tannins and Disease-Models--Animal

The most effective way to control severity and mortality rate of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is through sensitive diagnostic approaches and an appropriate treatment protocol. We aimed to identify the effect of adding corticosteroid and Tocilizumab to a standard treatment protocol in treating COVID-19 patients with chronic disease through hematological and lab biomarkers.. This study was performed retrospectively on 68 COVID-19 patients with chronic disease who were treated by different therapeutic protocols. The patients were categorized into four groups: control group represented the patients' lab results at admission before treatment protocols were applied; group 1 included patients treated with anticoagulants, Hydroxychloroquine, and antibiotics; group 2 comprised patients treated with Dexamethasone; and group 3 included patients treated with Dexamethasone and Tocilizumab.. The study paves the way into the effectiveness of combining Dexamethasone with Tocilizumab in treatment COVID-19 patients with chronic diseases.. La forma más eficaz de controlar la gravedad y la tasa de mortalidad de la enfermedad del nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) es mediante enfoques de diagnóstico sensibles y un protocolo de tratamiento adecuado. Nuestro objetivo fue identificar el efecto de agregar corticosteroides y tocilizumab a un protocolo de tratamiento estándar en el tratamiento de pacientes con COVID-19 con enfermedad crónica a través de biomarcadores hematológicos y de laboratorio.. Este estudio se realizó de forma retrospectiva en 68 pacientes COVID-19 con enfermedad crónica que fueron tratados por diferentes protocolos terapéuticos. Los pacientes se clasificaron en cuatro grupos: el grupo de control representaba los resultados de laboratorio de los pacientes en el momento de la admisión antes de que se aplicaran los protocolos de tratamiento; el grupo 1 incluyó a pacientes tratados con anticoagulantes, hidroxicloroquina y antibióticos; el grupo 2 estaba compuesto por pacientes tratados con dexametasona; y el grupo 3 incluyó a pacientes tratados con dexametasona y tocilizumab.. El estudio allana el camino hacia la eficacia de la combinación de dexametasona con tocilizumab en el tratamiento de pacientes con COVID-19 con enfermedades crónicas.. The Child-Mother Index constitutes a potential useful risk factor indicator for statistical analyses on data after birth. The value of the Child-Mother Index based on the estimated fetal weight before birth deserves evaluation.. Six ceria supports synthesized by various synthesis methodologies were used to deposit cobalt oxide. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized, and their catalytic activity for complete methane oxidation was studied. The supports synthesized by direct calcination and precipitation with ammonia exhibited the best textural and structural properties as well as the highest degree of oxidation. The remaining supports presented poorer textural properties to be employed as catalytic supports. The cobalt deposited over the first two supports presented a good dispersion at the external surface, which induced a significant redox effect that increased the number of Co. Some studies show that children with obesity are more likely to receive a diagnosis of depression, anxiety, or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). But this does not necessarily mean obesity causes these conditions. Depression, anxiety, or ADHD could cause obesity. A child's environment, including family income or their parents' mental health, could also affect a child's weight and mental health. Understanding the nature of these relationships could help scientists develop better interventions for both obesity and mental health conditions. Genetic studies may help scientists better understand the role of the environment in these conditions, but it's important to consider both the child's and their parents’ genetics in these analyses. This is because parents and children share not only genes, but also environmental conditions. For example, families that carry genetic variants associated with higher body weight might also have lower incomes, if parents have been affected by biases against heavier people in society and the workplace. Children in these families could have worse mental health because of effects of their parent’s weight, rather than their own weight. Looking at both child and adult genetics can help disentangle these processes. Hughes et al. show that a child's own body mass index, a ratio of weight and height, is not strongly associated with the child’s mental health symptoms. They analysed genetic, weight, and health survey data from about 41,000 8-year-old children and their parents. The results suggest that a child's own BMI does not have a large effect on their anxiety symptoms. There was also no clear evidence that a child's BMI affected their symptoms of depression or ADHD. These results contradict previous studies, which did not account for parental genetics. Hughes et al. suggest that, at least for eight-year-olds, factors linked with adult weight and which differ between families may be more critical to a child's mental health than a child’s own weight. For older children and adolescents, this may not be the case, and the individual’s own weight may be more important. As a result, policies designed to reduce obesity in mid-childhood are unlikely to greatly improve the mental health of children. On the other hand, policies targeting the environmental or societal factors contributing to higher body weights, bias against people with higher weights, and poor child mental health directly may be more beneficial.. The development of an efficient photocatalyst for C2 product formation from CO. Оценка антиастенического эффекта последовательной терапии левокарнитином (ЛК) и ацетилкарнитином (АЛК) пациентов с артериальной гипертензией и/или ишемической болезнью сердца (ИБС) с астеническим синдромом (АС).. В открытое сравнительное исследование были включены 120 пациентов в возрасте 54—67 лет с артериальной гипертензией и/или ИБС с АС. Пациенты 1-й группы (. У больных 1-й группы отмечено статистически значимое уменьшение различных проявлений АС. Отличия носили достоверный характер по сравнению как с исходным уровнем, так и со 2-й группой. Установлено эндотелийпротективное действие ЛК и АЛК.. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют, что у таких коморбидных пациентов использование ЛК и АЛК уменьшает выраженность проявлений АС, а установленные эндотелиотропные свойства препаратов позволяют рекомендовать их в составе комплексной персонифицированной терапии пациентов с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями.. Naproxen sodium 440 mg/diphenhydramine 50 mg combination demonstrated improvement in sleep maintenance (WASO) vs. naproxen sodium 550 mg and higher efficiency in average daily pain reduction compared with the comparison groups. The treatment was well tolerated There were no serious or unexpected adverse events reported in the study.. Сравнительный анализ эффективности и безопасности новой комбинации напроксена натрия и дифенгидрамина у пациентов с неспецифическим болевым синдромом в пояснично-крестцовом отделе спины (M54.5 «Боль внизу спины») и нарушением сна (G47.0 «Нарушения засыпания и поддержания сна [бессонница]»).. Проведено проспективное многоцентровое рандомизированное открытое сравнительное в параллельных группах клиническое исследование. Пациенты были рандомизированы в 3 группы. Больные 1-й группы получали напроксен натрия (440 мг) и дифенгидрамин (50 мг), 2-й — напроксен натрия (550 мг), 3-й — парацетамол (1000 мг) и дифенгидрамин (50 мг). Исследуемые препараты пациенты принимали однократно перед сном в течение 3 дней. Все пациенты также принимали 275 мг (1 таблетка) напроксена натрия в качестве препарата фоновой терапии. Первичным критерием эффективности было общее время бодрствования после наступления сна (WASO), измеряемое методом актиграфии. Также использовались критерии оценки продолжительности и качества сна и выраженности боли.. Анализ эффективности проведен для ITT популяции (. Применение комбинации напроксена натрия (440 мг) и дифенгидрамина (50 мг) характеризовалось более выраженным поддержанием сна по сравнению с напроксеном натрия 550 мг и более высокой эффективностью в отношении снижения интенсивности боли по сравнению со 2-й и 3-й группами. Отмечена хорошая переносимость препарата, серьезных нежелательных явлений зарегистрировано не было.

Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetylcarnitine; Acetylcholinesterase; Acids; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acinetobacter Infections; Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adsorption; Adult; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Alzheimer Disease; Amikacin; Ammonia; Anaerobiosis; Animals; Anorexia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antineoplastic Agents; Anxiety; Aptamers, Nucleotide; Asthenia; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Bacterial Proteins; Beryllium; beta-Lactamases; Biofuels; Biomass; Biosensing Techniques; Bismuth; Blister; Body Mass Index; Body Surface Area; Boronic Acids; Brain; Breast Neoplasms; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cannabis; Carbapenems; Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone; Carboxylic Acids; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Catalysis; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Child; China; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Clarithromycin; Clostridioides; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Cohort Studies; Colistin; Colitis; Colon; Coloring Agents; Coronary Artery Bypass; Creatinine; Crystalloid Solutions; Cytokines; Depression; Dextran Sulfate; Dextrans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Retinopathy; Diarrhea; Dietary Supplements; Diphenhydramine; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Outbreaks; Double-Blind Method; Doxorubicin; Drosophila; Drug Tapering; Dysbiosis; Electrons; Escherichia coli; Extracellular Vesicles; Fatigue; Female; Fermentation; gamma-Cyclodextrins; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glucose; Graft Survival; Graft vs Host Disease; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Heart Arrest, Induced; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; High-Intensity Interval Training; Hippocampus; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypertension; Incidence; Interferon-gamma; Italy; Kinetics; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; Lactoferrin; Larva; Length of Stay; Lignin; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Liver Transplantation; Living Donors; Low Back Pain; Lung; Lung Volume Measurements; Macrophages; Male; Melphalan; Men; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Meropenem; Methane; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mitochondrial Proteins; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Mothers; Motivation; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma hominis; Mycoplasma Infections; NAD; Nanocomposites; Nanoparticles; Nanotubes, Carbon; Naproxen; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Neurons; Nitrates; Nucleolin; Opuntia; Paratyphoid Fever; Phenotype; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Resveratrol; Retrospective Studies; Rifampin; Risk Factors; RNA, Messenger; Selenium; Sleep; Social Behavior; Soil; Soil Pollutants; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Staphylococcus aureus; Structure-Activity Relationship; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide; Superoxide Dismutase-1; Surveys and Questionnaires; Swimming; Syndrome; Tannins; Temperature; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Transplantation Conditioning; Treatment Outcome; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms; Troponin T; Tumor Microenvironment; United Kingdom; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Urinary Tract Infections; Viscum; Waste Disposal Facilities; Wastewater; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Wolfiporia; Young Adult

