tannins and Hemolysis

Due to their intrinsic injectable and self-healing characteristics, dynamic hydrogels, based on dynamic covalent bonds, have gained a great attention. In this study, a novel dynamic hydrogel based on the boronic ester dynamic covalent bond is facilely developed using phenylboronic acid-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-PBA) and plant-derived polyphenol-tannic acid (TA). The dynamic hydrogel gelated quickly under mild conditions and had favorable viscoelastic properties with good self-healing and shear-thinning capabilities. Moreover, the simultaneous utilization of TA as a reductant for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) inspired the preparation of a TA-reduced AgNP hybrid dynamic hydrogel with potent and broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. The dynamic hydrogels could also be applied for pH- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive release of loaded protein molecules without showing evident cytotoxicity and hemolysis

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Biocompatible Materials; Biphenyl Compounds; Boronic Acids; Cells, Cultured; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; Hyaluronic Acid; Hydrogels; Materials Testing; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Conformation; Particle Size; Picrates; Polyphenols; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Tannins; Wound Healing

In this work, a biocompatible poly(N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide) (PHEAA) polymer with hydrogen bonding acceptors and donors in its side chains is prepared and mixed with tannic acid (TA) to form a supramolecular coacervate hydrogel (TAHE) due to multiple hydrogen-bonding interactions between TA and PHEAA. The coacervate TAHE hydrogel exhibits not only self-healing and antibacterial properties, but also strong adhesion to various substrates, with average adhesion strengths of 722 kPa, 522 kPa, 484 kPa, and 322 kPa to the substrates of iron, PMMA, ceramics, and glass, respectively. Notably, the hydrogel reformed by the rehydration of freeze-dried and ground TAHE hydrogel powder retains the initial adhesive performance and exhibits an excellent hemostatic ability. This novel adhesive hydrogel holds great potential as an adhesive hemostatic material for self-rescue in emergency situations.

Topics: Acrylic Resins; Adhesives; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cell Line; Fibroblasts; Hemolysis; Hemostatics; Hydrogels; Hydrogen Bonding; Male; Mice; Polymethyl Methacrylate; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staphylococcus; Tannins

Poor mechanical performances severely limit the application of hydrogels in vivo; for example, it is difficult to perform a very common suturing operation on hydrogels during surgery. There is a growing demand to improve the mechanical properties of hydrogels for broadening their clinical applications. Natural polyphenols can match the potential toughening sites in our previously reported PEG-lysozyme (LZM) hydrogel because polyphenols have unique structural units including a hydroxyl group and an aromatic ring that can interact with PEG via hydrogen bonding and form hydrophobic interactions with LZM. By utilizing polyphenols as noncovalent crosslinkers, the resultant PEG-LZM-polyphenol hydrogel presents super toughness and high elasticity in comparison to pristine PEG-LZM with no obvious changes in the initial shape, and it can even withstand the high pressure from sutures. At the same time, the mechanical properties could be widely adjusted by varying the polyphenol concentration. Interestingly, the PEG-LZM-polyphenol hydrogel has a higher water content than other polyphenol-toughened hydrogels, which may better meet the clinical needs for hydrogel materials. Besides, the introduction of polyphenols endows the hydrogel with improved antibacterial and anti-inflammatory abilities. Finally, the PEG-LZM-polyphenol (tannic acid) hydrogel was demonstrated to successfully patch a rabbit myocardial defect by suturing for 4 weeks and improve the wound healing and heart function recovery compared to autologous muscle patches.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cell Line; Erythrocytes; Escherichia coli; Female; Heart Injuries; Hemolysis; Humans; Hydrogels; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Muramidase; Polyethylene Glycols; Polyphenols; Rabbits; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tannins; Wound Healing

