tannins and Necrosis

Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an important concern in poultry industry since it causes economic losses, increased mortality, reduction of bird welfare, and contamination of chicken products for human consumption. For decades, the use of in-feed antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) has been the main strategy to control intestinal pathogens including

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Clostridium Infections; Clostridium perfringens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Tolerance; Enteritis; Food Microbiology; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Necrosis; Oils, Volatile; Plant Extracts; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Tannins

Glyphosate can cause tissue damage such as liver and kidney in mammals. Tannin has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of glyphosate on the growth of L8824 cell line and the effect of tannin on antagonism of glyphosate through the ROS/PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis are unclear. In this study, L8824 cells were treated with glyphosate (50 μg/mL) and/or tannin (4.5 μM) for 24 h to establish a model. The results showed that glyphosate exposure increased ROS and MDA levels, decreased CAT and SOD activities. PTEN was activated and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was inhibited. The P53/Bcl-2/Bax/CytC/Caspase3 and RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathways were also activated. In addition, the cytokines and antimicrobial peptides LEAP-2, TNF-α and IL-1β were increased while β-defensin, Hepcidin, IL-2 and IFN-γ were decreased. The use of tannin reduced the adverse effects of glyphosate exposure on L8824 cells significantly. In conclusion, tannin can trigger oxidative stress via PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway to cause apoptosis, necroptosis and immune dysfunction of L8824 cells.

Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Line; Fishes; Glyphosate; Liver; Necrosis; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Reactive Oxygen Species; Tannins

Phytochemical is considered an alternative method for cyanobacterial bloom control in aquatic environments. When cyanobacteria are treated with anti-algal materials produced from plant tissues, they tend to exhibit growth inhibition or necrosis of cells. These different anti-algal responses have not been well discussed, and thus, the modes of anti-algal action in cyanobacteria remain obscure. In this study, transcriptomic and biochemical researches were conducted to understand the mechanisms of cyanobacterial growth inhibition and necrosis in harmful cyanobacterial cells exposed to allelopathic materials. The cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa was treated with aqueous extracts of walnut husk, rose leaf, and kudzu leaf. Walnut husk and rose leaf extracts induced mortality of cyanobacterial population with cell necrosis, whereas kudzu leaf extract exhibited poorly grown cells with shrunk size. Through RNA sequencing, it was revealed that the necrotic extracts significantly downregulated critical genes in enzymatic chain reactions for carbohydrate assembly in the carbon fixation cycle and peptidoglycan synthesis. Compared to the necrotic extract treatment, expression of several genes related to DNA repair, carbon fixation, and cell reproduction was less interrupted by the kudzu leaf extract. Biochemical analysis of cyanobacterial regrowth was performed using gallotannin and robinin. Gallotannin was identified as the major anti-algal compound in walnut husk and rose leaf affecting cyanobacterial necrosis, whereas robinin, which is the typical chemical in kudzu leaf, was associated with growth inhibition of cyanobacterial cells. These combinational studies using RNA sequencing and regrowth assays provided evidence supporting the allelopathic effects of plant-derived materials on cyanobacterial control. Furthermore, our findings suggest novel algicidal scenarios with different responses in the cyanobacterial cells depending on the type of anti-algal compounds.

Topics: Cyanobacteria; Harmful Algal Bloom; Humans; Hydrolyzable Tannins; Microcystis; Necrosis; Plant Extracts; Tannins

Topics: Adiponectin; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Cell Line, Tumor; Collagen; Collagen Type I; Female; Fibroblasts; Hydrogen Bonding; Inflammation; Liposarcoma; Macrophages; Mammaplasty; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastectomy, Segmental; Necrosis; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Polyphenols; Rats; Rats, Nude; Tannins; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activities of diethyl ether (DEE) and methanol (M) extracts from brown alga Padina boergesenii using in vitro and in vivo antioxidant assay, which may help to relate the antioxidant properties with the possible outline of its ameliorative effect. M extract showed higher radical scavenging activity through ferric reducing antioxidant power 139.11 µmol tannic acid equivalent/g; DPPH 71.32 ± 0.56%; deoxyribose radical 88.31 ± 0.47%, and total antioxidant activity 0.47 ± 0.02 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g. Oxidative red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis inhibition rate was significantly higher in M extract (150 mg/kg body weight) in reference to total phenolic content (r = 0.935). Rats administered with DEE and M extracts (150 mg/kg body weight) for seven days before the administration of ferric nitrilotriacetate (9 mg of Fe/mg/kg bodyweight). Rats pretreated with extracts significantly changed the level of renal microsomal lipid peroxidation, glutathione, and antioxidant enzymes in post-mitochondrial supernatant (P < 0.05). Ameliorative effect of extracts against renal oxidative damage was evident in rat kidney through changes in necrotic and epithelial cells. HPTLC technique has identified the presence of rutin with reference to retardation factor (Rf ) in both the extracts. These findings support the source of polyphenols (rutin) from P. boergesenii had potent antioxidant activity; further work on isolation of bioactive compounds can be channeled to develop as a natural antioxidant.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Deoxyribose; Epithelial Cells; Female; Ferric Compounds; Free Radicals; Hemolysis; In Vitro Techniques; Kidney Diseases; Microsomes; Necrosis; Nitrilotriacetic Acid; Oxidative Stress; Phaeophyceae; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rutin; Tannins