mHealth interventions often favour individual-level effects. This is particularly problematic in contexts where social support and shifts in social norms are critical to sustained behaviour change. Mobile digital games represent a promising health education strategy for youth, including in low-resource settings. We sought to better understand the interpersonal and social interactions that can be elicited by digital games for health.. This study took place in Kisumu, Kenya, in Spring 2017.. Descriptive statistics were computed from survey responses and log files. Focus group transcripts were labelled, analysed thematically, and compared demographically using MaxQDA software.. Data from log files, survey and focus groups indicate that the game generated considerable interaction and dialogue with parents, siblings, and friends, and served as a catalyst for children to act as advocates for healthful decisions about sex, both within the family and beyond. The game showed a high level of acceptability with parents.. Serious digital games using a smartphone platform can generate considerable household interaction. Games can model and facilitate these exchanges, maximising multi-level effects. An additional app for parents could reinforce these effects.. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00024-021-02793-0.. OPCAB is a safe and effective revascularization strategy in patients with stage 2 and stage 3 CKD. Short-term outcomes of OPCAB have been good in the patient population in this study, in terms of both surgical morbidity and mortality. Surgical mortality was 1.9%. New-onset atrial fibrillation was found in eleven patients (9.6%) in the stage 2 CKD group and 42 patients (21%) in the stage 3 CKD group (. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01021-2.. Although BMD was not significantly different between subjects with MND-ALS and healthy controls, BTMs were significantly higher in the MND group indicating a high bone turnover state. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity were also more in MND-ALS group than controls. Routine assessment for bone health parameters and body composition indices may be included in management of the patients with MND.. The aqueous extract of. Grapefruit peel extracts and their AgNPs exhibit antibacterial properties that can be exploited for the synthesis of new antimicrobials and their EEs may be efficiently used synergistically with other antibiotics against bacteria with intermediate susceptibility.. The nonconventional feeds have moderate protein and reduced fiber contents, and thus, they can be utilized as supplement for poor-quality feeds. These feeds need further investigation using animals to substantiate the current study.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ambulances; Animal Feed; Animals; Apoptosis; Bilirubin; Biomarkers; Blood Pressure; Blood Transfusion; Brain; Brain-Gut Axis; Breast Neoplasms; Candida albicans; Candidemia; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Carcinoma, Medullary; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine; Cardiometabolic Risk Factors; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Cardiorespiratory Fitness; Cardiovascular Diseases; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Chemokine CXCL12; Chemotaxis; China; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cohort Studies; COVID-19; Croatia; Cross-Over Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Bonding; Dentin; Digestion; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Down-Regulation; Doxorubicin; Drug Combinations; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Drug Synergism; Dry Eye Syndromes; Electrocardiography; Emergency Medical Technicians; Ergonomics; Ethiopia; Exercise Tolerance; Fatigue; Feasibility Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Germany; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glomerulonephritis, IGA; Hepatectomy; Humans; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Hypothermia, Induced; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Infusions, Intravenous; Jugular Veins; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Transplantation; Lipoproteins; Liposomes; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Liver Regeneration; Male; Manikins; Masks; Mass Screening; Metabolic Syndrome; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Middle Aged; Nanoparticles; Neoplasms; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Phthalic Anhydrides; Plant Extracts; Police; Polyethylene Glycols; Polyethyleneimine; Predictive Value of Tests; Preoperative Care; Prevalence; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Proto-Oncogene Mas; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; Pyrazoles; Pyridines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, CXCR4; Resuscitation; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Saline Solution; Salmonella; Salmonella Vaccines; SARS-CoV-2; Sedentary Behavior; Sex Factors; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Simulation Training; Sports; ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction; Stretchers; Support Vector Machine; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tannins; Thyroid Neoplasms; Time Factors; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Treatment Outcome; Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; Waist Circumference; Young Adult

