tannins and Poultry-Diseases

Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an important concern in poultry industry since it causes economic losses, increased mortality, reduction of bird welfare, and contamination of chicken products for human consumption. For decades, the use of in-feed antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) has been the main strategy to control intestinal pathogens including

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Clostridium Infections; Clostridium perfringens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Tolerance; Enteritis; Food Microbiology; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Necrosis; Oils, Volatile; Plant Extracts; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Tannins

An experiment was carried out to assess the influence of tannic acid (TA) on integrity of the intestine in broiler chicks vaccinated against coccidiosis and challenged with the disease. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, the trial had five groups of 10 chickens each, including positive (group 2) and negative (group 1) controls. The chickens were kept on wood shavings and fed a commercial maize and soybean-based starter-grower diet. From day 1, groups 3 and 5 received TA (10 g kg(-1)) in their diet. On day 4, birds of groups 4 and 5 were vaccinated orally against coccidiosis with anti-coccidial vaccine, Livacox T™. Each dose of the vaccine contained 300-500 sporulated oocysts of each of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima and Eimeria tenella. On day 18, all experimental groups except for the negative (group 1) were challenged with 10-fold dose of Livacox T™ to produce a mild coccidiosis infection. Faecal samples of individual birds were collected on day 23, and the number of faecal oocysts was determined. d-Xylose absorption test was also carried out on all birds on day 23. Immediately after d-xylose absorption test, all birds were killed humanely and the intestinal tract was removed, weighed and examined for gross lesions. Results showed that negative (group 1) and positive controls (group 2) had the highest and lowest levels of plasma d-xylose post-ingestion of the substrate, respectively. Vaccination and/or feeding TA raised the level of plasma d-xylose in infected birds, although this was not significant for TA-fed birds. Vaccination reduced but TA increased the total number of oocysts per gram of faeces. Birds of groups 2-5 had distinct intestinal lesions when compared with group 1. However, vaccination prevented intestinal lesions. Relative weights of intestinal parts were the lowest in group 1 and the highest in group 2. Vaccination but not TA reduced the relative weights of intestinal parts in infected birds. It was concluded that dietary tannins may reduce the efficacy of anticoccidial vaccines and alter the proper development of immunity against the disease.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats; Dietary Supplements; Eimeria; Intestines; Oocysts; Poultry Diseases; Protozoan Vaccines; Tannins

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Chickens; Chromatography, Liquid; Clostridium Infections; Clostridium perfringens; Coccidiosis; Diet; Eimeria; Enteritis; Male; Poultry Diseases; Sorghum; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Tannins

The study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and efficacy of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts against Salmonella by in vitro assays and in vivo trials.. The extracts showed inhibitory activity against Salmonella determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration method as well as on the adhesion and invasion of S. Gallinarum (SG) and S. Enteritidis (SE) in Caco-2 cells. Also, transmission electron microscopy revealed that extract-treated Salmonella showed disruption of cell walls and membranes, damage of the cytoplasm and tannin-protein aggregations. In addition, efficacy of the extracts to control SG and SE was evaluated in experimental infection trials in laying hens and broilers respectively. SE excretion was significantly reduced on days 5 (P < 0·01) and 12 (P < 0·025) only in the quebracho group. In the fowl typhoid infection model, hens that received the chestnut extract showed a significantly reduced mortality (P < 0·05).. Our results evidence that these alternative natural products may be a useful tool to control Salmonella in poultry.. Salmonella is a zoonotic pathogen usually associated with poultry production. This study provides information about the mechanism of antibacterial effects of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts to control Salmonella in poultry.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Outer Membrane; Caco-2 Cells; Cell Wall; Chickens; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plant Extracts; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Tannins; Wood

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of tannic acid extract (TAE) formulations on the performance and intestinal health of male Cobb × Cobb 500 broilers exposed to coccidiosis. In the first experiment, 320 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 8 replicates. Treatments included non-medicated, uninfected (NC); non-medicated, infected (PC); salinomycin (SAL, 66 mg/kg); tannic acid (TA, 0.5 g/kg) and TAE (TAE, 0.5 g/kg). On d 14, all groups (except NC) were orally inoculated with Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima and E. tenella oocysts. Intestinal lesion scores, fecal oocyst counts (OPG) and performance were evaluated on d 20. The PC had greater lesions and higher FCR than infected, supplemented groups. Only TAE reduced OPG compared to PC (P < 0.05). In the second experiment, 3,000 broiler chicks were vaccinated on day of hatch with live coccidial oocysts, then randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 15 replicates. Treatments included non-medicated (CNT); salinomycin (SAL, 66 mg/kg); robenidine (ROB, 33 mg/kg); TAE (0.5 g/kg) and TAE with Bacillus coagulans (TAE+BC, 0.5 g/kg). On d 29, a subset of pens (n = 20) were challenged with a mixed Eimeria spp. oral inoculum; performance, lesions and OPG were evaluated on d 35. An immune challenge was created in half the pens by issuing broilers feed without supplementation materials during the challenge. For the non-challenged pens (n = 55), performance was measured up to d 49. Performance of non-challenged, vaccinated-CNT birds was improved with all treatments at d 21 and d 49. Among the challenged birds, withdrawal of SAL or ROB resulted in FCR similar to the challenged CNT group (P > 0.05), whereas withdrawal of TAE or TAE+BC maintained improved FCR compared to challenged-CNT birds (P < 0.05). These findings indicate supplementation of TAE and TAE+BC with coccidiosis vaccination can be considered as a potential alternative strategy to address coccidiosis in broiler chickens.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Eimeria; Eimeria tenella; Feces; Intestines; Male; Plant Extracts; Poultry Diseases; Pyrans; Random Allocation; Tannins; Vaccination

