tetracycline and Candidiasis

Topics: Amphotericin B; Bromides; Candida; Candidiasis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Synergism; Humans; Quinolines; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Candida; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Aged; Candida; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Candidiasis, Oral; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Penicillin G; Rectal Diseases; Tetracycline

Treatment of azole-resistant Candida albicans infections continues to pose significant challenges. With limited options of licensed agents, drug combinations may be a practical treatment alternative. In our previous studies, the combinations minocycline/fluconazole (MINO/FLC) and doxycycline/fluconazole (DOXY/FLC) shown synergistic effects in vitro. It is necessary to explore their appropriate dosage, potential toxicity and in vivo efficacy.. The Galleria mellonella infection model was employed to study the in vivo efficacy of MINO/FLC and DOXY/FLC by survival analysis, quantification of C. albicans fungal burden and histological studies.. The survival rates of G. mellonella larvae infected with lethal doses of resistant C. albicans CA10 increased significantly when treated with the drug combinations compared with FLC treatment alone, and the fungal burden was reduced by almost four-fold. The histopathological study showed that fewer infected areas in larvae were observed and the destructive degree was less when larvae were exposed to the drug combinations.. These findings suggest that combination of a tetracycline antibiotic (MINO or DOXY) with FLC has antifungal activity against azole-resistant C. albicans in vivo. This is in agreement with several previous in vitro studies and provides preliminary in vivo evidence that such a combination might be useful therapeutically.

Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Colony Count, Microbial; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fluconazole; Histocytochemistry; Lepidoptera; Survival Analysis; Tetracycline; Treatment Outcome

Normally, Candida albicans is a commensal microbe that resides in the human oral cavity, gut and vagina. However, the fungus can cause mucosal and systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals. The mechanism by which local mucosal infections progress to systemic candidiasis is poorly understood. Here, a murine model of gastrointestinal (GI) candidiasis was developed by inoculation of the oral cavity, followed by treatment with tetracycline (TC) and prednisolone (PSL). Temporal progression from a local infection of the oral cavity to a systemic infection was then monitored. Histological analysis of tissues from mice treated with both TC and PSL revealed massive infiltration of the tongue and stomach by hyphae. PSL increased the fungal burden in the tongue, stomach and small intestine, and facilitated dissemination to the spleen, kidney and liver within 3 days post-infection. Treatment with both TC and PSL supressed interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17 (cytokines that play key roles in host defence against fungal infection) levels in the tongue, which were induced by C. albicans infection. In addition, the mucosal layer of the small intestine of mice treated with both TC and PSL was almost destroyed by the fungal infection; this may be a critical event that allows passage of the fungus across the mucosa and into the systemic circulation. Thus, this mouse model is useful for studying mechanisms underlying progression of C. albicans from a local infection of the oral cavity to a systemic infection in immunocompromised individuals.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Combinations; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Gastrointestinal Tract; Immunocompromised Host; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-17; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mucous Membrane; Prednisolone; Stomach; Tetracycline; Tongue

To evaluate the antifungal activity of a fixed antibiotic combination (AC) containing tetracycline (TET), chloramphenicol (CAF), and colistimethate sodium (CS).. In vitro: Candida ATCC and clinical strains were used. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of AC and of each antibiotic were determined. Fluconazole (FLC) was tested for comparison. Time-killing curves of selected strains were performed. Ex vivo keratitis: corneas were injected intrastromally with the selected strains. After the injection, corneas were divided into groups of treatments: AC, FLC, or saline. Then, the tissues were analyzed for colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g). Propidium iodide (PI) and MitoTracker (MTR) staining were used to investigate the mode of action.. Values of MIC required to inhibit the growth of 90% of organisms for the antibiotics alone were higher than FLC. However, their activity was enhanced when used in combination against Candida yeasts. Time-killing curves showed that at 24 hours, AC reduced the load of both strains of approximately 1 Log10 CFU/g compared with the initial inoculum (P < 0.0001). This effect was also significant versus FLC. In ex vivo, AC was effective in decreasing the loads of both strains by 4 Log10 CFU/g with respect to the control. Moreover, it showed higher activity than FLC against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (1 Log10 CFU/g, P < 0.01 versus control). PI staining demonstrated that CS changed the membrane's permeability, whereas MTR staining demonstrated that TET or CAF altered mitochondrial function. The cells treated with AC and stained showed both effects.. In this study, AC showed antifungal efficacy versus Candida spp.; this activity can be due to the synergistic effects of antibiotics in it.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Colony Count, Microbial; Corneal Ulcer; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Drug Synergism; Eye Infections, Fungal; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Ophthalmic Solutions; Rabbits; Tetracycline; Treatment Outcome