The most effective way to control severity and mortality rate of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is through sensitive diagnostic approaches and an appropriate treatment protocol. We aimed to identify the effect of adding corticosteroid and Tocilizumab to a standard treatment protocol in treating COVID-19 patients with chronic disease through hematological and lab biomarkers.. This study was performed retrospectively on 68 COVID-19 patients with chronic disease who were treated by different therapeutic protocols. The patients were categorized into four groups: control group represented the patients' lab results at admission before treatment protocols were applied; group 1 included patients treated with anticoagulants, Hydroxychloroquine, and antibiotics; group 2 comprised patients treated with Dexamethasone; and group 3 included patients treated with Dexamethasone and Tocilizumab.. The study paves the way into the effectiveness of combining Dexamethasone with Tocilizumab in treatment COVID-19 patients with chronic diseases.. La forma más eficaz de controlar la gravedad y la tasa de mortalidad de la enfermedad del nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) es mediante enfoques de diagnóstico sensibles y un protocolo de tratamiento adecuado. Nuestro objetivo fue identificar el efecto de agregar corticosteroides y tocilizumab a un protocolo de tratamiento estándar en el tratamiento de pacientes con COVID-19 con enfermedad crónica a través de biomarcadores hematológicos y de laboratorio.. Este estudio se realizó de forma retrospectiva en 68 pacientes COVID-19 con enfermedad crónica que fueron tratados por diferentes protocolos terapéuticos. Los pacientes se clasificaron en cuatro grupos: el grupo de control representaba los resultados de laboratorio de los pacientes en el momento de la admisión antes de que se aplicaran los protocolos de tratamiento; el grupo 1 incluyó a pacientes tratados con anticoagulantes, hidroxicloroquina y antibióticos; el grupo 2 estaba compuesto por pacientes tratados con dexametasona; y el grupo 3 incluyó a pacientes tratados con dexametasona y tocilizumab.. El estudio allana el camino hacia la eficacia de la combinación de dexametasona con tocilizumab en el tratamiento de pacientes con COVID-19 con enfermedades crónicas.. The Child-Mother Index constitutes a potential useful risk factor indicator for statistical analyses on data after birth. The value of the Child-Mother Index based on the estimated fetal weight before birth deserves evaluation.. Six ceria supports synthesized by various synthesis methodologies were used to deposit cobalt oxide. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized, and their catalytic activity for complete methane oxidation was studied. The supports synthesized by direct calcination and precipitation with ammonia exhibited the best textural and structural properties as well as the highest degree of oxidation. The remaining supports presented poorer textural properties to be employed as catalytic supports. The cobalt deposited over the first two supports presented a good dispersion at the external surface, which induced a significant redox effect that increased the number of Co. Some studies show that children with obesity are more likely to receive a diagnosis of depression, anxiety, or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). But this does not necessarily mean obesity causes these conditions. Depression, anxiety, or ADHD could cause obesity. A child's environment, including family income or their parents' mental health, could also affect a child's weight and mental health. Understanding the nature of these relationships could help scientists develop better interventions for both obesity and mental health conditions. Genetic studies may help scientists better understand the role of the environment in these conditions, but it's important to consider both the child's and their parents’ genetics in these analyses. This is because parents and children share not only genes, but also environmental conditions. For example, families that carry genetic variants associated with higher body weight might also have lower incomes, if parents have been affected by biases against heavier people in society and the workplace. Children in these families could have worse mental health because of effects of their parent’s weight, rather than their own weight. Looking at both child and adult genetics can help disentangle these processes. Hughes et al. show that a child's own body mass index, a ratio of weight and height, is not strongly associated with the child’s mental health symptoms. They analysed genetic, weight, and health survey data from about 41,000 8-year-old children and their parents. The results suggest that a child's own BMI does not have a large effect on their anxiety symptoms. There was also no clear evidence that a child's BMI affected their symptoms of depression or ADHD. These results contradict previous studies, which did not account for parental genetics. Hughes et al. suggest that, at least for eight-year-olds, factors linked with adult weight and which differ between families may be more critical to a child's mental health than a child’s own weight. For older children and adolescents, this may not be the case, and the individual’s own weight may be more important. As a result, policies designed to reduce obesity in mid-childhood are unlikely to greatly improve the mental health of children. On the other hand, policies targeting the environmental or societal factors contributing to higher body weights, bias against people with higher weights, and poor child mental health directly may be more beneficial.. The development of an efficient photocatalyst for C2 product formation from CO. Оценка антиастенического эффекта последовательной терапии левокарнитином (ЛК) и ацетилкарнитином (АЛК) пациентов с артериальной гипертензией и/или ишемической болезнью сердца (ИБС) с астеническим синдромом (АС).. В открытое сравнительное исследование были включены 120 пациентов в возрасте 54—67 лет с артериальной гипертензией и/или ИБС с АС. Пациенты 1-й группы (. У больных 1-й группы отмечено статистически значимое уменьшение различных проявлений АС. Отличия носили достоверный характер по сравнению как с исходным уровнем, так и со 2-й группой. Установлено эндотелийпротективное действие ЛК и АЛК.. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют, что у таких коморбидных пациентов использование ЛК и АЛК уменьшает выраженность проявлений АС, а установленные эндотелиотропные свойства препаратов позволяют рекомендовать их в составе комплексной персонифицированной терапии пациентов с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями.. Naproxen sodium 440 mg/diphenhydramine 50 mg combination demonstrated improvement in sleep maintenance (WASO) vs. naproxen sodium 550 mg and higher efficiency in average daily pain reduction compared with the comparison groups. The treatment was well tolerated There were no serious or unexpected adverse events reported in the study.. Сравнительный анализ эффективности и безопасности новой комбинации напроксена натрия и дифенгидрамина у пациентов с неспецифическим болевым синдромом в пояснично-крестцовом отделе спины (M54.5 «Боль внизу спины») и нарушением сна (G47.0 «Нарушения засыпания и поддержания сна [бессонница]»).. Проведено проспективное многоцентровое рандомизированное открытое сравнительное в параллельных группах клиническое исследование. Пациенты были рандомизированы в 3 группы. Больные 1-й группы получали напроксен натрия (440 мг) и дифенгидрамин (50 мг), 2-й — напроксен натрия (550 мг), 3-й — парацетамол (1000 мг) и дифенгидрамин (50 мг). Исследуемые препараты пациенты принимали однократно перед сном в течение 3 дней. Все пациенты также принимали 275 мг (1 таблетка) напроксена натрия в качестве препарата фоновой терапии. Первичным критерием эффективности было общее время бодрствования после наступления сна (WASO), измеряемое методом актиграфии. Также использовались критерии оценки продолжительности и качества сна и выраженности боли.. Анализ эффективности проведен для ITT популяции (. Применение комбинации напроксена натрия (440 мг) и дифенгидрамина (50 мг) характеризовалось более выраженным поддержанием сна по сравнению с напроксеном натрия 550 мг и более высокой эффективностью в отношении снижения интенсивности боли по сравнению со 2-й и 3-й группами. Отмечена хорошая переносимость препарата, серьезных нежелательных явлений зарегистрировано не было.

Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetylcarnitine; Acetylcholinesterase; Acids; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acinetobacter Infections; Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adsorption; Adult; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Alzheimer Disease; Amikacin; Ammonia; Anaerobiosis; Animals; Anorexia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antineoplastic Agents; Anxiety; Aptamers, Nucleotide; Asthenia; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Bacterial Proteins; Beryllium; beta-Lactamases; Biofuels; Biomass; Biosensing Techniques; Bismuth; Blister; Body Mass Index; Body Surface Area; Boronic Acids; Brain; Breast Neoplasms; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cannabis; Carbapenems; Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone; Carboxylic Acids; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Catalysis; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Child; China; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Clarithromycin; Clostridioides; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Cohort Studies; Colistin; Colitis; Colon; Coloring Agents; Coronary Artery Bypass; Creatinine; Crystalloid Solutions; Cytokines; Depression; Dextran Sulfate; Dextrans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Retinopathy; Diarrhea; Dietary Supplements; Diphenhydramine; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Outbreaks; Double-Blind Method; Doxorubicin; Drosophila; Drug Tapering; Dysbiosis; Electrons; Escherichia coli; Extracellular Vesicles; Fatigue; Female; Fermentation; gamma-Cyclodextrins; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glucose; Graft Survival; Graft vs Host Disease; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Heart Arrest, Induced; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; High-Intensity Interval Training; Hippocampus; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypertension; Incidence; Interferon-gamma; Italy; Kinetics; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; Lactoferrin; Larva; Length of Stay; Lignin; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Liver Transplantation; Living Donors; Low Back Pain; Lung; Lung Volume Measurements; Macrophages; Male; Melphalan; Men; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Meropenem; Methane; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mitochondrial Proteins; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Mothers; Motivation; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma hominis; Mycoplasma Infections; NAD; Nanocomposites; Nanoparticles; Nanotubes, Carbon; Naproxen; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Neurons; Nitrates; Nucleolin; Opuntia; Paratyphoid Fever; Phenotype; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Resveratrol; Retrospective Studies; Rifampin; Risk Factors; RNA, Messenger; Selenium; Sleep; Social Behavior; Soil; Soil Pollutants; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Staphylococcus aureus; Structure-Activity Relationship; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide; Superoxide Dismutase-1; Surveys and Questionnaires; Swimming; Syndrome; Tannins; Temperature; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Transplantation Conditioning; Treatment Outcome; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms; Troponin T; Tumor Microenvironment; United Kingdom; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Urinary Tract Infections; Viscum; Waste Disposal Facilities; Wastewater; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Wolfiporia; Young Adult

mHealth interventions often favour individual-level effects. This is particularly problematic in contexts where social support and shifts in social norms are critical to sustained behaviour change. Mobile digital games represent a promising health education strategy for youth, including in low-resource settings. We sought to better understand the interpersonal and social interactions that can be elicited by digital games for health.. This study took place in Kisumu, Kenya, in Spring 2017.. Descriptive statistics were computed from survey responses and log files. Focus group transcripts were labelled, analysed thematically, and compared demographically using MaxQDA software.. Data from log files, survey and focus groups indicate that the game generated considerable interaction and dialogue with parents, siblings, and friends, and served as a catalyst for children to act as advocates for healthful decisions about sex, both within the family and beyond. The game showed a high level of acceptability with parents.. Serious digital games using a smartphone platform can generate considerable household interaction. Games can model and facilitate these exchanges, maximising multi-level effects. An additional app for parents could reinforce these effects.. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00024-021-02793-0.. OPCAB is a safe and effective revascularization strategy in patients with stage 2 and stage 3 CKD. Short-term outcomes of OPCAB have been good in the patient population in this study, in terms of both surgical morbidity and mortality. Surgical mortality was 1.9%. New-onset atrial fibrillation was found in eleven patients (9.6%) in the stage 2 CKD group and 42 patients (21%) in the stage 3 CKD group (. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01021-2.. Although BMD was not significantly different between subjects with MND-ALS and healthy controls, BTMs were significantly higher in the MND group indicating a high bone turnover state. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity were also more in MND-ALS group than controls. Routine assessment for bone health parameters and body composition indices may be included in management of the patients with MND.. The aqueous extract of. Grapefruit peel extracts and their AgNPs exhibit antibacterial properties that can be exploited for the synthesis of new antimicrobials and their EEs may be efficiently used synergistically with other antibiotics against bacteria with intermediate susceptibility.. The nonconventional feeds have moderate protein and reduced fiber contents, and thus, they can be utilized as supplement for poor-quality feeds. These feeds need further investigation using animals to substantiate the current study.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ambulances; Animal Feed; Animals; Apoptosis; Bilirubin; Biomarkers; Blood Pressure; Blood Transfusion; Brain; Brain-Gut Axis; Breast Neoplasms; Candida albicans; Candidemia; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Carcinoma, Medullary; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine; Cardiometabolic Risk Factors; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Cardiorespiratory Fitness; Cardiovascular Diseases; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Chemokine CXCL12; Chemotaxis; China; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cohort Studies; COVID-19; Croatia; Cross-Over Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Bonding; Dentin; Digestion; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Down-Regulation; Doxorubicin; Drug Combinations; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Drug Synergism; Dry Eye Syndromes; Electrocardiography; Emergency Medical Technicians; Ergonomics; Ethiopia; Exercise Tolerance; Fatigue; Feasibility Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Germany; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glomerulonephritis, IGA; Hepatectomy; Humans; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Hypothermia, Induced; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Infusions, Intravenous; Jugular Veins; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Transplantation; Lipoproteins; Liposomes; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Liver Regeneration; Male; Manikins; Masks; Mass Screening; Metabolic Syndrome; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Middle Aged; Nanoparticles; Neoplasms; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Phthalic Anhydrides; Plant Extracts; Police; Polyethylene Glycols; Polyethyleneimine; Predictive Value of Tests; Preoperative Care; Prevalence; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Proto-Oncogene Mas; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; Pyrazoles; Pyridines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, CXCR4; Resuscitation; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Saline Solution; Salmonella; Salmonella Vaccines; SARS-CoV-2; Sedentary Behavior; Sex Factors; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Simulation Training; Sports; ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction; Stretchers; Support Vector Machine; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tannins; Thyroid Neoplasms; Time Factors; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Treatment Outcome; Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; Waist Circumference; Young Adult

