or rising titres of serum chlamydial antibody.

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Conjunctivitis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Pharynx; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Pregnancy; Tetracycline

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Echocardiography; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Heart Valve Prosthesis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mitral Valve; Tetracycline

One hundred seventy-one cases of neonatal conjunctivitis seen at Bellevue Hospital during the period 1950--1976 were reviewed. An overall incidence of 3.0 cases per 1,000 live births was found. A comparison of the rates of neonatal conjunctivitis with silver nitrate and tetracycline prophylaxis revealed a 100% increase in the rate overall, as well as the rate of gonococcal conjunctivitis with tetracycline. Using conjunctival cultures and cytology, a diagnosis could be established in 73% of the cases, with 41% being bacterial and 32% chlamydial. Staphylococcus was the single most common organism recovered; gonococcus was relatively rare.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chlamydia Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Methods; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Silver Nitrate; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Dogs; Epididymis; Epididymitis; Humans; Male; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

The incidence of chlamydial organisms in early morning urine specimens obtained from 53 men and 50 women without evidence of urinary tract pathology was 2 per cent in both groups. Early morning urine specimens and/or prostatic fluid or semen was examined in 50 patients with chronic prostatitis and 39 (56 per cent) yielded this organism. Of 31 patients with epididymo-orchitis the early morning urine specimens yielded chlamydiae in 12 (39 per cent) and in those with the acute form of disease the incidence was 56 per cent. The chlamydia recovery rate was 27 per cent in 119 women with cystourethritis. Within these groups of patients approximately 50 per cent of sexual partners had urine cultures positive for chlamydia. The importance of reinfection and the need for careful treatment of patients and consort should be stressed. An appropriate transport medium is necessary for specimen collection and adequate culture facilities are required to achieve effective chlamydial recovery. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline were used effectively in the study for primary and secondary drug therapy.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Semen; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Humans; Male; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Tetracycline; Urethritis

Chlamydia trachomatis is being recognized as an important sexually transmitted disease in adolescents and young adults. This report reviews the recent literature regarding the many clinical entities encompassed by this organism; this includes urethritis and cervicitis as well as epididymitis, salpingitis, peritonitis, perihepatitis, urethral syndrome, Reiter syndrome, arthritis, endocarditis, and others. It is emphasized that many aspects of chlamydial infections parallel those of gonorrhea, including incidence, transmission, carrier state, reservoir, complications, (local and systemic), and others. A paragonococcal spectrum of sexual chlamydial disorders is discussed as well as effective antibiotic therapy. This microbiological agent must always be considered if venereal disease is suspected by the clinician in teenagers or adults. Mixed infections with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are common in both males and females. It may be preferable to treat gonorrhea with tetracycline to cover for this possibility.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Male; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tetracycline; Urethritis; Uterine Cervicitis

Topics: Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Tetracycline; Urethritis; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis, Reactive; Chlamydia Infections; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Humans; Tetracycline; Ureaplasma

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Humans; Male; Minocycline; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tetracycline; Urethritis

During the last years Chlamydiae have been increasingly recognized as an important cause of urogenital infections. This paper is concerned with the classification, microbiology, cultivation and clinical findings of Chlamydiae, especially Chlamydia trachomatis, as causative agents of genital tract diseases.

Topics: Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Erythromycin; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Urethral Diseases

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Pregnancy; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tetracycline

The most frequently seen type of infectious ophthalmia neonatorum, inclusion conjunctivitis, is caused by the organism Chlamydia trachomatis. This agent is known to be transmitted sexually. Until recently, the infections produced by C trachomatis were though to be relatively benign. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the organism may produce urethritis and epididymitis in the male; cervicitis, cervical erosions, salpingitis, and puerperal infections in the female; and prematurity and pneumonitis in the infant. An infant who develops ophthalmia neonatorum should be thoroughly evaluated for the presence of a chlamydial infection. In many instances the first evidence of chlamydial infection within the parents will be the development of inclusion conjunctivitis in their newborn infant. Family members of infants with inclusion conjunctivitis who manifest any evidence of clinical disease should be evaluated and treated with appropriate antibiotics.

Topics: Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Salpingitis; Tetracycline; Urethritis

Cervical abnormalities accompanied by Papanicolaou Class II or Class III cytologic results are commonly encountered in gynecologic office practice. Chlamydiae are a common cause of genital tract infection, with or without manifest symptoms or signs. An immunofluorescence method was used to determine the presence of antichlamydial antibodies in cervical secretions. Eleven of 15 patients in whom such antibodies were found (73.3%) had Papanicolaou Class II or Class III smears, in contrast to only 3 of 18 patients (16.7%) without antichlamydial antibodies. The determination of antichlamydial antibodies in cervical mucus was highly reproducible, and specimens were readily collected in the office, without the need of prompt laboratory procedures. In selected patients, tetracycline treatment of early chlamydial infection resulted both in the disappearance of the antibody from cervical secretions and in the reversion of the Papanicolaou smear from Class II or Class III to Class I.

Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Bacterial; Cervix Uteri; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Chlamydophila psittaci; Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Tetracycline; Uterine Cervicitis; Vaginal Smears

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Drug Combinations; Female; Gonorrhea; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Idoxuridine; Lymphogranuloma Venereum; Male; Penicillins; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Syphilis; Tetracycline

Chlamydia organisms were found in 42 per cent of patients with non-specific urethritis and these organisms probably were the cause of the urethritis. Contact is by venereal means. The drug of choice is 500 mg. tetracycline every 6 hours for 10 days.