Alloxan-induced diabetic rats showed proliferative changes in the forestomach, accompanied by chronic inflammation, and one lesion progress to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) without distant metastasis. The authors demonstrated that these lesions might be caused by Candida albicans infection. Antimicrobial therapy, particularly tetracycline treatment, has been blamed for a reduction in the number of competing bacterial organisms, which is frequently mentioned as a cause of candidiasis. The objective of this study is to ascertain whether or not tetracycline treatment can accelerate early-onset of C. albicans infection and the proliferative changes in this diabetic model. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were given chlorinated water (AL group) and tetracycline solution (0.1% during week 1 and 0.01% thereafter) as drinking water (AT group). They were sacrificed after 25 weeks of drinking the treated water. The infection rate with C. albicans in the AT group was significantly higher than in the AL group. The incidence and severity of the squamous cell hyperplasia were enhanced in the AT group compared to the AL group. The proliferative lesions were consistently accompanied by inflammation and C. albicans infection in both groups. SCC was detected in one case in the AT group. These findings demonstrate that tetracycline induces C. albicans infection and enhances forestomach proliferative lesions in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Proliferation; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Hyperplasia; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stomach; Tetracycline

Understanding the pathogenesis of infectious disease requires the examination and successful integration of parameters related to both microbial virulence and host responses. As a practical and powerful method to control microbial gene expression, including in vivo, the tetracycline-regulatable system has recently gained the favor of many investigative groups. However, some immunomodulatory effects of the tetracyclines, including doxycycline, could potentially limit its use to evaluate host responses during infection. Here we have used a well-established murine model of disseminated candidiasis, which is highly dependent on both the virulence displayed by the fungal cells and on the host immune status, to validate the use of this system. We demonstrate that the pathogenesis of the wild type C. albicans CAF2-1 strain, which does not contain any tet-regulatable element, is not affected by the presence of doxycycline. Moreover levels of key cytokines, chemokines and many other biomarkers, as determined by multi-analyte profiling, remain essentially unaltered by the presence of the antibiotic during infection. Our results indicate that the levels of doxycycline needed to control the tetracycline regulatable promoter gene expression system have no detectable effect on global host responses during candidiasis. Because tet-regulatable systems are now being increasingly used in a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, these observations have wide implications in the field of infectious diseases.

Topics: Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Chemokines; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Doxycycline; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Kidney; Mice; Mutation; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Response Elements; Spleen; Tetracycline; Virulence

Tetracyclines may cause esophageal injury.. The aims of this study are to describe 2 distinct clinical patterns of esophageal injury induced by tetracycline or its derivate doxycycline and to compare these patterns with respect to demographic, endoscopic, and clinical characteristics of the patients.. Forty-eight patients with the diagnosis of doxycycline- or tetracycline-induced esophageal injury by endoscopy were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were considered in 2 groups according to the type and the location of esophageal lesions (Group A: mid-esophageal ulceration, n = 18; Group B: distal esophagitis, n = 30).. Patients in Group A were significantly younger than in Group B (P = 0.0014). In Group A, 15 patients (83%) had single ulceration, 2 (11%) double, and 1 (6%) circumferential at the mid-esophagus. In Group B, all patients had multiple micro-ulcerations in the distal esophagus. Development of mid-esophageal ulceration was induced predominantly by doxycycline, whereas distal esophagitis was induced by tetracycline. The description of drug ingestion with little or no water by patients in Group A was significantly more frequent than in Group B (94% vs. 10%, P < 0.001). Associated medical and benign gastric diseases and esophageal candidiasis were significantly more frequent in Group B (P = 0.006, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). Prompt response to medical therapy was observed in both groups with no significant difference (P = 0.093).. The type of tetracyclines used by patients may give some clues to physicians on the pattern of esophageal injury because mid-esophageal ulceration seems to be more frequently associated with doxycycline and distal esophagitis with or without candidiasis with tetracycline.