Kalyanaka ghrita (KG) is an Ayurvedic formulation traditionally used in the treatment of Daurbalya (debility) and Smritidaurbalya (impairment of intellectual activities). Clinical studies have reported the effect of KG in the treatment of Manasmandata or Buddhimandyata which is associated with impaired learning, social adjustment and maturation.. The present study aims to standardization of KG and validation of its use in experimental models of neurodegeneration.. KG was Standardized for biomarkers curcumin, gallic acid, tannic acid, chebulagic acid, and berberine. In male wistar rats, neurodegeneration was induced by administration of intracerebroventricular Amyloid β (Aβ. A novel HPLC method has been developed for the standardization of KG. Treatment with KG significantly improved cognition and memory and increased brain BDNF and antioxidant status in Aβ. The findings suggest that KG has neuroprotective potential and along with its nootropic property could be a promising therapy for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Antioxidants; Berberine; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Curcumin; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Maze Learning; Memory Disorders; Neuroprotective Agents; Nootropic Agents; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tannins

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global public health challenge that affects millions of people. Current medical treatments for IBD are not fully effective and may cause undesirable side effects on patients. Thus, there is an urgent need for safe, simple, and efficacious strategies to treat IBD in clinical settings. Here, we develop an oral polyphenol nanoparticle (PDT) by assembling dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP)-loaded poly-β-cyclodextrin with tannic acid via host-guest interactions for treating IBD. This one-step assembly process is rapid (within 10 s), reproducible, and free of harmful chemical agents, which can facilitate its clinical translation. PDT is negatively charged due to the three components, which enable it to specifically target the positively charged inflamed colonic mucosa through electrostatic attraction, thus localizing the drug at the inflamed site to reduce systemic exposure and side effects. Furthermore, PDT exhibits a strong reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging ability derived from the tannic acid component, which can alleviate ROS-mediated inflammatory responses and ameliorate IBD symptoms. Compared with free DSP, PDT demonstrates sustained DSP release behavior in vitro and in vivo, as well as enhanced therapeutic efficacy in a colitis mouse model. These results suggest that PDT might be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of IBD. Moreover, this facile polyphenol host-guest assembly strategy may provide a promising drug-delivery platform for treating various diseases STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: To develop safe and effective treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we have designed an oral polyphenol nanoparticle (PDT) using the host-guest assembly of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP)-loaded poly-β-cyclodextrin with tannic acid. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, PDT has demonstrated remarkable inflammation-targeting, ROS-scavenging, and anti-inflammatory properties, along with sustained release of DSP. Moreover, in an IBD mouse model, PDT has shown significantly improved therapeutic efficacy compared to free DSP. The host-guest assembly strategy employed for PDT is noteworthy for its rapidity, reproducibility, and safety due to the absence of harmful chemicals, holding great promise for designing a diverse range of nanomedicines customized for treating various diseases.

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mice; Nanoparticles; Polyphenols; Reactive Oxygen Species; Reproducibility of Results; Tannins

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the formation of neuronal inclusions of α-synuclein in patient brains. As the disease progresses, toxic α-synuclein aggregates transmit throughout the nervous system. No effective disease-modifying therapy has been established, and preventing α-synuclein aggregation is thought to be one of the most promising approaches to ameliorate the disease. In this study, we performed a two-step screening using the thioflavin T assay and a cell-based assay to identify α-synuclein aggregation inhibitors. The first screening, thioflavin T assay, allowed the identification of 30 molecules, among a total of 1262 FDA-approved small compounds, which showed inhibitory effects on α-synuclein fibrilization. In the second screening, a cell-based aggregation assay, seven out of these 30 candidates were found to prevent α-synuclein aggregation without causing substantial toxicity. Of the seven final candidates, tannic acid was the most promising compound. The robustness of our screening method was validated by a primary neuronal cell model and a Caenorhabditis elegans model, which demonstrated the effect of tannic acid against α-synuclein aggregation. In conclusion, our two-step screening system is a powerful method for the identification of α-synuclein aggregation inhibitors, and tannic acid is a promising candidate as a disease-modifying drug for Parkinson's disease.

Topics: alpha-Synuclein; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Antiparkinson Agents; Benzothiazoles; Biological Assay; Caenorhabditis elegans; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Repositioning; HeLa Cells; High-Throughput Screening Assays; Humans; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons; Parkinson Disease; Protein Aggregates; Protein Aggregation, Pathological; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Tannins

Phage is a promising therapeutic agent for treating antibiotic resistant bacteria. However, in the process of treatment, phage may be cleared by the immune system and cleaved by protease, which could affect the efficacy of phage. In order to solve the above problems, phage encapsulation is usually adopted. In this study, we employed metal phenolic network (MPN) for efficient phage encapsulation which could protect phage from the cleavage of protease, and keep cytotoxicity weak. In the model of skin wound infection, the encapsulated phage could be released in response to pH change to achieve good antibacterial effect. Furthermore, the MPN encapsulation could prolong the T4 phage residence time at the wound. Our findings suggest that MPN can be a promising material for phage encapsulation.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriophage T4; Cell Survival; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Ferric Compounds; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Phenols; Skin; Tannins

Transdermal sensitization to allergens is of great concern as a sensitization route for food allergies. This skin-mediated invasion and sensitization to allergens is involved in skin barrier breakdown and inflammation, followed by the production of several kinds of cytokines. Cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine are also involved. In this study, we investigated the suppressive effect of tannic acid (TA) on transdermal sensitization using ovalbumin (OVA), a major egg-white allergen. We also analyzed the mechanisms associated with the inhibitory effects of TA. The results showed that the co-application with TA prevents transdermal sensitization to OVA. As possible mechanisms, its anti-inflammatory and astringent effect on the skin and binding ability with the protein were considered. These results indicate that TA could be applied to cosmetics and lotions, which could suppress the transdermal sensitization to allergens.

Topics: Allergens; Animals; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Immunoglobulin E; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Ovalbumin; Tannins

Tannic acid (TA) is a natural compound present abundantly in fruit such as grapes and green tea. In this study, we have evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of TA against Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress-mediated memory impairment, neuroinflammation, insulin signaling impairment, and Amyloid Beta (Aβ) deposition in adult male mice. The LPS was administered once per week and TA twice a week to adult male mice for three months consecutively. Behavioral studies were performed using different behavioral models such as balance beam, novel object recognition (NOR), Morris water maze (MWM), and Y-maze tests. The protein expression of different mediators such as TNF-α, p-JNK, pIRS636, BACE1, APP, and Aβ was evaluated through western blot and immunofluorescence staining techniques. Biochemical assays were carried out to assess the antioxidant activities of TA. The computational study was conducted to predict the binding mode of TA with target sites of TNF-α. Behavioral studies showed that the TA-treated mice exhibited gradual memory improvement. TA significantly inhibited BACE1 activity and reduced production and accumulation of Aβ in the hippocampus of mice brains. Moreover, the TA significantly inhibited LPS-induced ROS production and enhanced the glutathione levels. Furthermore, we have shown via the computational method for the first time that TA inhibits LPS-triggered TNF-ὰ and its downstream signaling to reduce AD pathology including memory impairment, neuroinflammation, insulin signaling impairment, and Aβ deposition in adult mice. Taken together our current study demonstrates that TA is a potential candidate for the abrogation of LPS-induced neurotoxicity and AD pathology in rodent's models.

Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; Animals; Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; Cognitive Dysfunction; Disease Models, Animal; Insulins; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Maze Learning; Memory Disorders; Mice; Tannins; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic recurrent idiopathic disease characterized by damage to the colonic epithelial barrier and disruption of inflammatory homeostasis. At present, there is no curative therapy for UC, and the development of effective and low-cost therapies is strongly advocated.. Multiple lines of evidence support that tannic acid (TA) and berberine (BBR), two active ingredients derived from Chinese herb pair (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Coptidis Rhizoma), have promising therapeutic effects on colonic inflammation. This study aims to develop a targeted delivery system based on BBR/TA-based self-assemblies for the treatment of UC.. TA and BBR self-assemblies were optimized, and hyaluronic acid (HA) was coated to achieve targeted colon delivery via HA-cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) interactions. The system was systematically characterized and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse colitis model was further used to investigate the biodistribution behavior, effect and mechanism of the natural system.. TA and BBR could self-assemble into stable particles (TB) and HA-coated TB (HTB) further increased cellular uptake and accumulation in inflamed colon lesions. Treatment of HTB inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, restored expression of tight junction-associated proteins and recovered gut microbiome alteration, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects against DSS-induced acute colitis.. Our targeted strategy may provide a convenient and powerful platform for UC and reveal new modes of application of herbal combinations.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Benzopyrans; Berberine; China; Colitis; Colitis, Ulcerative; Dextran Sulfate; Disease Models, Animal; Mice; Salicylates; Tannins; Tight Junction Proteins; Tissue Distribution

The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of tannic acid (TA) in preventing memory deficits and neurochemical alterations observed in a model for Sporadic Dementia of Alzheimer's Type. Rats were treated with TA (30 mg/kg) daily for 21 days, and subsequently received intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ). We observed that STZ induced learning and memory impairments; however, treatment with TA was able to prevent these effects. In cerebral cortex and hippocampus, STZ induced an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity, reduced Na

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Maze Learning; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Streptozocin; Tannins

Current study purposed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Tannic Acid (TA) on mild chronic cerebral hypoperfusion model in rats. Male Wistar rats were subjected to permanent Unilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion (UCCAO), followed by TA treatment (0.05% w/v) in drinking water for one month. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, blood triglyceride, blood glucose, and liver enzymes' activity were detected after the experimental period. Also, behavioral tests, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and PET scan were performed after treatment. Post-treatment of TA improved locomotion and memory function (P < 0.001), and reduced neural cell death (P < 0.001) in the treatment group compared to UCCAO rats. Furthermore, long-term TA treatment significantly increased the levels of Nrf2 (P < 0.001), NQO-1 (P < 0.001), and HO-1 (P < 0.001) in the hippocampus of the treatment group compared to the UCCAO group. TA consumption in the treatment group applied its anti-inflammatory effects via reducing the activity of NF-κB and TNF-α in comparison with the UCCAO group (P < 0.001 for both). Blood triglyceride, blood glucose, and liver enzymes did not change considerably in the groups (P > 0.05). The current results indicate that long-term post-treatment of TA exhibits protective effects against memory deficit and motor dysfunction. The cellular mechanism of TA in hypoperfused rats might be associated with the activation of antioxidant pathways, especially the Nrf2 pathway, and suppressing inflammatory factors like NF-κB and TNF-α.

Topics: Aged; Aging; Animals; Brain; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Locomotion; Male; Memory, Short-Term; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Neuroprotective Agents; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oxidative Stress; Positron-Emission Tomography; Rats; Tannins

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread across the world. Inactivating the virus in saliva and the oral cavity represents a reasonable approach to prevent human-to-human transmission because the virus is easily transmitted through oral routes by dispersed saliva. Persimmon-derived tannin is a condensed type of tannin that has strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. In this study, we investigated the antiviral effects of persimmon-derived tannin against SARS-CoV-2 in both in vitro and in vivo models. We found that persimmon-derived tannin suppressed SARS-CoV-2 titers measured by plaque assay in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We then created a Syrian hamster model by inoculating SARS-CoV-2 into hamsters' mouths. Oral administration of persimmon-derived tannin dissolved in carboxymethyl cellulose before virus inoculation dramatically reduced the severity of pneumonia with lower virus titers compared with a control group inoculated with carboxymethyl cellulose alone. In addition, pre-administration of tannin to uninfected hamsters reduced hamster-to-hamster transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from a cohoused, infected donor cage mate. These data suggest that oral administration of persimmon-derived tannin may help reduce the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission of the virus.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Antiviral Agents; COVID-19; COVID-19 Drug Treatment; Cricetinae; Diospyros; Disease Models, Animal; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Lung; Male; Mesocricetus; SARS-CoV-2; Severity of Illness Index; Tannins; Viral Load

Biodegradable poly(lactic-

Topics: Animals; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Disease Models, Animal; Doxorubicin; Drug Compounding; Drug Liberation; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Female; Ferric Compounds; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mice; Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System; Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; Tannins

To investigate and compare the preventive effects of apple polyphenols extract (APE) with phloretin on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC), 60 male mice were treated with 125 or 500 mg/(kg bw d) APE or 100 mg/(kg bw d) phloretin, the single-ingredient of APE, for continuous 3 weeks by intragastric administration, meanwhile, mice were provided with 3% DSS dissolved in drinking water to induce UC during the third week. Both APE and phloretin significantly ameliorated DSS-induced UC by inhibiting body weight loss, preventing colon shortening and mucosa damage. Except the same mechanisms of the inhibited activation of NF-κB signaling, decreased hyodeoxycholic acid level and increased abundance of Verrucomicrobia at phylum and Bacteroides and Akkermansia at genus, APE increased β-muricholic acid level and decreased Bacterodetes abundance, while phloretin decreased Firmicutes abundance. Furthermore, APE treatment showed much lower disease activity index score, less body weight loss and lighter spleen than phloretin. Thus, our study supported the potentiality of APE as a promising dietary intervention for the prevention of experimental UC.

Topics: Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Chlorogenic Acid; Colitis, Ulcerative; Dextran Sulfate; Disease Models, Animal; Dysbiosis; Flavonoids; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Tannins

Ellagitannins may have a beneficial impact in cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of high-fat diet (HFD) and the efficacy of Castanea sativa Mill. bark extract (ENC) on cardiac and vascular parameters. Rats were fed with regular diet, (RD, n = 15), HFD (n = 15), RD + ENC (20 mg/kg/day by gavage, n = 15), and HFD + ENC (same dose, n = 15) and the effects on body weight, biochemical serum parameters, and inflammatory cytokines determined. Cardiac functional parameters and aorta contractility were also assessed on isolated atria and aorta. Results showed that ENC reduced weight gain and serum lipids induced by HFD. In in vitro assays, HFD decreased the contraction force of left atrium, increased right atrium chronotropy, and decreased aorta K

Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet, High-Fat; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Rats; Tannins

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is classically associated with acute secretory diarrhea, which induces 2 million people death in developing countries over a year, predominantly children in the first years of life. Previously, tannins (47.75%) were extracted from Galla Chinensis and prepared as Galla Chinensis oral solution (GOS) which showed significant antidiarrheal activity in a castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice. Whether the tannins extract were also effective in treatment of ETEC-induced diarrhea was determined in this study.. Mice were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 22). The mice in the normal and untreated groups were given normal saline. Three GOS-treated groups were received different concentrations of GOS (5, 10 and 15%, respectively) at a dose of 10 mL/kg. Mice in the positive control group were fed with loperamide (10 mg/kg). The treatment with GOS started 3 days before infection with ETEC and continued for 4 consecutive days after infection. On day 3, mice were all infected with one dose of LD. GOS could increase the survival rate up to 75%, while in the untreated group it is 43.75%. The body weights of mice treated with 15% GOS were significantly increased on day 7 in comparison with the untreated group and the normal group. GOS-treatment recovered the small intestine coefficient enhanced by ETEC-infection. The diarrhea index of mice treated with GOS was significantly decreased. GOS increased the levels of IgG and sIgA in the terminal ileum and decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8) in serum. GOS could increase the amount of intestinal probiotics, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. GOS could alleviate colon lesions induced by ETEC-infection. GOS showed higher potency than loperamide.. GOS could be a promising drug candidate for treating ETEC infections.