The objective of the study was a comparative analysis of the antihemolytic activity against two Staphylococcus aureus strains (8325-4 and NCTC 5655) as well as α-hemolysin and of the membrane modifying action of four hydrolysable tannins with different molecular mass and flexibility: 3,6-bis-O-di-O-galloyl-1,2,4-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (T1), 1,2,3,4,5-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (T2), 3-O-galloyl-1,2-valoneoyl-β-D-glucose (T3) and 1,2-di-O-galloyl-4,6-valoneoyl-β-D-glucose (T4). We showed that all the compounds studied manifested antihemolytic effects in the range of 5-50 µM concentrations. However, the degree of the reduction of hemolysis by the investigated tannins was not uniform. A valoneoyl group-containing compounds (T3 and T4) were less active. Inhibition of the hemolysis induced by α-hemolysin was also noticed on preincubated with the tannins and subsequently washed erythrocytes. In this case the efficiency again depended on the tannin structure and could be represented by the following order: T1 > T2 > T4 > T3. We also found a relationship between the degree of antihemolytic activity of the tannins studied and their capacity to increase the ordering parameter of the erythrocyte membrane outer layer and to change zeta potential. Overall, our study showed a potential of the T1 and T2 tannins as anti-virulence agents. The results of this study using tannins with different combinations of molecular mass and flexibility shed additional light on the role of tannin structure in activity manifestation.

Topics: Animals; Erythrocyte Membrane; Euphorbiaceae; Gallic Acid; Glucose; Hemolysin Proteins; Hemolysis; Hemolytic Agents; Plant Extracts; Sheep; Staphylococcus aureus; Tannins

Several studies reported that bisphenol A (BPA) and its metabolite hydroquinone (HQ) have adverse effects on human and animal health. In this work, a comparative study of influence of the BPA and HQ, environment pollutants, on human erythrocytes was carried out. It was shown that BPA and HQ to varying extents caused oxidative damage in human erythrocytes: hemolysis, decreased GSH level, and methemoglobin formation. It was demonstrated that hydrolysable tannins 3,6-bis-O-di-O-galloyl-1,2,4-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (C

Topics: Benzhydryl Compounds; Cell Death; Erythrocytes; Glutathione; Hemolysis; Humans; Hydroquinones; Methemoglobin; Oxidative Stress; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Protective Agents; Rhus; Tannins

Super porous poly(2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) (p(HEMA)) cryogel was successfully synthesized by using polyethylene glycol diacrylate (p(EGDA)) crosslinker under cryogenic conditions. Poly(Tannic acid) (p(TA)) macro-, micro-, and nanoparticles prepared from a natural polyphenol, tannic acid (TA), were embedded into p(HEMA) cryogel networks to obtain composite p(TA) particle-embedded p(HEMA) cryogel. Different size ranges of spherical p(TA) particles, 2000-500μm, 500-200μm, 200-20μm, and 20-0.5μm size, were included in the cryogel network and illustrated by digital camera, optic microscope, and SEM images of the microgel-cryogel network. The swelling properties and moisture content of p(TA) microgel-embedded p(HEMA) cryogel were investigated at wound healing pH conditions such as pH5.4, 7.4, and 9 at 37.5°C, and the highest swelling capacity was found at pH9 with 972±2% swelling in 30s. Higher amounts of DI water were quickly absorbed by p(HEMA)-based cryogel, and moisture retention within the cryogel structure for a longer time period at room temperature is due to existence of p(TA) particles. Degradation profiles of p(TA) particle-embedded p(HEMA) cryogel were shown to be controlled by different pH conditions, and a linear release profile was found with total cumulative release of 5.8±0.8mg/g TA up to 12days at pH7.4 and 37.5°C. The antioxidant behavior of degraded p(TA) particles from p(HEMA) cryogel were found as 46±1μgmL

Topics: Bandages; Blood Coagulation; Chromans; Cryogels; Escherichia coli; Gallic Acid; Hemolysis; Humans; Hydrolysis; Iron; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Weight; Nanoparticles; Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate; Porosity; Staphylococcus aureus; Tannins; Wound Healing