Topics: Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Biopsy, Needle; Candidiasis; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Doxycycline; Esophagitis; Esophagoscopy; Esophagus; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Probability; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Distribution; Tetracycline

An anaerobic three-vessel continuous-flow culture system, which models the three major anatomical regions of the human colon, was used to study the persistence of Candida albicans in the presence of a faecal microbiota. During steady state conditions, overgrowth of C. albicans was prevented by commensal bacteria indigenous to the system. However antibiotics, such as tetracycline have the ability to disrupt the bacterial populations within the gut. Thus, colonization resistance can be compromised and overgrowth of undesirable microorganisms like C. albicans can then occur. In this study, growth of C. albicans was not observed in the presence of an established faecal microbiota. However, following the addition of tetracycline to the growth medium, significant growth of C. albicans occurred. A probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum LPK culture was added to the system to investigate whether this organism had any effects upon the Candida populations. Although C. albicans was not completely eradicated in the presence of this bacterium, cell counts were markedly reduced, indicating a compromised physiological function. This study shows that the normal gut flora can exert 'natural' resistance to C. albicans, however this may be diminished during antibiotic intake. The use of probiotics can help fortify natural resistance.

Topics: Anaerobiosis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Digestive System; Feces; Humans; Lactobacillus; Models, Biological; Probiotics; Tetracycline

The ability of nine clinical isolates of Candida species (three C. albicans, three C. tropicalis and three C. parapsilosis) to colonize and invade the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of adult male CD-1 (ICR) mice was determined. The effect of dietary tetracycline plus glucose supplementation on colonization was evaluated. Strains were intragastrically inoculated. Tetracycline and glucose altered substantially aerobic flora, especially streptococci (average fall 1.1 +/-0.3 log(10) CFU/g, p<0.01 by the Student's t test). At two weeks after oral challenge, sustained and high colonization of GI tract by Candida (mean 5,28 +/- 0.18 log(10) CFU/g, p<0.01) was achieved in all mice receiving glucose-tetracycline supplementation, excepting in animals inoculated with one of C. tropicalis isolates. Histologic sections of the stomachs revealed multiple intraepithelial micro-abscesses associated with hyphae in the region of the cardial-atrium fold. Under immunosuppression, systemic spread of C. albicans and C. tropicalis was observed in 62% and 24% of animals receiving dietary supplementation respectively. Dissemination was not noted for C. parapsilosis isolates. We have developed a simple and inexpensive murine model of sustained colonization of GI tract. This model could be useful for analyzing prophylaxis, treatment and diagnosis of systemic Candida infections and for evaluating virulence of strains.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cyclophosphamide; Digestive System; Disease Models, Animal; Esophagus; Feces; Gastric Mucosa; Glucose; Histocytochemistry; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunosuppressive Agents; Liver; Male; Methylprednisolone; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Tetracycline

We investigated the effect of seven antibacterial antibiotics: kanamycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, minocycline, ampicillin, piperacillin and cefotaxime, on survival of mice infected sequentially with a lethal dose of Candida albicans and a sublethal dose of Escherichia coli. The mortality of C. albicans-infected mice was facilitated by the superinfection with E. coli. When administered to mice with C. albicans/E. coli complex infection, aminoglycosides and tetracyclines significantly prolonged the survival period as compared with the infected and untreated controls. The recovery of viable counts of E. coli from the renal tissues was rapidly reduced by the treatment with gentamicin or minocycline, compared to the untreated control. Thus it was concluded that nullification by the treatment with aminoglycosides or tetracyclines of the enhancing effect of E. coli superinfection on the lethality of C. albicans-infected mice is due to early elimination of E. coli from the kidney.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cefotaxime; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gentamicins; Kanamycin; Kidney; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Minocycline; Piperacillin; Tetracycline

We report the case of a 34-year-old woman, suffering from severe alcoholic hepatitis and an acute recurrence of chronic pancreatitis, who developed a life-threatening candida infection of pancreatic pseudocysts 12 days after ERCP. After percutaneous catheter drainage under ultrasound guidance this infection was healed by a combined intravenous and intracavity therapy with amphotericin B and the final instillation of tetracycline in order to reinforce obliteration of the pseudocysts.