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Male; Mice; Plant Extracts; Tannins

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, which is characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and airway remodeling. This study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of tannic acid (TA), a naturally occurring plant-derived polyphenol, in murine asthma model. BALB/c mice were given ovalbumin (OVA) to establish an allergic asthma model. The results revealed that TA treatment significantly decreased OVA-induced AHR, inflammatory cells infiltration, and the expression of various inflammatory mediators (Th2 and Th1 cytokines, eotaxin, and total IgE). Additionally, TA treatment also attenuated increases in mucins (Muc5ac and Muc5b) expression, mucus production in airway goblet cells, mast cells infiltration, and airway remodeling induced by OVA exposure. Furthermore, OVA-induced NF-κB (nuclear factor- kappa B) activation and cell adhesion molecules expression in the lungs was suppressed by TA treatment. In conclusion, TA effectively attenuated AHR, inflammatory response, and airway remodeling in OVA-challenged asthmatic mice. Therefore, TA may be a potential therapeutic option against allergic asthma in clinical settings.

Topics: Airway Remodeling; Allergens; Animals; Asthma; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Mice; Mucins; Nuts; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Tannins; Th1 Cells; Th2 Cells

The anti-amnesic effect of a mixture (4:6 = phlorotannin:fucoidan from

Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Aquatic Organisms; Brain; Cholinergic Agents; Cognitive Dysfunction; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Kelp; Male; Maze Learning; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mitochondria; Neuroprotective Agents; Phytotherapy; Polysaccharides; Tannins

Biologically produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules in the human body. Despite their importance under normal conditions, abnormal overproduction of ROS under unbalanced or irregular homeostasis can cause severe inflammatory diseases. Various antioxidants have been developed in the biomedical field to resolve high levels of ROS; however, high doses of natural antioxidants such as polyphenol can induce side effects on health. Further, synthetic antioxidants are still controversial in regards to their safety and their complicated synthesis. Inspired from our previous work, a nitric oxide-scavenging nanogel designed for treating rheumatoid arthritis, we report herein a biocompatible tannic acid (TA)-based nanogel as an effective ROS scavenger. A polymeric phenylboronic acid-tannic acid nanogel (PTNG) was prepared by simply mixing through to the formation of phenylboronic ester bonds between polymeric phenylboronate and TA. We focused on the reaction of phenylboronic ester with H

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Boronic Acids; Cell Line; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Mice; Nanogels; Neutrophils; Peritonitis; Reactive Oxygen Species; Tannins; Zymosan

Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Liberation; ErbB Receptors; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Liver; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic; Mice; Nanoparticles; Oncogene Protein v-akt; Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Tannins; Vitamin E

Basal insulin therapy plays a key role in diabetes management. An ideal therapy should mimic the steady physiologic basal insulin secretion, and provide a peak-free, prolonged and steady insulin supply. Herein, a new drug carrier was designed by first PEGylating insulin and then incorporating the conjugate into layer-by-layer assembled films with tannic acid (TA). Because PEG-insulin and TA in the films were linked with reversible, dynamic hydrogen bonds, the films disintegrate gradually when soaked in aqueous solutions, and thus release PEG-insulin into the media. In vitro release tests revealed that the release of PEG-insulin follows a zero-order kinetics. Theoretical analysis based on the unique release mechanism also supports a zero-order kinetics. In vivo tests using a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model demonstrated that subcutaneous implantation of the film could maintain a steady plasma drug level and hence maintain a fasting blood glucose level (BGL) close to normal. The duration of action depends on the thickness of the film. Using a 50-bilayer film, fasting BGL was kept within the normoglycemic range for ∼16 days. Initial burst release, a severe problem for other release systems, was successfully avoided.

Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Liberation; Humans; Hydrogen Bonding; Hypoglycemic Agents; Injections, Subcutaneous; Insulin; Insulin, Long-Acting; Kinetics; Male; Molecular Structure; Polyethylene Glycols; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Streptozocin; Tannins

Tannic acid (TA), a group of polyphenolic compounds, has multiple anticancer, antimutagenic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the effects of TA on arsenic trioxide (ATO)-induced nephrotoxicity are still relatively unknown. This study investigated the protective effects and potential mechanisms of TA on ATO-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.. Rats were intragastrically administered TA with concurrent ATO infused intraperitoneally over 10 days. Renal morphology changes were observed through light microscopy. The levels of antioxidants and pro-inflammatory factors were measured in the serum and renal tissue, respectively. Further, expression of B-cell lymphoma-2, B-cell lymphoma-extra large, p53, and Bcl-2-associated X protein were measured using an immunohistochemical method. The protein expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) were measured by Western blot.. The data showed that ATO exposure significantly increased the serum nephritic, oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammatory markers in the renal tissue of rats. Conversely, pretreatment with TA reversed these changes. Furthermore, TA treatment caused a significant decrease in NF-κB expression (P < 0.05), while increasing Nrf2 and Keap1 expressions (P < 0.05).. TA ameliorates ATO-induced nephrotoxicity, which is related to the inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, potentially through the NF-κB/Nrf2 pathway.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Arsenic Trioxide; Disease Models, Animal; Inflammation; Interleukins; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Male; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; NF-kappa B; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Tannins

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is encountered in numerous processes such as cardiovascular diseases or kidney transplantation; however, the latter involves cold ischemia, different from the warm ischemia found in vascular surgery by arterial clamping. The nature and the intensity of the processes induced by ischemia types are different, hence the therapeutic strategy should be adapted. Herein, we investigated the protective role of tannic acid, a natural polyphenol in a rat model reproducing both renal warm ischemia and kidney allotransplantation. The follow-up was done after 1 week.. To characterize the effect of tannic acid, an in vitro model of endothelial cells subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation was used.. Tannic acid statistically improved recovery after warm ischemia but not after cold ischemia. In kidneys biopsies, 3h after warm ischemia-reperfusion, oxidative stress development was limited by tannic acid and the production of reactive oxygen species was inhibited, potentially through Nuclear Factor erythroid-2-Related factor 2 (NRF2) activation. In vitro, tannic acid and its derivatives limited cytotoxicity and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that tannic acid efficiently interacts with biological membranes, allowing efficient lipid oxidation inhibition. Tannic acid also promoted endothelial cell migration and proliferation during hypoxia.. Tannic acid was able to improve renal recovery after renal warm ischemia with an antioxidant effect putatively extended by the production of its derivatives in the body and promoted cell regeneration during hypoxia. This suggests that the mechanisms induced by warm and cold ischemia are different and require specific therapeutic strategies.

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Kidney; Kidney Function Tests; Rats; Recovery of Function; Reperfusion Injury; Tannins

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Bleomycin; Disease Models, Animal; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Tannins

Radiation dermatitis (RD) is one of the most common side effects of radiotherapy; its symptoms progress from erythema to dry and moist desquamation, leading to the deterioration of the patients' quality of life. Active metabolites in brown seaweed, including phlorotannins (PTNs), show anti-inflammatory activities; however, their medical use is limited. Here, we investigated the effects of PTNs in a mouse model of RD in vivo. X-rays (36 Gy) were delivered in three fractions to the hind legs of BALB/c mice. Macroscopic RD scoring revealed that PTNs significantly mitigated RD compared with the vehicle control. Histopathological analyses of skin tissues revealed that PTNs decreased epidermal and dermal thickness compared with the vehicle control. Western blotting indicated that PTNs augmented nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway activation but attenuated radiation-induced NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) and inflammasome activation, suggesting the mitigation of acute inflammation in irradiated mouse skin. PTNs also facilitated fast recovery, as indicated by increased aquaporin 3 expression and decreased γH2AX (histone family member X) expression. Our results indicate that topical PTN application may alleviate RD symptoms by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling and by promoting the healing process. Therefore, PTNs may show great potential as cosmeceuticals for patients with cancer suffering from radiation-induced inflammatory side effects such as RD.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Inflammation Mediators; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Oxidative Stress; Radiodermatitis; Seaweed; Signal Transduction; Skin; Tannins; Time Factors; Wound Healing

