tannins and Staphylococcal-Infections

Difficult-to-treat infections make complex wounds a problem of great clinical and socio-economic impact. Moreover, model therapies of wound care are increasing antibiotic resistance and becoming a critical problem, beyond healing. Therefore, phytochemicals are promising alternatives, with both antimicrobial and antioxidant activities to heal, strike infection, and the inherent microbial resistance. Hereupon, chitosan (CS)-based microparticles (as CM) were designed and developed as carriers of tannic acid (TA). These CMTA were designed to improve TA stability, bioavailability, and delivery in situ. The CMTA were prepared by spray dryer technique and were characterized regarding encapsulation efficiency, kinetic release, and morphology. Antimicrobial potential was evaluated against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Chitosan; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tannins; Wound Infection

Recent improvements in 3D printing technology have increased the usage of 3D printed materials in several areas. An exciting and emerging area of applying these next-generation manufacturing strategies is the development of devices for biomedical applications. The main aim of this work was to investigate the effect of tannic acid, gallic acid, and epicatechin gallate on the physicochemical characteristics of acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene (ABS) and Nylon 3D printing materials using the contact angle method. The adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus on untreated and treated materials was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and the images were treated by MATLAB software. The results of the contact angle measurements showed a significant change in the physicochemical properties of both surfaces, indicated an increase in the electron donor character of 3D printing materials following treatment. Thus, the ABS surfaces treated with tannic acid, gallic acid, and epicatechin gallate have become more electron donating. Furthermore, our results proved the ability of S. aureus to adhere on all materials with a percentage of 77.86% for ABS and 91.62% for nylon. The SEM has shown that all actives molecules were sufficient to obtain better inhibition of bacterial adhesion, which tannic acid has shown a total inhibition of S. aureus on ABS. From these results, our treatment presents a high potential for utilization as an active coating to prevent bacterial attachment and the eventual biofilm development in medical field.

Topics: Gallic Acid; Humans; Nylons; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Styrene; Tannins

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Biofilms as a bacterial defense are relatively more difficult to eradicate with antibiotics, thus pathogenic bacteria in their biofilm form can cause serious problems for human health. Lakum <i>(Causonis trifolia</i> L.) is an herbaceous plant with many biological activities, one of which is an antimicrobial compound containing flavonoids, squalene, nimbidin, saponins, anthocyanins, tannins, myricetin, others. This study aimed to determine the antibiofilm activity of Lakum leaf extract against<i> Staphylococcus aureus </i>bacteria and the active compounds that play a role in inhibiting monomicrobial biofilms. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> This research method was carried out with an <i>in vitro</i> experimental study design using observations of phytochemical screening test results and the effectiveness of Lakum leaf antibiofilm on<i> Staphylococcus aureus</i> through microplate reader readings that measure optical density values. <b>Results:</b> This study showed that Lakum leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, polyphenols, tannins and saponins. In addition, Lakum leaves gave biofilm inhibitory activity in the middle and maturation phase with the highest concentration in 1% extract of 76.95±0.0007 and 72.85± 0.0003%, respectively. Meanwhile, the lowest concentration was 0.125% extract of 65.65±0.0001% in the middle phase and 59.71±0.0003% in the maturation phase. <b>Conclusion:</b> That Lakum leaves have biofilm inhibitory activity on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> with flavonoid compounds, tannins and polyphenols that work as active substances in inhibiting the biofilm formation.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Biofilms; Flavonoids; Humans; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tannins

The NorA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus is known to play a major role in the development of resistance against quinolone drugs by reducing their concentration inside target pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of tannic acid to inhibit the gene expression of the NorA efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus and to evaluate the in silico effect on the pump. Efflux pump inhibition was evaluated by fluorimetry. The checkerboard method evaluates the effect of the test substance in combination with an antimicrobial at different concentrations. To gene expression evaluation NorA the assay was performed using: a sub-inhibitory concentration preparation (MIC/4) of the antibiotic; a sub-inhibitory concentration preparation (MIC/4) of the antibiotic associated with tannic acid at a sub-inhibitory concentration (MIC/4). In this study, docking simulations were performed by the SWISSDOCK webserver. The ability of tannic acid to inhibit the NorA efflux pump can be related to both the ability to inhibit the gene expression of this protein, acting on signaling pathways involving the ArlRS membrane sensor. As well as acting directly through direct interaction with the NorA protein, as seen in the approach and in silico and in vitro per checkerboard method and fluorimetry of bromide accumulated in the cell.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Ciprofloxacin; Gene Expression; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tannins