Topics: Adult; Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Hepatitis, Alcoholic; Humans; Pancreatic Pseudocyst; Tetracycline; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

A murine model of severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (scid mice) affords an opportunity to study the interaction of Candida albicans with a host lacking functional B- and T-cell mechanisms. We have previously reported no significant difference in yeast recovery after intravenous challenge of BALB/c mice and scid mice with C. albicans (S. Mahanty, R.A. Greenfield, W.A. Joyce, and P.W. Kincade, Infect. Immun. 56:3162-3166, 1988). In this study, we evaluate the course of gastrointestinal candidiasis after a single oral challenge with C. albicans. BALB/c and scid mice received H2O containing 10(6) C. albicans per ml for 16 h. Half the mice of each strain continuously received H2O containing 1 mg of tetracycline per ml. Stool samples were cultured for yeast twice weekly until they were negative three consecutive times or positive for 8 weeks. Mice were then sacrificed for quantitative cultures of liver, spleen, and kidneys. At eight weeks postinoculation, 2 of 13 BALB/c mice, 0 of 14 BALB/c mice receiving tetracycline, 6 of 12 scid mice, and 8 of 13 scid mice receiving tetracycline had positive stool cultures (P less than 0.05, likelihood ratio chi-square). Quantitative recovery of yeasts from stools was also higher in the scid mice. Cultures of liver, spleen, and kidneys wer negative in all BALB/c mice and essentially all negative in scid mice; a single colony was isolated from the kidney of one scid mouse and the liver of another scid mouse. We conclude that B cells and/or T cells and their products are important in gastrointestinal colonization with C. albicans but that even in their absence, dissemination of infection from the gastrointestinal tract does not consistently occur. Thus, other aspects of host defense must be critical in containing gastrointestinal Candida colonization.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Colony Count, Microbial; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Random Allocation; Tetracycline

A 48-year-old woman, who had undergone reversal of a jejunal loop, presented with skin eruptions, myalgia and arthralgia. Delayed gastric emptying was associated with a gastric phytobezoar. The clinicopathological features and response to therapy were typical of the dermatosis-arthritis syndrome, and probably were related to bacterial overgrowth.

Topics: Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y; Arthritis; Bacterial Infections; Bezoars; Candidiasis; Combined Modality Therapy; Dermatitis; Female; Gastrointestinal Contents; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Jejunum; Lactobacillus; Middle Aged; Stomach; Streptococcal Infections; Syndrome; Tetracycline

Immune consequences of gastrointestinal colonization of CD-1 and CBA/J mice with Candida albicans in the presence or absence of continuous antibiotic treatment with penicillin-tetracycline or trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole were investigated. Intubation with C. albicans in the absence of antibiotics resulted in the induction of low but detectable delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), demonstrable by footpad testing with a C. albicans wall glycoprotein (GP), and in the stimulation of a moderate level of protective immunity, demonstrable by intravenous (i.v.) challenge. DTH to a membrane extract, BEX, could not be detected in such animals. However, animals colonized in the presence of antibiotics and then inoculated cutaneously prior to being tested for DTH or protective immunity developed significantly enhanced levels of DTH to GP and BEX and were protected to an even greater extent than animals colonized in the absence of antibiotics who were not inoculated cutaneously. The priming effect of colonization, particularly with respect to the antigen GP, was also obvious from an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for GP-specific antibody with sera of mice surviving the i.v. challenge, in that GP-specific antibody was present in the highest titers in colonized animals that had been inoculated cutaneously prior to i.v. challenge. While the antibiotics promoted higher levels of colonization, as evidenced by stomach and fecal cultures of intubated mice, antibiotic administration was not necessary for the induction of C. albicans-specific responses. Moreover, contrary to reports in the literature, antibiotic administration had no adverse effect on the immune responses measured. Females were innately more resistant than males to i.v. challenge with C. albicans, but each sex was capable of developing protective immunity of equal intensity in response to colonization or immunization by cutaneous challenge.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Fungal; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Combinations; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Immunity, Cellular; Immunization; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred CBA; Penicillins; Stomach; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Topics: Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Female; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tetracycline; Tongue; Tongue Diseases

The role of iron deficiency in the development of oral candidosis was investigated using the mouse mutant sex-linked anaemia (sla). Susceptibility was assessed in terms of the recovery of organisms, particularly from oral swabs, and histological evidence of infection approximately 10 days after the last exposure to Candida albicans. The influence of three factors was studied in mixed groups of normal and anaemic mice: mode of inoculation, treatment with tetracycline and treatment with hydrocortisone. The most susceptible group had received drinking water containing tetracycline (1 mg/ml), hydrocortisone (0.1 mg/ml) and candida (5 X 10(4) c.f.u./ml for 6 days). Anaemic mice showed a rather higher rate of recovery of organisms and more frequent histological evidence of infection than normal mice in certain groups. Neither of these tendencies was statistically significant alone but, taken together, they suggest that some small difference of susceptibility may exist between normal mice and mice with sla. The mouse model could be of value in studying the influence of several other inherited disorders on susceptibility to candidosis.

