tannins and Edema

Topics: Barium Sulfate; Bisacodyl; Cathartics; Clinical Trials as Topic; Colon; Cresols; Edema; Humans; Radiography; Tannins

Medicinal plants belonging to the genus Mimosa, such as Mimosa tenuiflora, M. caesalpinifolia, and M. verrucosa are known for their popular use for asthma, bronchitis and fever. Ethnopharmacological studies report that Mimosa acutistipula is used to treat alopecia and pharyngitis, conditions that can be related to oxidative stress, inflammatory processes and painful limitations. However, there is no studies on its efficacy and mechanism of action.. To elucidate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity of M. acutistipula leaves.. Phytochemical profile of M. acutistipula extracts was evaluated by several reaction-specific methods. Secondary metabolites such as tannins, phenols and flavonoids were quantified with colorimetric assays. In vitro antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS + as free radical scavenging tests, FRAP and phosphomolybdenum as oxide-reduction assays, and anti-hemolytic for lipid peroxidation evaluation. In vivo anti-inflammatory evaluation was performed by paw edema, and peritonitis induced by carrageenan. Analgesic effect and its possible mechanisms were determined by acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and the formalin test. Antipyretic activity was evaluated by yeast-induced fever.. M. acutistipula leaves ethyl acetate extract showed expressive concentrations of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. It also exhibited anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, besides its antipyretic effect. Thus, these results provide information regarding its popular use and might help future therapeutics involving this specimen.

Topics: Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Antipyretics; Edema; Flavonoids; Methanol; Mimosa; Pain; Peritonitis; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Tannins

Traditional medicine has employed the plant Fagonia bruguieri DC. to alleviate inflammation, fever and pain. The goal of this study was to test the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of the methanol extract of whole plant of Fagonia bruguieri (F. bruguieri). The writhing test and Eddy's hot plate test were used to assess the analgesic potential of F. bruguieri at three different doses. Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema was applied to investigate anti-inflammatory activity, whereas antipyretic activity was estimated in Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia model. Flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and glycosides were found in F. bruguieri's phytochemical analysis. F. bruguieri at 750 mg/kg reduced writhing count by 62.23 percent, while F. bruguieri enhanced latency in Eddy's hot plate test. In carrageenan-induced edema, F. bruguieri at 750 mg/kg exhibited considerable anti-inflammatory effect (41.11 percent) after 2

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antipyretics; Carrageenan; Edema; Fever; Flavonoids; Glycosides; Methanol; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Rats; Saponins; Tannins; Zygophyllaceae

Herbal medicines are important in treatment of inflammation as they are safe and nontoxic. Tannins are important bioactive compounds used as anti-inflammatory agents and possess wound healing potential. Anti-inflammatory activity of tannins extracted from seedling leaf tissue and callus culture extracts of Achyranthes aspera L. and Ocimum basilicum L. were determined using Carrageenan induced paw edema model. Wound healing potential of tannins from callus cultures of leaf explants of both plants were evaluated using four models in rabbits i.e. excision, incision, dead space and burn wound. Group I acted as control, Group II treated with Povidone iodine as standard drug. Groups III and IV were experimental groups treated with creams which consisted of tannins of callus cultures of leaf; cream A (A. aspera) and cream O (O. basilicum). The results of anti-inflammatory activity of callus cultures of leaf explants were comparable with standard drug Indomethacin. Seedling leaf tissue and callus culture extracts of A. aspera and O. basilicum plant showed decrease in paw edema thickness, size and maximum percentage inhibition of paw edema respectively. Among four wound models burn wound showed the best wound contraction by Cream O. Hydroxyproline content and tensile strength of dead space and incision wounds exhibited good result also respectively. Cream O exhibited best results as compared to cream A. Histopathological examination showed that cream O showed faster rate of fibroblast and collagen formation as compared to cream A. The results showed that condensed tannins of callus cultures of leaf of A. aspera exhibited the best anti-inflammatory activity while tannins from callus cultures O. basilicum showed the best results for wound healing. These findings may enable use of both plants for formulation of new phytomedicine.