Catheter-associated infections (CAIs) caused by bacterial colonization are significant problems in clinics. Thus, effective antibacterial coatings for biomedical catheters to prevent bacterial infections are urgently needed. Ideal coatings should include the advantage of potent antibacterial properties and being easily and economically modified on the catheter surface. Due to their advantages of adhesive capability on various substrates, an increasing number of coatings based on plant polyphenols have been developed. However, the hydrophilicity of plant polyphenols limits their utilization in coatings. Herein, hydrophobic tannic acid (TA) was synthesized via the one-step electrostatic assembly of TA and benzalkonium chloride (BAC) with the green solvent water as the medium. The as-prepared hydrophobic TA (TBA) facilely formed a stable and colorless coating on the luminal and outer surface of biomedical catheters with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and biocompatiblity. It was demonstrated that the TBA-coated surfaces displayed excellent bactericidal activity toward Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli), and more than 99% of the above bacteria were killed by the TBA-coated films. The test of the coated catheters in vitro also showed the excellent antibacterial activity of both the outer and luminal surfaces of the catheter. Moreover, in an in vivo mouse model, the coated catheters relatively prevented bacterial colonization compared to the uncoated catheters. Meantime, no significant cytotoxicity and host response for Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and tissue compatibility in vivo were observed, indicating the better biocompatibility of the TBA coating. This preparation method overcomes the limitation of the traditional hydrophilic tannic acid as a coating and provides a new method for preventing medical indwelling device-associated infections.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Benzalkonium Compounds; Catheter-Related Infections; Cell Line; Disease Models, Animal; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Mice; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tannins

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections treatment of which is hard and failed, due to being resistant to all types of β-lactams, have been emerged in hospitals and community. Long-term usage of antibiotics and over doses of antibiotics used in the treatment of infections cause bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics. β-lactams combined with tannic acid can be a good alternative to sensitize the resistance of β-lactams used in the treatment of MRSA, due to their synergistic activities. In this study, after minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of sole tannic acid and β-lactam were investigated for each isolate, the synergistic activities of β-lactams combined with tannic acid against one MRSA ATCC 43300 and four MRSA clinical isolates were investigated with the concentrations starting at four fold of MICs of sole treatments of tannic acid and β-lactam by using checkerboard assay. To investigate sole and combination activities of tannic acid and β-lactams, MIC and MBCs were observed. Results of this study showed that the activities of β-lactams combined with tannic acid were synergistic and partially synergistic against MRSA isolates with FIC indexes ranged from 0.174 to 0.477 and 0.562 to 0.850, respectively. MIC of β-lactams were decreased 2-16 fold by sub-inhibitory concentrations of tannic acid without toxicity. Alternative treatment options of natural compounds such as tannic acid and β-lactams must be investigated further and developed to overcome the emergence of β-lactam resistance and treat MRSA infections by sensitizing the resistance of β-lactams.

Topics: beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactams; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Drug Synergism; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Tannins; Toxicity Tests

Tannic acid, a rich of natural and process-derived phenolic compound, has been shown to be an effective antagonist against viruses and bacteria. In this study, we determined the antimicrobial activity and mechanisms of tannic acid against Staphylococcus aureus with emphasis on inhibiting effect on biofilm formation. Based on the results of time-kill assay, binding ability assay, lysozyme susceptibility assay and the transmission electron microscope, we tentatively speculated that peptidoglycan might be the target of the process that tannic acid destroy the integrity of cell wall, moreover, tannic acid could reduce the biofilm formation at sub-MIC concentrations. These results manifested that natural product tannic acid could serve as a potentially effective candidate for development of novel strategies to treat methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tannins

The healing of wounds has always provided challenges for the medical community whether chronic or acute. Modern and traditional medicine has proved that herbal medicine shown superiority over chemical drugs. Herein, we report an Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. extract with a total tannin content of 76.18% showed wound-healing promoting effect in rat model. We found significantly accelerated wound closure already on day 7 in animals treated with total Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. tannins (TEPT) as compared to vaseline treated controls (p<0.05). At day 15, histologically, the wounds in animals treated with TEPT were completely closed as compared to controls. In vitro, TEPT promotes fibroblast proliferation and migration into wounds of NIH3T3 with concentration range of 9.38-37.50μg/ml. TEPT also had an inhibitory action against Staphylococcus aureus with MBC of 1.5mg/ml and the result was further proved by transmission electron microscope. Thus, TEPT could promote wound shrinkage, improve healing rate and promote healing of infectious wounds in rats. And this effect may due to antibacterial activities and NIH3T3 cell pro-proliferative effect of the tannins compounds, which indicating that TEPT can be used as efficient treatment in traumatic injury.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cell Proliferation; Collagen; Emollients; Fabaceae; Male; Mice; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Mupirocin; NIH 3T3 Cells; Petrolatum; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tannins; Wound Healing; Wound Infection

Staphylococcus aureus is a human commensal and pathogen that is capable of forming biofilms on a variety of host tissues and implanted medical devices. Biofilm-associated infections resist antimicrobial chemotherapy and attack from the host immune system, making these infections particularly difficult to treat. In order to gain insight into environmental conditions that influence S. aureus biofilm development, we screened a library of small molecules for the ability to inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation. This led to the finding that the polyphenolic compound tannic acid inhibits S. aureus biofilm formation in multiple biofilm models without inhibiting bacterial growth. We present evidence that tannic acid inhibits S. aureus biofilm formation via a mechanism dependent upon the putative transglycosylase IsaA. Tannic acid did not inhibit biofilm formation of an isaA mutant. Overexpression of wild-type IsaA inhibited biofilm formation, whereas overexpression of a catalytically dead IsaA had no effect. Tannin-containing drinks like tea have been found to reduce methicillin-resistant S. aureus nasal colonization. We found that black tea inhibited S. aureus biofilm development and that an isaA mutant resisted this inhibition. Antibiofilm activity was eliminated from tea when milk was added to precipitate the tannic acid. Finally, we developed a rodent model for S. aureus throat colonization and found that tea consumption reduced S. aureus throat colonization via an isaA-dependent mechanism. These findings provide insight into a molecular mechanism by which commonly consumed polyphenolic compounds, such as tannins, influence S. aureus surface colonization.