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Animals; Candidiasis; Disease Models, Animal; Hydrocortisone; Male; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Tetracycline

Scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and quantitative culture of microorganisms in intestinal contents were used to determine the effects of oral tetracycline, the bacterial flora of conventionally reared animals (conventional), and thymus-dependent immune competency on the capacity of Candida albicans to colonize and infect the gastrointestinal tract of four groups of mice: thymus-intact conventional mice, conventional athymic mice, flora-defined athymic mice, and thymus-intact bacteria-free mice. Thymus-intact conventional mice without antibiotic treatment began to shed C. albicans less than 48 h after oral yeast challenge and were devoid of detectable yeast by day 16. Tetracycline altered the bacterial flora qualitatively and quantitatively, allowing C. albicans to colonize in less than 48 h and to persist in the gut tract for 32 days. Only 2 of 72 of these conventional mice developed candidiasis (hyphal infection). Although tetracycline altered the bacterial flora of conventional athymic (nude) mice, it was not required to allow C. albicans to colonize their gut tract to levels significantly higher than those in thymus-intact conventional mice. All conventional nude mice were consistently colonized and 14 of 24 animals showed an increased yeast colonization of the keratinized stomach, but only 3 of 24 developed gastric candidiasis. Flora-defined athymic (nude) mice had significantly lower aerobic bacterial levels and significantly higher C. albicans levels in the gut contents than conventional athymic mice. The flora-defined nude mice, however, developed gastric candidiasis by day 5. Thymus-intact bacteria-free mice were uniformly colonized and infected with C. albicans less than 48 h after oral challenge regardless of tetracycline treatment. Populations of C. albicans in the gut of bacteria-free mice were significantly higher than in the gut tract of the thymus-intact conventional or athymic mice. Gastric mycelial infection was detected in 8 of 10 bacteria-free animals 2 days after oral challenge. By 32 days, 45 of 50 mice of both tetracycline-treated and control bacteria-free groups were infected with C. albicans. These data indicate that a competive bacteria flora is more effective than an intact immune system in preventing gastric candidiasis and that an immune deficiency may allow increased yeast colonization of the keratinized and glandular stomach epithelium. Tetracycline did not appear to enhance the invasiveness or pathogenicity of

Topics: Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Germ-Free Life; Immunity, Cellular; Mice; Mice, Nude; Tetracycline; Thymus Gland

Topics: Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Carrier State; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth; Rats; Stomatitis, Denture; Tetracycline; Virulence

Many factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of acne, the most important of them lie in the sebaceous follicle, in disturbances of the cornification of the follicular channels and in the bacterial flora of the hair follicles. The latter consists of a yeast (pityrosporon ovale), coagulase-negative aerobic staphylococci and propionibacterium acnes. P. acnes is found in the depth of the follicle. It is of particular importance for the pathogenesis because it produces a lipase which releases fatty acids which stimulate the formation of comedones. Many questions are still unanswered. Presently, treatment consists of administration of estrogens or combination preparations of estrogen and progesterone (only recommended for women), of vitamin A acid and antibiotics. Tetracycline and its derivatives have proved particularly valuable for this purpose.

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Candidiasis; Estrogens; Female; Humans; Malassezia; Male; Progesterone; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Vitamin A

Topics: Animals; Brain; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cortisone; Disease Models, Animal; Kanamycin; Organ Specificity; Rats; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Candidiasis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Injections, Intradermal; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Mice; Muramidase; Rabbits; Tetracycline

Human beings today living in high industrialized areas suffer more frequently from fungal diseases than before. This is due to the management in animal production, but also to the use of cosmetics and contraceptives, smoking cigarettes, wearing clothes of synthetic polymers and application of new drugs, like antibiotics, cytostatics, immunosuppressives and others, which favours the growth of certain fungi in and on the skin and inside the human body. Some mechanisms are known from the macroorganism which are able to protect man from fungal invasion. Effective in this way are the normal flora of the skin, gut and the mucous membranes, the enzymes digestive and the natural low pH of the healthy skin. The fungal growths are favoured when primary diseases of not-infectious genesis due to disorders in metabolism or endocrinium, vitamin deficiency, malabsorption, maldigestion, false and malnutrition, and diseases of the haemopoetic system exist. But also viral and bacterial infections stimulate the development of secondary fungal diseases. The pathogens belong to three groups, dermatophytes, yeasts and molds, which can be differentiated according to their behaviour in culture and in tissue.