Topics: Achyranthes; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Drug Evaluation; Edema; Female; Male; Ocimum basilicum; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Rabbits; Tannins; Wound Healing

Miconia albicans (Melastomataceae), commonly known in Brazil as "canela-de-velho", is used in folk medicine for treating rheumatoid arthritis and reducing pain and inflammation. THE AIM OF THE CURRENT WORK WAS: to provide data on physicochemical characterization of the drug plant and dried extract from M. albicans leaves, as well as investigate the anti-inflammatory effect and antioxidant stress profile from the standardized dried extract of this species employing different model systems.. plant material (dried crushed leaves) was extracted by turboextraction using 50% ethanol (v/v). Different pharmacological techniques were performed to establish quality control parameters of the plant drug, and dried extract of M. albicans (DEMA) was chemically characterized by HPLC-PDA to selection of the chemical marker. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl. M. albicans leaves, after drying in forced air circulation chamber at ±40 °C for 48 h and crushing in knife mill, presented a moisture content below the maximum allowed for plant drugs (6.4%). The powder of M. albicans was classified as moderately coarse and total ash content was found to be 6.27%. Preliminary phytochemical screening of DEMA revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, leucoanthocyanins and steroids. DEMA had significant higher total phenolic (551.3 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dried extract) and flavonoid contents (367.19 mg catechin equivalent/g of dried extract). Two major compounds (λ = 340 nm) were identified in DEMA by HPLC-PDA: the flavonoids rutin and quercetin. Rutin content, selected as chemical marker, was determined and found to be 1.16 mg/g dried extract (r = 0.9941). Regarding to antioxidant activity, our results revealed the DEMA exhibited good antioxidant activity on different models. M. albicans treatment also reduced the levels of TNF-α e IL-1β and consequently inflammatory nociception and edema caused by carrageenan injection. Based on previous studies and our results, is possible to suggest a positive correlation between the flavonoids rutin and quercetin and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities.. Together, these data suggest that M. albicans has the possibility of use in conditions such as arthritis or other joint pain, even needing other work to better consolidate this profile.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Edema; Flavonoids; Interleukin-1beta; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Melastomataceae; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Tannins; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The whole plant,

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Asteraceae; Edema; Flavonoids; Hypoglycemic Agents; Inflammation; Methanol; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Plant Proteins; Rats; Solvents; Tannins

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Female; Foot; Formaldehyde; Peroxidase; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tannins

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Edema; Female; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Male; Mice; Phaeophyceae; Rats, Wistar; Tannins; Tramadol

Doliocarpus dentatus is a medicinal plant widely used in Mato Grosso do Sul State for removing the swelling pain caused by the inflammation process and for treating urine retention.. The genotoxic aspects and the anti-inflammatory and antimycobacterial activity of the ethanolic extract obtained from the leaves of D. dentatus (EEDd) were investigated.. The EEDd was evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the compound composition was evaluated and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The mice received oral administration of EEDd (30-300mg/kg) in carrageenan models of inflammation, and EEDd (10-1000mg/kg) was assayed by the comet, micronucleus, and phagocytosis tests and by the peripheral leukocyte count.. Phenols (204.04mg/g), flavonoids (89.17mg/g), and tannins (12.05mg/g) as well as sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, betulinic acid and betulin were present in the EEDd. The value of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EEDd was 62.5µg/mL. The EEDd induced a significant decrease in the edema, mechanical hypersensitivity and leukocyte migration induced by carrageenan. The comet and micronucleus tests indicated that the EEDd was not genotoxic. The EEDd also did not change the phagocytic activity or the leukocyte perLipheral count.. The EEDd does not display genotoxicity, phagocytosis and could act as an antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory agent. This study should contribute to ensuring the safe use of EEDd.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Carrageenan; Comet Assay; Dilleniaceae; Edema; Flavonoids; Hyperalgesia; Leukocytes; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Micronucleus Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Phagocytosis; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Pleurisy; Tannins