Traditionally, Pine has been used to treat oxidative and inflammatory disorders. The study was aimed to investigate biological potential of phytoconstituents of Pinus plant species: Pinus roxburghii, Pinus wallichiana and Pinus gerardiana using in-vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial methods.. The hydro-alcoholic extraction of dried plant: stem bark was done and the antioxidant activity was evaluated using free radical scavenging methods for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, (DPPH), nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide radicals, reducing power assays, and total antioxidant capacity. Anti-inflammatory activity was carried out using albumin denaturation and HRBC membrane stabilization assays. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities were also conducted using agar well diffusion method.. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of hydro-alcoholic stem bark extracts of three plant species revealed the presence of various biochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids and saponins. Quantitative phytochemical analysis of plant extracts showed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, beta-carotene and lycopene. Plant extracts of three pinus species showed significant antioxidant activity against DPPH, nitric oxide and H2O2 radicals. In in-vitro anti-inflammatory investigation, Pinus roxburghii exhibited highest protection against albumin denaturation 86.54 ± 1.85 whereas Pinus gerardiana showed 82.03 ± 2.67. Moreover, plant extracts were found to prevent the growth of microorganisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans showing promising antibacterial and antifungal activities againstCandida albicans.. The findings of the present study derived the rational for the therapeutic usage of Pinus which is a highly timber yielding plant from Himalayan region, against oxidative, inflammatory and microbial diseases.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antifungal Agents; Antioxidants; beta Carotene; Carotenoids; Cell Membrane; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Hemolysis; Humans; India; Lycopene; Medicine, Ayurvedic; Phenols; Phytochemicals; Pinus; Plant Extracts; Tannins

From a natural polyphenol, Tannic acid (TA), poly(TA) nanoparticles were readily prepared using a single step approach with three different biocompatible crosslinkers; trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TMPGDE), poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGGE), and trisodium trimetaphosphate (STMP). P(TA) particles were obtained with controllable diameters between 400 to 800nm with -25mV surface charge. The effect of synthesis conditions, such as the emulsion medium, pH values of TA solution, and the type of crosslinker, on the shape, size, dispersity, yield, and degradability of poly(Tannic Acid) (p(TA)) nanoparticles was systematically investigated. The hydrolytic degradation amount in physiological pH conditions of 5.4, 7.4, and 9.0 at 37.5°C were found to be in the order TMPGDE

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Bacillus subtilis; Blood Coagulation; Candida albicans; Chromans; Cross-Linking Reagents; Delayed-Action Preparations; Epoxy Compounds; Escherichia coli; Gels; Hemolysis; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolysis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Phosphates; Polymerization; Propylene Glycols; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus; Static Electricity; Tannins

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activities of diethyl ether (DEE) and methanol (M) extracts from brown alga Padina boergesenii using in vitro and in vivo antioxidant assay, which may help to relate the antioxidant properties with the possible outline of its ameliorative effect. M extract showed higher radical scavenging activity through ferric reducing antioxidant power 139.11 µmol tannic acid equivalent/g; DPPH 71.32 ± 0.56%; deoxyribose radical 88.31 ± 0.47%, and total antioxidant activity 0.47 ± 0.02 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g. Oxidative red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis inhibition rate was significantly higher in M extract (150 mg/kg body weight) in reference to total phenolic content (r = 0.935). Rats administered with DEE and M extracts (150 mg/kg body weight) for seven days before the administration of ferric nitrilotriacetate (9 mg of Fe/mg/kg bodyweight). Rats pretreated with extracts significantly changed the level of renal microsomal lipid peroxidation, glutathione, and antioxidant enzymes in post-mitochondrial supernatant (P < 0.05). Ameliorative effect of extracts against renal oxidative damage was evident in rat kidney through changes in necrotic and epithelial cells. HPTLC technique has identified the presence of rutin with reference to retardation factor (Rf ) in both the extracts. These findings support the source of polyphenols (rutin) from P. boergesenii had potent antioxidant activity; further work on isolation of bioactive compounds can be channeled to develop as a natural antioxidant.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Deoxyribose; Epithelial Cells; Female; Ferric Compounds; Free Radicals; Hemolysis; In Vitro Techniques; Kidney Diseases; Microsomes; Necrosis; Nitrilotriacetic Acid; Oxidative Stress; Phaeophyceae; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rutin; Tannins

The emergence of antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus presents a worldwide problem that requires non-antibiotic strategies. This study investigated the anti-biofilm and anti-hemolytic activities of four red wines and two white wines against three S. aureus strains. All red wines at 0.5-2% significantly inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation and hemolysis by S. aureus, whereas the two white wines had no effect. Furthermore, at these concentrations, red wines did not affect bacterial growth. Analyses of hemolysis and active component identification in red wines revealed that the anti-biofilm compounds and anti-hemolytic compounds largely responsible were tannic acid, trans-resveratrol, and several flavonoids. In addition, red wines attenuated S. aureus virulence in vivo in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which is killed by S. aureus. These findings show that red wines and their compounds warrant further attention in antivirulence strategies against persistent S. aureus infection.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Caenorhabditis elegans; Erythrocytes; Flavonoids; Hemolysis; Humans; Quercetin; Resveratrol; Staphylococcus aureus; Stilbenes; Tannins; Virulence; Wine