This study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of apple (Ralls) polyphenol extract (APE) in modulating aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The rats were distributed among 4 groups and fed different diets with or without AlCl3 (171.8 mg Al·kg(-1)·day(-1)) and APE (200 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) for 10 weeks. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase as well as the levels of glutathione and ATP synthesis were decreased by comparison with the control, while the activities of transaminases in serum, the levels of Al, and ATP hydrolysis were increased significantly in the liver of the Al-treated group. Furthermore, abnormal changes in the histological structure of the liver were observed in the Al-treated group. However, these toxic effects of Al were significantly reduced when the rats were fed diets supplemented with APE. This suggests that APE plays a role in the reduction of the toxic effects from Al in rats.

Topics: Aluminum Chloride; Aluminum Compounds; Animals; Chlorides; Chlorogenic Acid; Flavonoids; Liver; Male; Necrosis; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tannins

Hydrolyzable tannins are known to exhibit diverse biological effects, which can be used in combination with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In this study, we tested toxic and inflammatory properties of tannic-acid modified 13, 33, 46 nm and unmodified 10-65 nm AgNPs using murine 291.03C keratinocyte and RAW 264.7 monocyte cell lines. Both cell lines exposed for 24h to 1-10 μg/ml of 13 nm, 33 nm, 46 nm and unmodified AgNPs showed dose-dependent toxicity and decreased cell proliferation. Only small-sized AgNPs induced production of ROS by monocytes, but not keratinocytes. Monocytes internalized large aggregates of 33, 46 nm and 10-65 nm AgNPs in cytoplasmic vacuoles, whereas keratinocytes accumulated less particles. AgNPs of 13 nm were localized ubiquitously within both cell types. The tested AgNPs strongly down-regulated production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by monocytes, whereas keratinocytes exposed to AgNPs showed an opposite effect. Unmodified but not tannic acid-modified AgNPs increased production of the pro-inflammatory MCP-1 by monocytes and keratinocytes. In summary, low inflammatory potential and lack of ROS production by tannic-acid modified AgNPs sized above 30 nm suggests that tannic acid modification of large silver nanoparticles may help to increase AgNPs biosafety.

Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Caspase 9; Cell Line; Cytokines; Keratinocytes; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Metal Nanoparticles; Mice; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Monocytes; Necrosis; Reactive Oxygen Species; Silver; Tannins

The oxidative effect of tannic acid and its two derivatives (ellagic and gallic acid), naturally occurring plant polyphenols, has been studied on digestive gland cells of the fresh-water mussel Unio tumidus. A spectrophotometric method was used to determine the protein thiol groups after incubation of the cells with the polyphenols at concentrations of 1, 15 and 60 microM. The results showed that the oxidative modification of proteins increased in a concentration-dependent manner but no changes were observed at the concentration of 1 microM. The comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis assay) with the formamido-pyrimidine glycosylase (FPG) protein was used to assess oxidative DNA base damage. The cells were treated with polyphenols at the concentrations of 30 and 60 microM and post-incubated with FPG. FPG strongly enhanced DNA damage induced by the polyphenols, indicating that N-7 guanine oxidation is responsible for the observed effect. Using the comet assay in combination with proteinase K we were able to demonstrate the presence of DNA-protein cross-links as the probable cause of the decrease in DNA migration. After treatment of the cells with tannic acid and its metabolites at concentrations of 120, 180 and 240 microM, they were post-incubated with proteinase K. After this treatment an increased DNA migration was observed, indicating the presence of DNA-protein cross-links. We have also used a fluorescence method with Hoechst 33258/propidium iodide DNA-binding dyes to study the extent of DNA fragmentation after exposure of the cells to polyphenols at concentrations of 1, 5 and 60 microM. The results demonstrate that the polyphenols can induce apoptosis and necrosis at higher concentrations (5 and 60 microM). All experimental data suggest that tannic, ellagic and gallic acids at concentrations above 1 microM are able to interact with proteins and DNA, which leads to their degradation or changes in their function.

Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Bivalvia; Comet Assay; Cross-Linking Reagents; DNA Damage; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ellagic Acid; Gallic Acid; Gastrointestinal Tract; Necrosis; Oxidative Stress; Proteins; Spectrophotometry; Tannins

The antioxidant and prooxidant effects of tannic, ellagic and gallic acids (1-60 microM) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (40 and 100 microM) or copper ions (50 microM) on B14 Chinese hamster cells were examined. The fluorescence probe DCFH-DA (dichlorofluorescein-diacetate) was used to analyse the levels of reactive oxygen species. This method showed the reduction in oxidation of DCF (dichlorofluorescein). It indicates that antioxidant capacity of tested polyhenols is decreased in the presence of hydrogen peroxide or copper ions. Spectrophotometric assay with Ellman's reagent was used to determine SH-groups. The experimental results revealed the oxidative modification of proteins after exposure to polyphenols at concentrations above 15 microM. Additional incubation with H2O2 or Cu(2+) ions showed the prooxidant activity of tested complexes also for polyphenols used at a concentration of 1 microM. Fluorescence method with Hoechst 33258/propidium iodide dyes was used to study apoptotic and necrotic cell death. The obtained data demonstrated that polyphenols alone, as well as in the presence of hydrogen peroxide or copper ions, can induce DNA fragmentation.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Copper; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Combinations; Ellagic Acid; Flavonoids; Gallic Acid; Hydrogen Peroxide; Ions; Necrosis; Oxidants; Phenols; Polyphenols; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Tannins

OC-108 is a novel sclerosing agent for hemorrhoids, containing aluminum potassium sulfate (alum) and tannic acid as its main ingredients. In clinical studies, OC-108 injection therapy for severe internal hemorrhoids proved to be highly effective, not only on bleeding but also for prolapse, and the effects were comparable to hemorrhoidectomy. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mode of action by administrating the agent s.c. to mice and rats. In response to OC-108 injection, inflammation with necrosis developed at an early stage followed by granuloma formation with fibrosis at the injection site. Necrotic debris with aluminum was observed in the granuloma for a long period. Alum, as well as OC-108, induced vascular permeability, leukocyte infiltration, and granuloma formation; however, tannic acid did not. On the other hand, tannic acid inhibited leukocyte infiltration induced by alum but did not inhibit granuloma formation. These results indicate that OC-108 causes sclerosis and retraction of hemorrhoids through fibrosis associated with granulomatous chronic inflammation induced by the main active ingredient alum and that the adjunct ingredient tannic acid reduces excessive acute inflammation induced by alum.

Topics: Aluminum; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Capillary Permeability; Granuloma; Hemorrhoids; Inflammation; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Necrosis; Neutrophil Infiltration; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sclerosing Solutions; Tannins

This experiment was carried out to study the toxicity of quebracho tannin extract (containing 760 g of condensed tannins [CTs] per kg), with the aim of validating its use as a feed additive for improving the digestive utilization of protein-rich feeds. Four groups (Q(0), Q(1), Q(2) and Q(3)) of four sheep were dosed intra-ruminally once daily, for up to 21 days with, respectively, 0, 0.5, 1.5 or 3.0 g quebracho tannin extract/kg live-weight (LW). Feed intake, live-weight changes, plasma biochemistry, indicators of hepatic detoxification function, gross lesions and histopathology were examined. Animals in groups Q(0), Q(1) and Q(2) consumed all the offered feed. In contrast, feed intake was practically nil after 6 days of quebracho dosing in group Q(3), this being associated with a loss of 4.7+/-1.30 kg LW in 10 days (P<0.05). Sheep from groups Q(0), Q(1) and Q(2) remained healthy throughout the experiment. Ewes from group Q(3) became weak and depressed on day 5 and after 8 days of dosing remained recumbent. They were humanely killed after 10 days to avoid suffering. In general, neither gross lesions nor microscopical changes were observed in animals from groups Q(0), Q(1) and Q(2). However, Q(3) sheep showed striking lesions in the digestive tract (well-demarcated ulcers filled with necrotic material in the mucosa of the rumen and reticulum, distension of abomasum and small intestine, and dense mucous material in the caecum), and changes in plasma biochemistry. Cytochrome P-450 and glutathione concentrations were significantly reduced in Q(3) sheep (P<0.05). It is concluded that quebracho tannin extract is not toxic for ruminants, except in concentrations too high to be encountered under practical conditions.