Topics: Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Catalytic Domain; Female; Rats; Sigmodontinae; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tannins; Tea

In traditional Thai medicine, nutgall of Quercus infectoria G. Olivier is well-documented as an effective agent for wound and skin infections. The present study was aimed to establish modes of action of the ethanol extract of the plant as well as its main constituents to induce anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity.. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)/minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of ethyl acetate I, ethyl acetate II, 95% ethanol and 30% ethanol fractions against MRSA were 0.06/0.25, 0.13/0.25, 0.25/0.5 and 0.5/1.00 mg ml(-1), respectively. Ellagic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid and tannic acid as major components of Q. infectoria nutgall extract were included in this study. Among these, gallic acid and tannic acid demonstrated good MIC/MBC values at 0.06/0.06 and 0.13/0.25 mg ml(-1), respectively. A lysis experiment demonstrated that the ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction I and all of the main components failed to lyse MRSA cells. In contrast, both MRSA and Staph. aureus ATCC 25923 treated with the ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction I, gallic acid and tannic acid displayed significant loss of tolerance to low osmotic pressure and high salt concentration.. The results documented the effect of different fractions of Q. infectoria and purified compounds on MRSA and Staph. aureus. In addition, the study demonstrated that treatment with Q. infectoria extract and the purified compounds results in hypersensitivity to low and high osmotic pressure.. This study provides scientific information to support the traditional uses of the nutgall extract and suggesting its anti-MRSA mechanisms.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cell Membrane; Gallic Acid; Medicine, East Asian Traditional; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Osmotic Pressure; Plant Extracts; Quercus; Sodium Chloride; Staphylococcal Infections; Tannins; Thailand

Fourteen extracts from Brazilian traditional medicinal plants used to treat infectious diseases were used to look for potential antimicrobial activity against multiresistant bacteria of medical importance. Staphylococcus aureus strains were susceptible to extracts of Punica granatum and Tabebuia avellanedae. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the total extracts and of additional fractions of these plants were determined by employing strains of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and -sensitive (MSSA) S. aureus, including isolates of the PFGE clone A, which is prevalent in Brazil and two ATCC reference strains. A mixture of ellagitannins isolated from P. granatum and two naphthoquinones isolated from T. avellanedae demonstrated antibacterial activity against all S. aureus strains tested. Semi-synthetic furanonaphthoquinones (FNQs) showed lower MICs than those exhibited by natural occurring naphthoquinones. The results indicate that these natural products can be effective potential candidates for the development of new strategies to treat MRSA infections.

Topics: Brazil; Humans; Hydrolyzable Tannins; In Vitro Techniques; Lythraceae; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Naphthoquinones; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tabebuia; Tannins

We examined the antibacterial action of several tannins on plasma coagulation by Staphylococcus aureus and the effect of conventional chemotherapy combined with tannic acid below the MIC. Coagulation was inhibited in plasma containing tannic acid (100 mg/L), gallic acid (5000 mg/L), ellagic acid (5000 mg/L), (-)-epicatechin (1500 mg/L), (-)-epicatechin gallate (500 mg/L) or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (200 mg/L) after incubation for 24 h. All tannins inhibited coagulation at a concentration below the MIC. The MICs of oxacillin and cefdinir for S. aureus were reduced to < or = 0.06 mg/L in Mueller-Hinton agar plates with tannic acid (100 mg/L) at a concentration below the MIC. The antistaphylococcal activity of tannic acid was reduced in plates with 10% rabbit blood, but not in those with 10% rabbit plasma. Membranous structures formed in a culture medium containing equal proportions of plasma and tryptic soy broth after incubation for 24 h. The colony counts of S. aureus in membranous structures in the medium containing oxacillin (40 mg/L) and tannic acid (100 mg/L) were c. 10-fold lower than those in medium containing oxacillin (40 mg/L) alone (P < 0.01). Tannic acid merits further investigation as a possible adjuvant agent against S. aureus skin infections treated with beta-lactam antibiotics.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood Coagulation; Cefdinir; Cephalosporins; Colony Count, Microbial; Culture Media; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Hydrolyzable Tannins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxacillin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tannins

Topics: Acute Disease; Antigens; Antistreptolysin; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Blood Preservation; Erythrocytes; Formaldehyde; Glomerulonephritis; Hemagglutination; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Rheumatic Fever; Scarlet Fever; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptodornase and Streptokinase; Tannins; Tonsillitis