The polyphenol tannic acid with antioxidant and antimicrobial potency may trigger suicidal death of nucleated cells or apoptosis and thus may counteract tumor growth. In analogy to apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may undergo eryptosis, a suicidal death characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with appearance of phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface. A major trigger of eryptosis is increase of cytosolic Ca(2+)-activity ([Ca(2+)]i). Erythrocytes could be sensitized to the eryptotic effect of cytosolic Ca(2+) by ceramide.. Cell volume has been estimated from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine abundance at the erythrocyte surface from annexin V binding, hemolysis from hemoglobin release, [Ca(2+)]i from Fluo3-fuorescence and ceramide utilizing fluorescent antibodies.. A 48 h treatment with tannic acid was followed by significant decrease of forward scatter (≥ 1 µg/ml) and significant increase of annexin-V-binding (≥ 10 µg/ml). Tannic acid did not significantly modify [Ca(2+)]i (up to 50 µM) but significantly increased ceramide formation (50 µM). The annexin-V-binding following tannic acid treatment (50 µM) was significantly blunted in the nominal absence of extracellular Ca(2+).. Tannic acid stimulates eryptosis, an effect at least partially due to ceramide formation with subsequent sensitization of erythrocytes to cytosolic Ca(2+).

Topics: Calcium; Cell Death; Cells, Cultured; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; Humans; Tannins

Erythrocytes are constantly exposed to ROS due to their function in the organism. High tension of oxygen, presence of hemoglobin iron and high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane make erythrocytes especially susceptible to oxidative stress. A comparison of the antioxidant activities of polyphenol-rich plant extracts containing hydrolysable tannins from sumac leaves (Rhus typhina L.) and condensed tannins from grape seeds (Vitis vinifera L.) showed that at the 5-50 μg/ml concentration range they reduced to the same extent hemolysis and glutathione, lipid and hemoglobin oxidation induced by erythrocyte treatment with 400 μM ONOO(-) or 1 mM HClO. However, extract (condensed tannins) from grape seeds in comparison with extract (hydrolysable tannins) from sumac leaves stabilized erythrocytes in hypotonic NaCl solutions weakly. Our data indicate that both hydrolysable and condensed tannins significantly decrease the fluidity of the surface of erythrocyte membranes but the effect of hydrolysable ones was more profound. In conclusion, our results indicate that extracts from sumac leaves (hydrolysable tannins) and grape seeds (condensed tannins) are very effective protectors against oxidative damage in erythrocytes.

Topics: Animals; Erythrocyte Membrane; Erythrocytes; Glutathione; Grape Seed Extract; Hemolysis; Hypotonic Solutions; Methemoglobin; Oxidative Stress; Polyphenols; Protective Agents; Rhus; Sodium Chloride; Swine; Tannins; Vitis

This study evaluated the antimicrobial and hemolytic activities and phytochemical constituents of hydroalcoholic extract and its fractions from Buchenavia tetraphylla leaves. Cyclohexane (BTCF), ethyl acetate (BTEF), and n-butanol-soluble (BTSBF) and non-soluble (BTNBF) fractions were obtained from a liquid-liquid partition of hydroalcoholic extract (BTHE) from B. tetraphylla leaves. The hemolytic activity of active fractions was checked. The BTHE inhibited the growth of Micrococcus luteus (MIC: 0.10 mg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC: 0.20 mg/mL), Mycobacterium smegmatis (MIC: 0.39 mg/mL), Proteus vulgaris, and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 0.78 mg/mL for both). The more active fractions were BTCF and BTBSF. BTCF showed better potential to inhibit M. luteus (0.10 mg/mL), P. aeruginosa (0.20 mg/mL), S. enteritidis (0.39 mg/mL), and S. aureus (1.56 mg/mL). BTBSF showed the best results for M. luteus (0.10 mg/mL), M. smegmatis, B. subtilis (0.39 mg/mL for both), and P. vulgaris (0.10 mg/mL). The HC50 were greater than observed MIC: 20.30, 4.70 and 2.53 mg/mL, respectively, to BTBF, BTHE and BTCF, which. The phytochemical analysis detected the presence of flavanoids, triterpene, carbohydrate, and tannin. Our work showed for the first time the broad-spread antimicrobial activity of B. tetraphylla, which has nonhemolytic action, creating a new perspective on the interesting association of traditional and scientific knowledge.