Topics: Abomasum; Administration, Oral; Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eating; Female; Intestinal Mucosa; Necrosis; Plant Extracts; Rumen; Sheep; Stomach Ulcer; Tannins

The root of Paeonia suffruticosa ANDREWS is an important Chinese crude drug used in many traditional prescriptions. 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG), a major component of this crude drug, was found to exhibit in vitro growth-inhibiting effect on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, SK-HEP-1 cells. The growth-inhibitory effect was related to the ability of PGG not only to cause a G(0)/G(1) phase arrest but also to suppress the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B. Neither apoptosis nor necrosis was observed in the cells treated with PGG. These findings suggest that PGG could be a candidate for developing a low-toxic anticancer agent.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cell Division; DNA; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; G1 Phase; Humans; Hydrolyzable Tannins; Necrosis; NF-kappa B; Resting Phase, Cell Cycle; Tannins; Tumor Cells, Cultured

A study was conducted to identify and characterise the toxic principle in Terminalia oblongata, commonly known as yellow-wood. Crude aqueous extracts of yellow-wood leaf were found to produce the same liver lesion in mice as has been reported in ruminants. The hepatotoxic fraction was isolated and identified as a hydrolysable vegetable tannin called punicalagin. When given orally, the dose required to produce toxicity was at least 20 times greater than when given intraperitoneally. Following a given dose of punicalagin, the onset and severity of liver necrosis was found to be related to the time interval after dosing. In addition to punicalagin, an unidentified nephrotoxic substance was found which was capable of producing avascular renal necrosis without liver necrosis.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Male; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Necrosis; Plants, Toxic; Tannins

The effect of intraperitoneal administration of an aqueous solution of tannic acid was examined after different intervals of time. The results showed a gradual and progressive destruction of the liver cells and transformation of its architecture. The histological signs of liver damage appeared 2 hrs after the intoxication. Mild necrosis at periphery was noted even after 1 hour. After 2 hrs hepatocytes were swollen and sinusoids were contracted. These changes became more pronounced after 12 hrs and by 24 hrs extensive centrolobular and perilobular necroses and severe hydropic degeneration of liver cells were observed. Nuclear volume increased at the very first stage of necrosis but after 48 hrs binucleate and multinucleate cells were also visible. The nucleolus was hypertropied and divided into two or more portions after 1 hour. Connective tissue was degnerated after 24 hrs. Hepatic fibrosis was observed after five days of treatment. In all the present experiments vascular lesions and bile duct hyperplasia were the common phenomena.

Topics: Animals; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Fishes; Hydrolyzable Tannins; Liver; Necrosis; Tannins; Time Factors

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Antitubercular Agents; Azathioprine; Blood Transfusion; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Female; Halothane; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Humans; Infant; Leukocytosis; Liver Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Necrosis; Penicillins; Prothrombin Time; Sulfonamides; Tannins

1. As early as 1hr. after the intraperitoneal administration of tannic acid to rats, it could be demonstrated in the liver. At 3hr. the nuclear fraction contained the largest amount of tannic acid. 2. Nuclear RNA synthesis was inhibited in vivo 2hr. after the administration of tannic acid. Induction by cortisol of tryptophan pyrrolase was 90% inhibited at 24hr. 3. Incorporation of [1-(14)C]leucine into protein by liver slices from treated rats was decreased by 50% after 24hr. Its incorporation into postmitochondrial supernatant from treated animals was not inhibited. Incorporation into slices and postmitochondrial supernatants were inhibited in vitro by tannic acid. 4. The sequence of events: concentration of tannic acid in nuclei, inhibition of nuclear RNA synthesis, inhibition of protein synthesis and production of necrosis, is discussed.

Topics: Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Cell Nucleus; Enzyme Induction; Hydrocortisone; In Vitro Techniques; Leucine; Liver; Necrosis; Nucleic Acids; Orotic Acid; Protein Biosynthesis; Rats; RNA; Tannins; Tryptophan Oxygenase

Topics: Barium Sulfate; Body Weight; Contrast Media; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Liver Diseases; Necrosis; Tannins

Topics: Aflatoxins; Amides; Animals; Carcinogens; Cell Nucleolus; Cell Nucleus; DNA; Ethionine; Liver; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Necrosis; Nitrosamines; Rats; Tannins

Topics: Acetates; Acute Disease; Agar; Animals; Bile; Calcium Chloride; Carrageenan; Chlorides; Copper; Croton Oil; Ethanol; Female; Formaldehyde; Glucose; Histamine; Indium; Lead; Manganese; Mercury; Necrosis; Papain; Phosphates; Polymyxins; Polysaccharides; Rats; Skin Diseases; Tannins; Trypsin; Zinc

Topics: Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Fatty Liver; Hepatitis; Liver Diseases; Liver Glycogen; Necrosis; Pathology; Rabbits; Research; Tannins; Toxicology

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Barium Sulfate; Child; Child, Preschool; Enema; Humans; Infant; Liver Diseases; Male; Necrosis; Tannins

Topics: Acetonitriles; Amides; Benzene; Bromobenzenes; Cyanides; Liver; Liver Diseases; Necrosis; Tannins; Thioacetamide

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Ethanol; Humans; Necrosis; Tannins