Acne is a common skin condition with sebum overproduction, hyperkeratosis,

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Animals; Cell Line; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cyclooxygenase 2; Dinoprostone; Ear; Edema; Female; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Keratinocytes; Lipase; Lythraceae; Macrophages; Mice; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Molecular Structure; Plant Extracts; Propionibacterium acnes; Rats, Wistar; Staphylococcus aureus; Tannins

A variety of plant polyphenols have been reported to have anti-inflammatory, frequently associated with erythema, edema, hyperplasia, skin photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. Cymbopogon citratus (DC). Stapf (Poaceae) is a worldwide known medicinal plant, used in traditional medicine in inflammation-related conditions.. In this work, the anti-inflammatory potential of C. citratus infusion (CcI) and its polyphenols as topical agents was evaluated in vivo.. The plant extract was prepared and its fractioning led two polyphenol-rich fractions: flavonoids fraction (CcF) and tannins fraction (CcT). An oil/water emulsion was developed with each active (CcI, CcF+CcT and diclofenac), pH and texture having been evaluated. Release tests were further performed using static Franz diffusion cells and all collected samples were monitored by HPLC-PDA. In vivo topical anti-inflammatory activity evaluation was performed by the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model.. The texture analysis revealed statistically significant differences for all tested parameters to CcF+CcT, supporting its topical application. Release experiments lead to the detection of the phenolic compounds from each sample in the receptor medium and the six major flavonoids were quantified, by HPLC-PDA: carlinoside, isoorientin, cynaroside, luteolin 7-O-neohesperidoside, kurilesin A and cassiaoccidentalin B. The CcF+CcT formulation prompted to the higher release rate for all these flavonoids. CcI4%, CcI1% and CcF+CcT exhibited an edema reduction of 43.18, 29.55 and 59.09%, respectively.. Our findings highlight that CcI, containing luteolin 7-O-neohesperidoside, cassiaoccidentalin B, carlinoside, cynaroside and tannins have a potential anti-inflammatory topical activity, suggesting their promising application in the treatment of skin inflammatory pathologies.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cymbopogon; Edema; Flavonoids; Inflammation; Male; Medicine, Traditional; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plants, Medicinal; Polyphenols; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tannins

Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) is a highly valued plant, distributed in many countries of the tropics and subtropics. It has an impressive range of medicinal uses with high nutritional value.. The commercially processed M. oleifera was extracted using methanol as its solvent. Phytochemical analysis as well as the anti-oxidant properties of this supplement were also investigated. Acute toxicity was carried out in fasted mice. Carrageenan and histamine tests were used to assess anti-inflammatory effects in rats, while analgesic activities were assessed using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin-induced paw lick test in mice. In the anti-oxidant tests, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ferrous reducing activity power, 2,21-azinobis-(3-ethylbenthialozine)-6-sulphonic acid and total polyphenolic (TPP) assays were deployed at concentrations of 10 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL.. The phytochemical analysis showed that the extract contained flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, tannins and saponins. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the extract significantly reduced the number of writhes at 100 and 200 mg/kg but not so much at 50 mg/kg. In the formalin-induced paw lick test, the effect was similar to that of the acetic writhing test. The analgesic effects were comparable to that of indomethacin used at 10 mg/kg. In the anti-inflammatory test, the extract reduced the formation of oedema especially at a dose of 200 mg/kg. In the anti-oxidant test, the extract was found to possess a free radical-scavenging property and is concentration related.. The use of this extract for medicinal and nutritional purposes may have thus been justified; however, caution must be exercised in its use to prevent the toxic effect.