Topics: Animals; Aorta; Benzofurans; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Chemokine CCL5; Diet, High-Fat; Disease Models, Animal; Hyperlipidemias; Hypolipidemic Agents; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Neointima; Phenotype; Receptors, CCR5; Signal Transduction; Tannins

Accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the development of metabolic diseases, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The nutrient-rich resource Cornus Fructus (CF) showed curative effects on diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanism underlying its hyperglycemic activity remains obscure. Herein, the antidiabetic potential of four extracts from CF, including saponin (CTS), iridoid glycoside (CIG), tannin (CT), and alcohol extract (CCA) was evaluated

Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cornus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Models, Animal; Functional Food; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Insulin Resistance; Iridoid Glycosides; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Mice, Inbred ICR; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Saponins; Tannins

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies; Colitis, Ulcerative; Colon; Dextran Sulfate; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Female; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Mice; Nanoparticles; Polyethylene Glycols; Polyphenols; Signal Transduction; Tannins; Tissue Distribution; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Advanced glycation end products/receptor for AGEs (AGEs/RAGEs) or Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) induce vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype changes in osteoblast-like cells and vascular calcification. We analyzed the effect of

Topics: Animals; Benzofurans; Diet, High-Fat; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Osteoblasts; Phenotype; Plant Extracts; Tannins; Vascular Calcification

The present study was performed to investigate the protective effects of tannic acid (TA) on liver injury induced by arsenic trioxide (ATO) and to elucidate the mechanism involved as related to the Kelch‑like ECH‑associated protein 1 (Keap1)‑nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway. Adult rats were intraperitoneally injected with TA, while ATO was administered 1 h later. On the 11th day, the rats were euthanized to determine any liver histological changes, liver function, and the activities of antioxidant, antiapoptosis and proinflammatory cytokines in the liver. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of nuclear Nrf2, total Nrf2, Keap1, Heme oxygenase‑1 (HO‑1), NADPH quinine oxidoreductase‑1 (NQO1), and γ‑glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ‑GCS) were determined using western blot analysis. The results showed that TA treatment ameliorated ATO‑induced liver histological changes and decreased the ATO‑induced increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) serum levels. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes significantly were increased, while the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were attenuated following TA treatment. In addition, TA treatment inhibited ATO‑induced liver apoptosis and inflammatory responses, increased Bcl‑2 protein expression level and reduced the levels of Bax, caspase‑3, interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α. Furthermore, TA treatment increased the protein expression levels of Nrf2 and Keap1, HO‑1, NQO1 and γ‑GCS. The results demonstrated that TA has a protective effect on ATO‑treated hepatic toxicity and that its underlying mechanism could be due to TA activation of the Keap1‑Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, to reduce oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation in ATO‑intoxicated rats.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidant Response Elements; Apoptosis; Arsenic Trioxide; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Inflammation; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Male; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Signal Transduction; Tannins

Vocal fold fibrosis is an abnormal condition characterized by unfavorable changes in the organization of the extracellular matrix in vocal fold lamina propria. To prevent and treat vocal fold fibrosis, a number of synthetic drugs, such as mitomycin C and the glucocorticoid family, are used after surgery, but these are known to have some side effects. Therefore, using both in vitro and in vivo studies, this study investigated whether phlorotannins extracted from Ecklonia cava have the potential to prevent vocal fold fibrosis with minimal side effects. The results show that phlorotannins suppressed both the expression of the fibrotic phenotypic marker and cell migration by inhibiting the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Smad2/3 signaling pathways in human vocal fold fibroblasts stimulated by transforming growth factor-β. Additionally, phlorotannins exhibited antifibrotic efficacy without an excessive inflammatory response in a laser-induced fibrosis rabbit model when delivered as an aerosol via inhalation. Based on these results, phlorotannins should be considered a promising candidate for use in the prevention of vocal fold fibrosis.

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Aerosols; Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Death; Cell Movement; Cell Survival; Disease Models, Animal; Endoscopy; Extracellular Matrix; Fibroblasts; Fibrosis; Humans; Lasers; Male; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Phenotype; Rabbits; Smad Proteins; Tannins; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Vocal Cords

Madi-Ryuk (MDR) is a traditional Korean medicine and it has been widely used in Korea to treat arthritis and we previously reported the anti-allergic inflammatory effect of MDR in vitro model. However, therapeutic evidence of MDR on in vivo model of allergic inflammatory reaction has not yet been demonstrated. The research purpose was to investigate the efficacy of MDR and its active ingredient tannic acid (TA) in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced AR mice model. OVA-challenged AR mice orally medicated MDR or its active ingredient TA daily for ten days. In mice having a AR, MDR and TA prominently diminished number of rubs and levels of histamine, IgE, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-33, and tumor necrosis factor-α. In addition, protein expression levels and activities of caspase-1 were declined by oral medication of MDR and TA. Decline in levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and intercellular adhesion molecules-1 and reduction in penetrations of inflammatory cells into inflamed tissue were also noted in MDR and TA groups. Taken together, identification of MDR effect in preclinical models suggests that MDR may be a therapeutic drug for the treatment and prevention of AR.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Caspase 1; Chemokine CXCL2; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Eosinophils; Histamine; Immunoglobulin E; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Medicine, Korean Traditional; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Nasal Mucosa; Ovalbumin; Rhinitis, Allergic; Tannins; Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Catheter-associated infections (CAIs) caused by bacterial colonization are significant problems in clinics. Thus, effective antibacterial coatings for biomedical catheters to prevent bacterial infections are urgently needed. Ideal coatings should include the advantage of potent antibacterial properties and being easily and economically modified on the catheter surface. Due to their advantages of adhesive capability on various substrates, an increasing number of coatings based on plant polyphenols have been developed. However, the hydrophilicity of plant polyphenols limits their utilization in coatings. Herein, hydrophobic tannic acid (TA) was synthesized via the one-step electrostatic assembly of TA and benzalkonium chloride (BAC) with the green solvent water as the medium. The as-prepared hydrophobic TA (TBA) facilely formed a stable and colorless coating on the luminal and outer surface of biomedical catheters with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and biocompatiblity. It was demonstrated that the TBA-coated surfaces displayed excellent bactericidal activity toward Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli), and more than 99% of the above bacteria were killed by the TBA-coated films. The test of the coated catheters in vitro also showed the excellent antibacterial activity of both the outer and luminal surfaces of the catheter. Moreover, in an in vivo mouse model, the coated catheters relatively prevented bacterial colonization compared to the uncoated catheters. Meantime, no significant cytotoxicity and host response for Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and tissue compatibility in vivo were observed, indicating the better biocompatibility of the TBA coating. This preparation method overcomes the limitation of the traditional hydrophilic tannic acid as a coating and provides a new method for preventing medical indwelling device-associated infections.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Benzalkonium Compounds; Catheter-Related Infections; Cell Line; Disease Models, Animal; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Mice; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tannins

Topics: Animals; Anti-Obesity Agents; Cytokines; Diet; Dioxins; Disease Models, Animal; Hypertrophy; Inflammation; Ligands; Macrophages; Mice; Obesity; Phaeophyceae; Phloroglucinol; Plant Extracts; Pyrogallol; Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; Tannins

Acute lung injury (ALI) and its severe form acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients, and no specific therapies are still available to control the mortality rate. Thus, we explored the preventive and therapeutic effects of tannic acid (TA), a natural polyphenol in the context of ALI. We used in vivo and in vitro models, respectively, using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce ALI in mice and exposing J774 and BEAS-2B cells to LPS. In both preventive and therapeutic approaches, TA attenuated LPS-induced histopathological alterations, lipid peroxidation, lung permeability, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and the expression of proinflammatory mediators. In addition, in-vitro study showed that TA treatment could reduce the expression of proinflammatory mediators. Further studies revealed that TA-dampened inflammatory responses by downregulating the LPS-induced toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression and inhibiting extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. Furthermore, cells treated with the inhibitors of ERK1/2 (PD98059) and p38 (SB203580) mitigated the expression of cytokines induced by LPS, thus suggesting that ERK1/2 and p38 activity are required for the inflammatory response. In conclusion, TA could attenuate LPS-induced inflammation and may be a potential therapeutic agent for ALI-associated inflammation in clinical settings.