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Humans; Male; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tetracycline; Urethritis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Tetracycline

Topics: Amphotericin B; Chlamydia Infections; Chloramphenicol; Condylomata Acuminata; Female; gamma-Globulins; Genital Diseases, Female; Genital Diseases, Male; Herpes Zoster; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Lymphogranuloma Venereum; Male; Molluscum Contagiosum; Mumps; Mycoplasma Infections; Orchitis; Podophyllin; Tetracycline; Vaccination; Vaccinia; Virus Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Female; Gonorrhea; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Idoxuridine; Immunotherapy; Male; Penicillins; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Syphilis; Tetracycline

Nongonococcal urethritis may now account for most cases of symptomatic urethritis seen at VD clinics in the United States. Well-controlled etiologic studies in nongonococcal urethritis have implicated Chlamydia in over 40% of cases but the etiology of Chlamydia-negative cases remains uncertain. Tetracycline provides effective antimicrobial therapy, but tests for cure are often inadequate, and distinguishing relapse and reinfection is difficult. For tetracycline-allergic patients, erythromycin should be used. Control measures to decrease transmission of nongonococcal urethritis are not well established.

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tetracycline; Trichomonas Infections; Ureaplasma; Urethritis

Trachoma inclusion conjunctivitis agent infections have a spectrum of clinical presentations which in their more chronic forms are often difficult to recognize. Patients with epithelial erosions of the upper cornea, episodic E.K.C. type subepithelial infiltrates, pannus or micropannus, and with or without lid scarring, merit conjunctival scrapings as an aid to diagnosis. Since the agents which produce these infections have a genital reservoir, as the prevalence of venereal diseases increases, the incidence of this type of keratoconjunctivitis will also increase. If the diagnosis is suspected treatment with systemic tetracycline is effective and relatively safe. Simultaneous treatment of sexual consorts of inclusion conjunctivitis patients and families of trachoma patients should decrease recurrences.

Topics: Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Female; Humans; Keratoconjunctivitis; Male; Middle Aged; Recurrence; Tetracycline

The effect of minocycline on nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) was investigated, with particular reference to its action against Chlamydia trachomatis. Preliminary laboratory studies showed that the drug was active against a laboratory chlamydial strain (Lb4f) in vitro. A group of 133 men with first attacks of NGU was then treated with minocycline, 100 mg twice daily for 3 weeks. Isolates of C trachomatis were obtained from 33 of these men before treatment; all of them gave negative results on cell culture after therapy. Of the 133 patients, 119 (90%) had symptoms on their first attendance, but after one week's treatment only 16 of the 133 (12%) and after 3 weeks 6 of the 133 (5%) had symptoms. All 133 men had demonstrable urethritis initially; by the end of the first week of treatment only 43 of the 133 (32%) and by the end of the third week 32 of the 133 (24%) had evidence of urethritis. There were no differences in clinical response between the Chlamydia-positive and Chlamydia-negative groups. A group of 24 female sexual contacts of men with NGU yielded C trachomatis on cell culture. After 3 weeks' therapy with minocycline all these women gave negative results on cell culture. It is concluded that minocycline is a useful addition to existing remedies for NGU. The future structure of treatment trials for NGU is discussed.

Topics: Animals; Chick Embryo; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Drug Evaluation; Female; Humans; Male; Minocycline; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines; Urethritis; Uterine Cervicitis

Topics: Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Pharyngitis; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tetracycline

In the United States, chlamydial (TRIC) agents cause a small but important segment of infectious ocular disease. Elsewhere in the world, trachoma still represents the single greatest cause of blindness. The description of these diseases in this chapter is a brief introduction to a subject about which volumes have been and will continue to be written. Barring unforeseen developments, these agents will continue to plague humankind beyond the end of the twentieth century.

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Erythromycin; Eye Diseases; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trachoma

Topics: Adolescent; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Specificity; Antigens, Viral; Child; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Cross Reactions; Epitopes; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Indians, North American; Male; Tetracycline; Trachoma; Tunisia

Topics: Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Complement Fixation Tests; Conjunctivitis; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Erythromycin; Eye Diseases; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Sulfacetamide; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trachoma

Topics: Adult; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Female; Humans; Penicillins; Skin Diseases; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Complement Fixation Tests; Humans; Male; Prostatitis; Tetracycline

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Female; Granuloma Inguinale; Humans; Lymphogranuloma Venereum; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Proctitis; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tetracycline; Urethritis; Uterine Cervicitis; Vaginitis

Topics: Arthritis, Reactive; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Female; Humans; Male; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trachoma; United Kingdom; Urethritis; Uterine Cervicitis

Topics: Adult; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Conjunctiva; Conjunctivitis; Humans; Keratoconjunctivitis; Male; Pneumonia; Tetracycline; Zoonoses

Topics: Adult; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Conjunctiva; Conjunctivitis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Male; Pneumonia; Tetracycline; Zoonoses

Topics: Antigens; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Culture Techniques; Humans; Immune Sera; Tetracycline; Vaccines

Topics: Animals; Chick Embryo; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Eye Diseases; Haplorhini; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Sulfadiazine; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Child; Chlamydia Infections; Communicable Diseases; Cortisone; Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Humans; Prednisone; Tetracycline