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Edema; Female; Flavonoids; Glycosides; Inflammation; Methanol; Mice; Moringa oleifera; Pain; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Saponins; Tannins; Terpenes

Inflammation and haemorrhage are the main characteristics of tissue injury in botropic envenomation. Although some studies have shown that anti-venom prevents systemic reactions, it is not efficient in preventing tissue injury at the site of the bite. Therefore, this work was undertaken to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract and fractions from D. elliptica and to evaluate the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in this process. Effects of the extract and fractions from D. elliptica were evaluated using a carrageenan-induced paw oedema model in rats, and leukocyte rolling was visualized by intravital. The quantification of MMPs activities (MMP-2 and MMP-9) extracted from the dermis of mice treated with extract and fractions alone or incubated with venom was determined by zymographic analyses. Our results show that intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of fractions significantly reduced paw oedema after the carrageenan challenge. Treatment with the tannins fraction also resulted in considerable inhibition of the rolling of leukocytes and this fraction was able to decrease the activation of MMP-9. These results confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract and tannins fraction of D. elliptica and showed that the dermonecrosis properties of B. jararaca venom might be mediated through the inhibition of MMP-9 activity.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Carrageenan; Dilleniaceae; Edema; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Methanol; Mice; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tannins

Bellucia dichotoma Cogn. (Melastomataceae) is one of various plant species used in folk medicine in the west of the state of Pará, Brazil, to treat snake bites. Many studies have been carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-snake bite plants, but few of these use the same preparation methods and doses as those traditionally used by the local populations. This study therefore compared inhibition of the main local effects of B. atrox venom (BaV) by aqueous extract of B. dichotoma (AEBd) administered according to traditional methods and pre-incubated with BaV). The concentrations of phenolic compounds (tannins and flavonoids) in AEBd were determined by colorimetric assays. The effectiveness of AEBd in inhibiting the hemorrhagic and edematogenic activities of BaV was evaluated in mice in four different experimental in vivo protocols: (1) pre-incubation (venom:extract, w/w); (2) pre-treatment (p.o.); (3) post-treatment (p.o.); and (4) AEBd (p.o.) in combination with Bothrops antivenom (BA) (i.v.). To assess in vitro inhibition of BaV phospholipase A₂ activity, the pre-incubation method or incorporation of AEBd or BA in agarose gels were used. The effect of AEBd on BaV was determined by SDS-PAGE, zymography and Western blot. Colorimetric assays revealed higher concentrations of (condensed and hydrolyzable) tannins than flavonoids in AEBd. Hemorrhagic activity was completely inhibited using the pre-incubation protocol. However, with pre-treatment there was no significant inhibition for the concentrations tested, and with the post-treatment only the 725 mg/kg dose of AEBd was able to inhibit 40.5% (p = 0.001) of the hemorrhagic activity of BaV. Phospholipase A₂ activity was only inhibited when AEBd was pre-incubated with BaV. BaV-induced edema was completely inhibited with pre-incubation (p < 0.05) and significantly reduced (p < 0.05) with pre- and post-treatment (p.o.) for the concentrations tested. The reduction in local edema was even greater when AEBd was administered in combination with BA. The SDS-PAGE profiles showed that several of the BaV protein (SDS-PAGE) and enzyme (zymography) bands were not detected when the venom was pre-incubated, and Western blot revealed that this was not caused by the AEBd enzymes observed in the zymogram. The "pseudo inhibition" observed after pre-incubation in this study may be due to the presence of tannins in the extract, which could act as chelating agents, removing metalloproteins and Ca²⁺ ions and thus inhibiti

Topics: Animals; Antivenins; Bothrops; Brazil; Crotalid Venoms; Edema; Enzyme Inhibitors; Ethnopharmacology; Group II Phospholipases A2; Hemorrhage; Hemostatics; Male; Medicine, Traditional; Melastomataceae; Mice; Neurotoxins; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Reptilian Proteins; Skin; Snake Bites; Tannins