Topics: Arthrodermataceae; Candidiasis; Dermatomycoses; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mitosporic Fungi; Mycoses; Penicillin G; Skin; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Germ-Free Life; Mouth; Rats; Rectum; Tetracycline; Time Factors

The experiment was carried out with 252 albino rats of Wistar line immunized with Candida albicans vaccine under conditions of treatment with tetracycline, streptomycin and penicillin in doses of 40000-50000 Units/kg body weight. In the first part of the experiment the animals were immunized with a single dose of dead carpuscular vaccine and treated with the antibiotics for 10 days. In the second part of the experiment the animals were immunized 3 times, and 2nd and 3rd immunizations being with live cultures of C. albicans and the antibiotics were used for 20 days. The results of the experimental showed that repeated administrations of the antibiotics to the albino rats during immunization decreased the animal immune reactivity and aggravated the experimental candidosis: the rate of semination with the fungus increased and excretion of the fungus from the organism decreased.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies, Fungal; Antibody-Producing Cells; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cell Count; Drug Interactions; Fungal Vaccines; Hemagglutination Tests; Immunization; Penicillins; Rats; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Infections; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Mice; Neomycin; Nystatin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Thiourea; Undecylenic Acids

Topics: Ampicillin; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Fatty Liver; Female; Halothane; Humans; Hydronephrosis; Injections, Intravenous; Jaundice; Liver; Nitrofurantoin; Postoperative Complications; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux

Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cricetinae; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Female; Guinea Pigs; Hexachlorophene; Mice; Natamycin; Nystatin; Rats; Tetracycline; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas vaginalis; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Vaginitis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Candidiasis; Cross Infection; Enterobacter; Female; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Mycoplasma Infections; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Edema; Epithelium; Female; Inflammation; Leukoplakia, Oral; Male; Mouth; Rats; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tongue

Topics: Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans; Injections, Intradermal; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Injections, Intravenous; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Mice; Rabbits; Species Specificity; Tetracycline; Vagina

Topics: Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Disease Models, Animal; Injections, Intradermal; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Injections, Intravenous; Injections, Subcutaneous; Mice; Rabbits; Species Specificity; Tetracycline; Virulence

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Benzoates; Bromine; Candidiasis; Drug Combinations; Drug Synergism; Humans; Quinolines; Tetracycline

Topics: Amino Sugars; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Candidiasis; Carbenicillin; Cephalosporins; Cryptococcosis; Drug Synergism; Flucytosine; Glycosides; Gonorrhea; Humans; Meningococcal Infections; Minocycline; Pseudomonas Infections; Spectinomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Infections; Long-Term Care; Male; Middle Aged; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tablets; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Body Temperature; Burns; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Carbenicillin; Catheterization; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Nasopharynx; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Sepsis; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline; Urinary Catheterization; Wound Infection

Topics: Adult; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Diagnosis, Differential; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagitis; Esophagoscopy; Humans; Male; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Trichomonas Vaginitis

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adenocarcinoma; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Candida; Candidiasis; Drug Synergism; Humans; Kidney; Male; Methoxyflurane; Middle Aged; Nephrectomy; Postoperative Complications; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Seminal Vesicles; Tetracycline; Urography

Topics: Adult; Aged; Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Catheterization; Drug Synergism; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Leukorrhea; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Trichomonas Infections; Vaginal Smears; Vaginitis; Vibrio Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oxazoles; Quinolines; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Amphotericin B; Candida; Candidiasis; Child; Feces; Female; Humans; Intestines; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth; Tablets; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Candida; Candidiasis; Cattle; Germany, East; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Nystatin; Penicillins; Tetracycline; Yeasts

Topics: Animals; Candidiasis; Child; Digestive System; Embryo, Mammalian; Humans; Kidney; Liver; Stomatitis; Tetracycline

Topics: Candidiasis; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Nystatin; Tetracycline