Topics: 1-Butanol; Acetates; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbohydrates; Combretaceae; Cyclohexanes; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Flavonoids; Hemolysis; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Micrococcus luteus; Mycobacterium smegmatis; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Proteus vulgaris; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Solubility; Staphylococcus aureus; Tannins; Triterpenes

Topics: Alkaloids; Biological Products; Calibration; Canavanine; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Chlorogenic Acid; Glucose; Glucosides; Glucosinolates; Gossypol; Hemolysis; Hydrolysis; Levodopa; Mimosine; Nitrates; Nitrites; Oxalic Acid; Phorbol Esters; Phytic Acid; Plant Extracts; Plant Proteins; Plants; Reference Standards; Saponins; Spectrophotometry; Tannins

Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter leaf) is popularly consumed in many homes in Nigeria as a vegetable in soup preparation, while the infusion is used in folk medicine in the treatment of malaria fever. In this study, fresh leaves of Vernonia amygdalina were subjected to abrasion (to remove the bitter taste) as is normally done in soup preparation, subsequently the nutrient, anti-nutrient and zinc bioavailability of the processed and unprocessed leaf were determined. The heamolytic effect of the leaf infusion on human erythrocytes (Genotype-SS, AS, AA) was also determined.. The study revealed that Vernonia amygdalina leaf has high protein (33.3%), fat (10.1%), crude fibre (29.2%), ash (11.7%), mineral (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn & Fe), phytate (1015.4mg/100g) and tannin (0.6%) content, while it contain low cyanide (1.1mg/kg). Abrasion of the leaf caused a significant decrease (P<0.05) in both the nutrient and antinutrient content of the leaf except in carbohydrate where there was a significant increase (P<0.05) and Mg where there was no significant change (P>0.05). The result of the calculated [Ca][phytate]/ [Zn] molar ratio (the best index for the prediction of Zn bioavailability) indicated that the phytate content of both the processed and unprocessed Vernonia amygdalina leaf will not reduce the Zn content to a critical level (0.5mol./kg). Further studies on the leaf revealed that the infusion induced the haemolysis of human erythrocyte (In vitro). Human genotype-SS (1024) were highly susceptible to haemolysis induced by Vernonia amygdalina infusion, genotype-AS moderately susceptible (512) while genotype-AA (256) is highly resistant to haemolysis induced by the same infusion.. Bitter leaf has high nutrient and antinutrient content, however, abrasion will bring about a significant decrease (P<0.05) in both. The infusion of the Vernonia amygdalina leaf induces the haemolysis of mammalian erythrocyte in vitro, with Human-SS having the highest susceptibility.

Topics: Biological Availability; Carbohydrates; Cells, Cultured; Cooking; Food Analysis; Genotype; Hemolysis; Humans; Nutritive Value; Phytic Acid; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Proteins; Tannins; Vernonia; Zinc

A new phenolic glucoside gallate, vanillic acid 4-O-beta-D-(6'-O-galloyl) glucopyranoside (1) was isolated from the bark of Terminalia macroptera Guill.et Perr., together with 3,3',4'-tri-O-methylellagic acid (2) and two triterpene glucopyranosyl esters, 24-deoxysericoside (3) and chebuloside II (4). Compounds 2-4, not described previously for this plant, showed antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis, while 3 and 4 possessed haemolytic properties. In both assays 1 was found to be inactive.