To evaluate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and vasorelaxant activities of Populus nigra flower buds ethanolic extract.. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the extract were assessed using respectively the ABTS test and the animal model of carrageenan-induced paw edema. Protection from hepatic toxicity caused by aluminum was examined by histopathologic analysis of liver sections. Vasorelaxant effect was estimated in endothelium-intact and -rubbed rings of porcine coronary arteries precontracted with high concentration of U46619.. The results showed a moderate antioxidant activity (40%), but potent anti-inflammatory activity (49.9%) on carrageenan-induced mice paw edema, and also as revealed by histopathologic examination, complete protection against AlCl₃-induced hepatic toxicity. Relaxant effects of the same extract on vascular preparation from porcine aorta precontracted with high concentration of U46619 were considerable at 10⁻¹ g/L, and comparable (P>0.05) between endothelium-intact (67.74%, IC₅₀=0.04 mg/mL) and -rubbed (72.72%, IC₅₀=0.075 mg/mL) aortic rings.. The extract exerted significant anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and vasorelaxant activities, the latter being endothelium-independent believed to be mediated mainly by the ability of components present in the extract to exert antioxidant properties, probably related to an inhibition of Ca²⁺ influx.

Topics: Aluminum Chloride; Aluminum Compounds; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cardiovascular Agents; Carrageenan; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Chlorides; Edema; Female; Flavonoids; Flowers; Liver; Male; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Populus; Protective Agents; Tannins

Euadenia eminens Hook f. (Capparaceae) has traditional uses in the management of conjunctivitis, iritis, ophthalmia, tuberculosis, otalgia and rectal prolapse. The fruit pulp is also eaten as an aphrodisiac. In this paper, we report on the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial effects of its roots. A 70 % ethanol extract was tested for anti-inflammatory effect using the carrageenan-induced oedema in chicks. Free radical scavenging, total antioxidant and total phenol content were assessed spectrophotometrically. The extract was tested for antibacterial activity using the agar well diffusion method and micro dilution assays. The 70% ethanol extract gave a maximal inhibition of oedema by 74.18 % at 30 mg/kg. The total antioxidant capacity expressed in terms of ascorbic acid was 0.609 mg/g dry weight. The total phenol in terms of tannic acid was 7.25 mg/g dry weight. The extract also demonstrated free radical scavenging activity yielding IC50 value of 1.175 mg/mL. The root extract however, showed selective antibacterial activity, inhibiting growth of two microorganisms; Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thurigiensis. The MICs were 500 and 1000 µg/mL respectively. These results may account in part for the ethnopharmacological use of the plant.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Bacillus; Capparaceae; Carrageenan; Chickens; Edema; Free Radical Scavengers; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenols; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Tannins

Several species of Senna are well known for their therapeutic properties, being used in folk medicine to treat throat inflammation and constipation. In this regard, the anti-inflammatory, laxative and intestinal motility effects of different extracts of Senna macranthera (Colladon) H. Irwin and Barneby leaves were determined. The hexane extract significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats in a manner similar to that of sodium diclofenac. A laxative effect was observed for the methanolic and hexane extracts comparative to the standard drug bisacodyl; however, only the hexane extract increased the intestinal motility in the studied period. Moreover, the extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and the ethyl acetate extract presented a pronounced activity comparable to the standard rutin. Phytochemical screening was also performed and phenolic compounds like flavonoids, tannins and coumarins were observed in all extracts except for the hexane extract, which instead presented anthrones, triterpenes and steroids in its composition. The HPLC profile showed the presence of the anthraquinone emodine in all tested extracts.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Carrageenan; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coumarins; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Edema; Flavonoids; Gastrointestinal Motility; Laxatives; Male; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plants, Medicinal; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Senna Plant; Tannins