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Mycotoxins; Pediatrics; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Bile Ducts; Biliary Tract Diseases; Candida; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Tetracycline

Topics: Candidiasis; Humans; Nystatin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Candidiasis; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Lactobacillus; Mycoplasma Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Vaginitis

Topics: Animals; Candida; Candidiasis; Chlortetracycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Mice; Oxytetracycline; Tetracycline; Virulence

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Deglutition Disorders; Diagnosis; Esophagitis; Humans; Nystatin; Pneumonia; Prednisolone; Radiography; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Clinical and pathological features of two fatal cases of bacterial endocarditis with Candida albicans superinfection are described. One patient presented with combined Streptococcus viridans and Candida endocarditis of the aortic valve. The second patient, an addict to paregoric injected intravenously, developed Staphylococcus aureus of the tricuspid valve with eventual Candida endocarditis. The responsible organisms were identified from blood cultures during the hospital course, and by culture or tissue section of postmortem material. Candida endocarditis has emerged as a disease entity in the past 20 years. The incidence is increasing and patients with bacterial endocarditis are among those at risk. Antibiotic therapy appeared to facilitate the development of Candida endocarditis in these two cases.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Aortic Valve; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Heart Valve Diseases; Humans; Middle Aged; Pathology; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcal Infections; Superinfection; Tetracycline; Tricuspid Valve; Viridans Streptococci

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Biopsy; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Clostridium; Corynebacterium; Electrons; Fusobacterium; Haemophilus; Humans; Jejunum; Lactobacillus; Leptospirosis; Lipodystrophy; Micrococcus; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Neisseria; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomyces; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Tooth Extraction; Veillonella; Whipple Disease

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Stomach; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Toxicology; Triamcinolone Acetonide

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Chloramphenicol; Diagnosis, Differential; Erythromycin; Halothane; Hepatitis; Hydrocortisone; Hypertension; Kidney Diseases; Metaraminol; Novobiocin; Pathology; Pyelonephritis; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Toxicology; Tracheotomy; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Urinary Diversion

Topics: Actinomycosis; Amphotericin B; Biomedical Research; Blastomycosis; Candidiasis; Coccidioidomycosis; Cryptococcosis; Cycloserine; Erythromycin; Histoplasmosis; Humans; Mycoses; Nocardia Infections; Penicillins; Pharmacology; Sporotrichosis; Stilbamidines; Sulfamerazine; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Biomedical Research; Candidiasis; Incidence; Lung Diseases; Penicillins; Specimen Handling; Sputum; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Aerosols; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Child; Chloramphenicol; Drug Therapy; Erythromycin; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Kanamycin; Leukopenia; Methicillin; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal; Radiography, Thoracic; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Geriatrics; Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Nystatin; Organic Chemicals; Pneumonia; Radiography, Thoracic; Tetracycline

Topics: Aerosols; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillosis; Bronchial Diseases; Candidiasis; Classification; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Mycoses; Natamycin; Statistics as Topic; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bronchial Diseases; Candidiasis; Diarrhea; Lung Diseases; Nausea; Nystatin; Tetracycline; Toxicology; Vomiting

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Candidiasis; Dermatology; Gastroenterology; Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Humans; Nystatin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bartholin's Glands; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Conjunctivitis; Ethylenediamines; Female; France; Gonorrhea; Humans; Imidazoles; Penicillin G; Penicillin G Benzathine; Penicillin G Procaine; Procaine; Spiramycin; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Trichomonas Infections; Urethritis; Vulvovaginitis

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Humans; Kanamycin; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Communicable Diseases; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Nystatin; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Ascariasis; Bacteriophages; Candidiasis; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Cholecystitis; Humans; Magnesium Sulfate; Nystatin; Penicillins; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Trichuriasis; Typhoid Fever; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Colitis, Ulcerative; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Intestines; Penicillins; Peptic Ulcer Perforation; Polyps; Proteus Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchopneumonia; Candidiasis; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Chlortetracycline; Encephalitis; Erythromycin; Humans; Influenza, Human; Intracranial Embolism; Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis; Neuritis; Pathology; Penicillins; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Thrombophlebitis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Digestive System; Gastroenterology; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Hydrocortisone; Mice; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Penicillins; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Chronobiology Phenomena; Colistin; Humans; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Colistin; Humans; Leukocytes; Tetracycline; Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candida; Candidiasis; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Disease; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Ureter; Ureteral Diseases; Urinary Tract Infections