Topics: Bacillus subtilis; Hemolysis; Hydrolyzable Tannins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Rosales; Spectrum Analysis; Tannins; Vanillic Acid

A new test modification for the detection of stimulant-induced cytotoxicity of human mononuclear blood cells is described. Papain-treated human erythrocytes were used as indicator cells. The effector cells were lymphocytes. The ratio of target cells to effector cells was 10/1. Haemoglobin as a marker of lysis of the erythrocytes, released in the supernatant, was measured quantitatively in form of its pseudoperoxidase-activity. PHA, ConA and tannic acid were ascertained and tested as stimulants of cytotoxicity. The reaction was inhibitable by anti-human-lymphocyte-globulin. The test conditions were optimized in regard to incubation time, -temperature, -vessels, culture medium and target cells. The technique is easy to manipulate, has only slight pretensions to the equipment of the laboratory and appears to be very effective. We recommend to apply this method of stimulant-induced cytotoxicity within the detection of the immune state, especially in the progress of immunopathological diseases and the analysis of efficiency of immunosuppressive therapy.

Topics: Cells, Cultured; Concanavalin A; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; Humans; Lymphocytes; Phytohemagglutinins; Tannins

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Antibody-Producing Cells; Endotoxins; Erythrocytes; Escherichia coli; Female; Hemagglutination Tests; Hemolysin Proteins; Hemolysis; Hemolytic Plaque Technique; Immune Tolerance; Lymphocytes; Mercaptoethanol; Rats; Sheep; Tannins

Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antitoxins; Female; Hemagglutination Tests; Hemolysis; Humans; Isoantibodies; Latex Fixation Tests; Male; Rheumatoid Factor; Staphylococcus; Tannins; Uveitis, Anterior

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Antibody Formation; Ascitic Fluid; Cell Migration Inhibition; Diphtheria Toxoid; Guinea Pigs; Hemagglutination Tests; Hemolysis; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Immune Adherence Reaction; Immunity, Active; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Macrophages; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Peritoneum; Sheep; Skin Tests; Tannins; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis

Topics: Absorption; Animals; Antibody Formation; Antigens; Complement System Proteins; Erythrocytes; Freund's Adjuvant; Guinea Pigs; Hemagglutination Tests; Hemolysis; Insulin; Leukocytes; Tannins

1. Osmotic haemolysis of a standard suspension of human red cells was followed using a recording spectrophotometer at wave-lengths between 600 and 650 mmu.2. Optical density changes in the cell suspensions were related to turbulence of the suspension, cell swelling and loss of haemoglobin-containing cells.3. The time course of the loss of cells from suspension in hypotonic electrolyte solutions showed two phases: an early rapid phase was followed by a smaller phase of longer half-time.4. The second phase was most prominent in the middle ranges of partial haemolysis and less when total haemolysis was at the extremes of the detectable range.5. The second phase was eliminated by the inclusion of 20 mM sucrose in the suspension, and was slowed by the presence of 0.005% tannic acid without alteration of magnitude.6. The magnitude of the second phase was dependent on the dominant external cation, becoming progressively greater through the series: Mg(2+) < Na(+) < Li(+) < K(+) < Rb(+).7. The slow phase is interpreted as arising from passive cation permeability in cells swollen to a volume close to that critical for haemolysis, with water influx secondary to the unopposed colloid osmotic pressure of intracellular protein.

Topics: Cell Membrane Permeability; Hemolysis; Humans; Hypotonic Solutions; In Vitro Techniques; Lithium; Magnesium; Osmotic Pressure; Potassium; Rubidium; Sodium; Spectrophotometry; Sucrose; Tannins

Topics: Blood Coagulation Tests; Digitalis Glycosides; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; Plant Extracts; Plants; Saponins; Tannins

Topics: Acetates; Animals; Blood Coagulation Tests; Caffeine; Caseins; Dogs; Erythrocytes; Gelatin; Hemolysis; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Lead; Magnesium Oxide; Methods; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Plants; Resins, Plant; Saponins; Tannins

Topics: Alkaloids; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Erythrocytes; Ethanol; Gelatin; Hemolysis; Indicators and Reagents; Nigeria; Plant Extracts; Plants; Plants, Medicinal; Saponins; Tannins

Topics: Erythrocytes; Globulins; Hemolysis; Immunity; Properdin; Serum Globulins; Tannins

Topics: Animals; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; Horses; Tannins

Topics: Benzopyrans; Cell Death; Complement System Proteins; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; Tannins

Topics: Complement Fixation Tests; Complement System Proteins; Hemolysis; Humans; Tannins

Topics: Complement System Proteins; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; Humans; Tannins

Topics: Hemolysis; Humans; Osmosis; Permeability; Tannins