Sideritis scardica Griseb. (ironwort, mountain tea), an endemic plant of the Balkan Peninsula, has been used in traditional medicine in the treatment of gastrointestinal complaints, inflammation, and rheumatic disorders. This study aimed to evaluate its gastroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Besides, continuously increasing interest in assessing the role of the plant active constituents preventing the risk of cancer was a reason to make a detailed examination of the investigated ethanol, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and N-butanol extracts regarding cytotoxicity. Oral administration of the investigated extracts caused a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect in a model of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Gastroprotective activity of the extracts was investigated using an ethanol-induced acute stress ulcer in rats. The cytotoxic activity of plant extracts was assessed on PBMC, B16, and HL-60 cells and compared to the cytotoxicity of phenolic compounds identified in extracts. Apoptotic and necrotic cell death were analyzed by double staining with fluoresceinisothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated annexin V and PI. The developed HPLC method enabled qualitative fingerprint analysis of phenolic compounds in the investigated extracts. Compared to the effect of the positive control, the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacine (4 mg/kg), which produced a 50 % decrease in inflammation, diethyl ether and N-butanol extracts exhibited about the same effect in doses of 200 and 100 mg/kg (53.6 and 48.7 %; 48.4 and 49.9 %, respectively). All investigated extracts produced dose-dependent gastroprotective activity with the efficacy comparable to that of the reference drug ranitidine. The diethyl ether extract showed significant dose-dependent cytotoxicity on B16 cells and HL-60 cells, decreasing cell growth to 51.3 % and 77.5 % of control, respectively, when used at 100 µg/mL. It seems that phenolic compounds (apigenin, luteolin, and their corresponding glycosides) are responsible for the diethyl ether extract cytotoxic effect. It also appears that induction of oxidative stress might be involved in its cytotoxicity, since B16 and HL-60 cells increased their ROS production in response to treatment with diethyl ether extract. Neither of the tested extracts nor any phenolic compounds showed significant cytotoxic effect to human PBMC. These results demonstrated the potent anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective activities, as well as the promising cytotoxicity.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Apigenin; Carrageenan; Cell Death; Cell Line, Tumor; Edema; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Gastrointestinal Agents; Humans; Luteolin; Male; Medicine, Traditional; Mice; Molecular Structure; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sideritis; Tannins

Phyllanthus simplex (Family: Euphorbiacae) is widely used in traditional medicines for treatment of various diseases including inflammation.. Petroleum ether extract (PSPE) and ethanol extract (PSEE) of the whole plant of Phyllanthus simplex were characterized for their total phenolics, tannins and flavonoids content. These extracts were standardized by HPTLC using phyllanthin and gallic acid respectively as markers. Antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated by the DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals scavenging assay. The total antioxidant capacity of extracts was determined. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by their effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in isolated rat peritoneal macrophages; carragennan-induced paw edema and formation of cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats.. Abundance of phenolics was found in PSEE. Phyllanthin and gallic acid content in PSPE and PSEE were found to be 14.5 and 0.65% (w/w) respectively. PSEE showed concentration dependent significant scavenging of DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals with IC(50) values 102.219, 171.485 and 24.73 μg/ml respectively. PSEE significantly inhibited NO production in isolated rat peritoneum macrophages. Moreover, it also exhibited significant inhibition of carragennan-induced paw edema (58.48 ± 0.028%, p < 0.001, at 6h, 200 mg/kg oral dose) and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation (45.671 ± 0.712%, p < 0.001, at 200mg/kg oral dose). Anti-inflammatory activity of PSEE was found to be comparable to diclofenac sodium.. Significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were found in PSEE which may be attributed to its high phenolic content.

Topics: Alkanes; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Biphenyl Compounds; Carrageenan; Cells, Cultured; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cotton Fiber; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edema; Ethanol; Female; Flavonoids; Granuloma, Foreign-Body; Hydroxyl Radical; Macrophages, Peritoneal; Male; Nitric Oxide; Phenols; Phyllanthus; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solvents; Superoxides; Tannins

Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão is a plant utilized in Northeast Brazil as an antiinflammatory, wound healing and in gynecological illnesses. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the antiinflammatory and antiulcer properties of the tannin-enriched fraction (TEF) isolated from the stem bark of M. urundeuva, in the formalin test, in mice, and in carrageenan-induced paw edema and gastric ulcer models, in rats. The results showed that TEF dose-dependently inhibited both phases of the formalin test. However, the effect was predominant in the 2nd phase of the response where inhibitions of 47%, 76% and 85% were observed, with doses of 5, 10 and 50 mg/kg, i.p. In the carrageenan-induced paw edema, significant inhibitions were observed at 3 h (44%) and 4 h (28%), with a dose of 10 mg/kg, i.p. TEF also significantly decreased by 37%, 43% and 57% gastric ulceration induced by indomethacin, at doses of 10, 20 and 50 mg/kg p.o. In the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model, TEF was less effective, and significant inhibitions (42% to 46%) were observed only with doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o., respectively. In conclusion, it was shown that TEF presents antiinflammatory and antiulcer effects, partly due to its antioxidant action, known to be present in polyphenols, including tannins.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Anacardiaceae; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Carrageenan; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edema; Female; Formaldehyde; Humans; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Mice; Pain; Phytotherapy; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Rats; Stomach Ulcer; Tannins

Oak poisoning occurred in crossbred cattle due to eating immature tender oak (Quercus incana) leaves. Mortality was 70%. The animals exhibited anorexia, severe constipation and brisket edema. The feces were hard, pelleted and coated with blood and mucous. Significant reductions in blood hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and significant elevations in serum bilirubin were observed. Serum urea nitrogen and creatinine were greatly increased. There was bilirubinuria, proteinuria, hypoproteinemia and hypocalcemia, and greatly increased activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. The levels of tannins and condensed tannins were 97.7 mg tannic acid equivalent and 5.8 mg catechin equivalent/g of dry leaves. There was extensive nephro- and hepatotoxicity in the affected cattle due to hydrolysable tannins and simple phenols in the oak leaves.

Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic; Animals; Anorexia; Blood Cells; Blood Chemical Analysis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Constipation; Edema; Feces; Hypothermia; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Phenols; Plant Poisoning; Polyuria; Tannins; Trees

A mixture of tannins (hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable) obtained from the bark of Anacardium occidentale L., on i.p. injection, demonstrated apparent anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan- and dextran-induced rat paw oedemas, cotton pellet granuloma test and adjuvant-induced polyarthritis in rats. At higher doses orally administered tannins also had activity in carrageenan paw oedema and adjuvant arthritis experiments. The tannins i.p. also inhibited acetic acid-induced "writhing responses" in mice and were found to antagonise the permeability-increasing effects in rats of certain mediators of inflammation and to inhibit the migration of leucocytes to an inflammatory site. While not appearing to act by the release of adrenal hormones, tannins may produce effects in a non-specific manner by their astringent properties on cell membranes thus affecting cell functions. The above results should be considered while studying the anti-inflammatory actions of plant extracts which contain tannins.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthritis; Brazil; Carrageenan; Cell Movement; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Dextrans; Edema; Leukocytes; Male; Mice; Permeability; Plants, Medicinal; Rats; Tannins

Topics: Animals; Cathartics; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Colon; Colonic Diseases; Edema; Enema; Intestinal Mucosa; Liver; Rats; Tannins

The LD(50) +/- S.E. of tannic acid given orally to albino rats was found to be 2.26+/-0.083 g. per kg. body weight, which is higher than its apparent LD(50) when given per rectum. The immediate cause of death was respiratory failure preceded by convulsions when death occurred early and by hypothermic cachexia when death was delayed. Death was associated with a progressively developing hepatic necrosis and nephritis and a temporary acute gastroenteritis. It was accompanied by loss of weight and edema in many organs, evidence of stimulation of the spleen, adrenal cortex and testes, and atrophy of the thymus. Recovery in survivors was associated with a temporary increase in weight of the spleen and testes and persistence of loss of weight in the adrenal, pyloric stomach, and skin.

Topics: Cachexia; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Edema; Gastroenteritis; Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Hypothermia; Liver Diseases; Nephritis; Pathology; Rats; Research; Seizures; Spleen; Tannins; Toxicology

Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Adrenalectomy; Ascorbic Acid; Catechols; Edema; Formaldehyde; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Inflammation; Pharmacology; Rats; Research; Tannins; Tea; Urine

Topics: Balneology; Child; Dermatology; Disease Susceptibility; Edema; Infant; Pediatrics; Tannins