The present study reports the effect of Emblica officinalis (EO) derived tannins on humoral immune responses and their protective efficacy against Eimeria infection in chickens. Tannins were extracted from EO and characterized by HPLC. EO derived tannins (EOT) and commercial tannins (CT) were orally administered in broiler chicks in graded doses for three consecutive days, that is, 5th-7th days of age. On day 14 after administration of tannins, humoral immune response was detected against sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) by haemagglutination assay. Protective efficacy of tannins was measured against coccidial infection, induced by Eimeria species. Results revealed higher geomean titers against SRBCs in chickens administered with EOT as compared to those administered with CT and control group. Mean oocysts per gram of droppings were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in EOT administered chickens as compared to control group. Lesion scoring also showed the lowest caecal and intestinal lesion score of mild to moderate intensity in chickens administered with EOT. Further, significantly higher (P < 0.05) daily body weight gains and antibody titers were detected in EOT administered chickens as compared to those of CT administered and control groups. EOT showed the immunostimulatory properties in broilers and their administration in chickens boost the protective immunity against coccidiosis.

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Eimeria; Phyllanthus emblica; Poultry Diseases; Tannins

The measurement of gas produced as a fermentation end product in vitro was correlated with absorbance as a measure of bacterial growth and was used as a rapid screening procedure to test the antimicrobial activity of certain essential oil and tannin secondary plant metabolites on gastrointestinal microorganisms from chickens. The assay was optimised using Clostridium perfringens and Lactobacillus fermentum, and tested in antimicrobial assays against C. perfringens; the minimum inhibitory concentration for each essential oil and condensed tannin was determined. The effect of penicillin-G on C. perfringens, in both growth and fermentation assays, was similar, and for all secondary metabolites tested, concentrations that inhibited fermentation were also bacteriocidal. The assay was also used to demonstrate the effect of dietary composition and enzyme supplementation on fermentation of mixed gut microflora in vitro; results are compared with in vivo results for the same dietary treatments. The data demonstrate that the effects of bioactive secondary plant products and feed composition on individual organisms or mixed gut microflora can be tested by analysis of fermentative activity in vitro, and that this provides a rapid assay for testing potential poultry feed additives before in vivo trials.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Chickens; Clostridium perfringens; Fermentation; Gases; Gastrointestinal Tract; Limosilactobacillus fermentum; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oils, Volatile; Poultry Diseases; Tannins

Grains from three high and one low tannin sorghum cultivars were treated as follows: 1) untreated, no water was added, the dry grain had an average moisture content of 8% and 2) the moisture content of the grain was raised by adding 25% (w/w) distilled water to the grain. The treated grain was then stored for 10 or 20 days with a 2% level of acetic-propionic acid mixture (60/40, v/v) added to deter fungal growth. This treated grain was used in diets during a 3-week feeding trial with broiler chickens. High moisture storage (reconstitution) of high tannin sorghums decreased their extractable tannin content. Chickens fed diets containing these treated sorghums had improved weight grains (23 to 83 g) and feed efficiencies compared to birds fed diets containing the untreated grain. Treatment of low tannin sorghum did not improve weight gains. Reconstitution of high but not low tannin sorghums improved protein digestibility (6 to 16%) and dietary metabolizable energy (.1 to .3 kcal/g) for broiler chickens. There was a highly significant cultivar effect on leg scores, but the correlation between dietary tannin content and leg scores was low (r = .10), suggesting that tannin content was not a major factor in leg abnormality incidences shown. The improvement in weight grains, feed efficiencies, and protein digestibilities at 10 and 20 days storage periods was not different (P greater than .05), indicating that the benefits of high moisture storage were already obtained by 10 days.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bone Diseases; Chickens; Dietary Proteins; Edible Grain; Energy Metabolism; Food Handling; Leg; Nutritive Value; Panicum; Poultry Diseases; Tannins; Water

Studies were conducted into the etiology of leg abnormalities noted in chicks fed high tannin sorghum grain diets. These anomalies were characterized by a bowing of the legs with a swelling of the hock joints. The incidence of these leg problems was found to be markedly higher when the amino acids in the diet provided by soybean meal were replaced by crystalline amino acids. Supplemental vitamins and minerals had no alleviating effect on the leg problem. Bone mineralization was apparently not influenced by tannins as demonstrated by similar bone ash values for chicks fed high or low tannin sorghums. A possible alteration caused by tannin in the organic matrix of bone is discussed. High tannin sorghum depressed chick growth and feed conversion when compared with low tannin sorghum in both sorghum-soybean meal and sorghum-amino acid rations. This growth depression was overcome by supplementing the high tannin sorghum-soybean meal diet with .15% DL-methionine, but no growth response was observed from a similar supplementation of a high tannin sorghum-amino acid diet.

Topics: Amino Acids; Animal Feed; Animals; Bone Diseases, Developmental; Chickens; Edible Grain; Femur; Glycine max; Male; Methionine; Poultry Diseases; Tannins

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Choline; Diet; Edible Grain; Eggs; Female; Housing, Animal; Methionine; Poultry Diseases; Tannins

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Avian Leukosis; Chickens; Hemagglutination Tests; Methods; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Poultry Diseases; Tannins

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Avian Leukosis; Chickens; Hemagglutination Tests; Poultry Diseases; Tannins

Topics: Animals; Bronchitis; Chickens; Erythrocytes; Hemagglutination; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Hemagglutination Tests; Neutralization Tests; Poultry Diseases; Tannins; Virus Diseases; Viruses