Topics: Acute Lung Injury; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Down-Regulation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Tannins; Toll-Like Receptor 4

We examined the potential of tannic acid (TA) as a novel histone acetyltransferase inhibitor (HATi) and demonstrated that TA prevents non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by inhibiting HAT activity.. The anti-HAT activity of TA was examined using HAT activity assays. An in vitro NAFLD model was generated by treating HepG2 cells with oleic and palmitic acids. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet (CD) or Western diet (WD) with or without supplementation with either 1% or 3% TA (w/w) for 12 weeks. Finally, the possibility of interacting p300 and TA was simulated.. TA suppressed HAT activity both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, TA abrogated occupancy of p300 on the sterol regulatory element in the fatty acid synthase and ATP-citrate lyase promoters, eventually inducing hypoacetylation of H3K9 and H3K36. Furthermore, TA decreased acetylation at lysine residues 9 and 36 of histone H3 protein and that of total proteins. Consequently, TA decreased the mRNA expression of lipogenesis-related genes and attenuated lipid accumulation in vivo. We observed that NAFLD features, including body weight, liver mass, fat mass, and lipid profile in serum, were improved by TA supplementation in vivo. Finally, we demonstrated the possibility that TA directly binds to p300 through docking simulation between ligand and protein.. Our findings demonstrate that TA, a novel HATi, has potential application for the prevention of NAFLD.

Topics: Acetylation; Animals; Body Weight; Diet, High-Fat; Diet, Western; Disease Models, Animal; HeLa Cells; Hep G2 Cells; Hepatocytes; Histone Acetyltransferases; Humans; Lipogenesis; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Tannins

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Female; Foot; Formaldehyde; Peroxidase; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tannins

In this study, we investigated how tannic acid (TA) protects the skin from inflammation caused by external irritation. The effects of TA were evaluated using a mouse 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced skin inflammation model and a reconstructed human epidermal model. We then used Lucifer Yellow for visual confirmation of TA's suppression effect at the stratum corneum (SC) surface. TA treatment of the skin prevented Lucifer Yellow from permeating the skin. This result suggests that TA acts as a barrier against external stimulants such as TPA and artificial sweat on the SC surface.

Topics: Animals; Dermatitis, Contact; Disease Models, Animal; Epidermis; Fluorescent Dyes; Inflammation; Isoquinolines; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Permeability; Skin; Skin Diseases; Sweat; Tannins; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been shown to promote wound healing and to exhibit antimicrobial properties against a broad range of bacteria. In our previous study, we prepared tannic acid (TA)-modified AgNPs showing a good toxicological profile and immunomodulatory properties useful for potential dermal applications.. In this study, in vitro scratch assay, antimicrobial tests, modified lymph node assay as well as a mouse splint wound model were used to access the wound healing potential of TA-modified and unmodified AgNPs.. TA-modified but not unmodified AgNPs exhibited effective antibacterial activity against. TA-modified AgNPs sized >26 nm promote wound healing better than TA-modified or unmodified AgNPs. These findings suggest that TA-modified AgNPs sized >26 nm may have a promising application in wound management.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cell Line; Cytokines; Dermis; Disease Models, Animal; Dynamic Light Scattering; Endocytosis; Female; Fibroblasts; Humans; Inflammation; Keratinocytes; Metal Nanoparticles; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Monocytes; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Particle Size; RAW 264.7 Cells; Silver; Tannins; Wound Healing

Topics: Adipose Tissue, White; Adiposity; Animals; Anti-Obesity Agents; Blood Glucose; Cholesterol; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Sucrose; Disease Models, Animal; Dyslipidemias; Hyperglycemia; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Hypolipidemic Agents; Insulin; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Myrtaceae; Obesity; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Tannins; Time Factors; Weight Gain

This article investigates the anxiolytic activity of Terminalia chebula tannin-rich extract against picrotoxin (PTX; GABA antagonist)-induced anxiety in mice model.. Anxiolytic activity was studied by elevated plus maze (EPM), open field test (OFT), light/dark box test (LDT) and Vogel's conflict test (VCT). Electroencephalogram (EEG) was performed to know the changes in brain activity instigated by GABA antagonist. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine and norepinephrine levels in brain tissues were estimated by HPLC. The mRNA (CREB, BDNF, GABA, and 5-HT. Terminalia chebula tannin-rich extract (TCHE) supplementation increased locomotion in mice towards open arm (EPM), time spent in illuminated area (LDT), rearing frequency (OFT) and number of shocks (VCT) compared to PTX (P < 0.05). Furthermore, TCHE down-regulated serum cortisol levels and showed increased levels of 5-HT, DA and NE. Gene expressions such as BDNF, CREB, GABA. Terminalia chebula tannin-rich extract showed significant anxiolytic activity against picrotoxin and could be used as natural therapy in neurodegenerative disorders.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Electroencephalography; Fruit; GABA Antagonists; Gene Expression; Locomotion; Mice; Neurotransmitter Agents; Norepinephrine; Picrotoxin; Plant Extracts; RNA, Messenger; Serotonin; Tannins; Terminalia

Systemic injection into blood vessels is the most common method of drug administration. However, targeting drugs to the heart is challenging, owing to its dynamic mechanical motions and large cardiac output. Here, we show that the modification of protein and peptide therapeutics with tannic acid-a flavonoid found in plants that adheres to extracellular matrices, elastins and collagens-improves their ability to specifically target heart tissue. Tannic-acid-modified (TANNylated) proteins do not adsorb on endothelial glycocalyx layers in blood vessels, yet they penetrate the endothelium to thermodynamically bind to myocardium extracellular matrix before being internalized by myoblasts. In a rat model of myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury, TANNylated basic fibroblast growth factor significantly reduced infarct size and increased cardiac function. TANNylation of systemically injected therapeutic proteins, peptides or viruses may enhance the treatment of heart diseases.

Topics: Animals; Cardiotonic Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Delivery Systems; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Heart; Male; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tannins

In this study, we investigated the protective effects of tannin-derived components, gallic acid (GA) and tannic acid (TA), in vitro and in vivo against Salmonella infection in mice. Both GA and TA showed antibacterial effects against Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium as well as inhibitory effects on the adherence, invasion, and intracellular growth of the pathogens in macrophages. Following a lethal dose of Salmonella infection in mice, reduced virulence in both GA- and TA-treated groups was observed based on reduced mortality rates. In the non-infected groups, the average weights of the spleens and livers of GA- or TA-treated mice were not significantly different with the control group. In addition, the average weights of these organs in all of the Salmonella-infected groups were not significantly different but the numbers of bacteria in the spleens and livers in both GA- and TA-treated mice were significantly reduced. The levels of cytokine production in non-infected mice revealed that GA-treated and TA-treated mice elicited an increased level of IFN-γ, and both IFN-γ and MCP-1, respectively, as compared with the PBS-treated group. These findings highlight the potential of GA and TA as alternatives for the treatment of salmonellosis and as supplements to conventional antimicrobial food additives.

Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Load; Cell Survival; Chemokine CCL2; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gallic Acid; Interferon-gamma; Liver; Macrophages; Mice; Mortality; Phagocytosis; RAW 264.7 Cells; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella typhimurium; Spleen; Tannins; Virulence

The aim of this study was to examine the cardioprotective effects and latent mechanism of tannic acid (TA) on cardiac hypertrophy.. Abdominal aortic banding (AAB) was used to induce pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in male Wistar rats, sham-operated rats served as controls. AAB rats were treated with TA (20 and 40 mg/kg) or captoril.. Tannic acid displayed obvious suppression of AAB-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats. The cardioprotective effects of TA may be attributed to multitargeted inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis and apoptosis in addition to an increase in NO levels, decrease in ET-1 levels, and downregulation of angiotensin receptors and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2.

Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Captopril; Cardiomegaly; Cardiotonic Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Down-Regulation; Endothelin-1; Fibrosis; Inflammation; Male; Nitric Oxide; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Angiotensin; Tannins

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), including Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), cause opportunistic chronic pulmonary infections. Notably, MAC susceptibility is regulated by various factors, including the host immune system. Persimmon (Ebenaceae Diospyros kaki Thunb.) tannin is a condensed tannin composed of a polymer of catechin groups. It is well known that condensed tannins have high antioxidant activity and bacteriostatic properties. However, it is hypothesized that condensed tannins might need to be digested and/or fermented into smaller molecules in vivo prior to being absorbed into the body to perform beneficial functions. In this study, we evaluated the effects of soluble persimmon-derived tannins on opportunistic MAC disease. Soluble tannins were hydrolyzed and evaluated by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method. The ORAC value of soluble tannin hydrolysate was approximately five times greater than that of soluble tannin powder. In addition, soluble tannin hydrolysate exhibited high bacteriostatic activity against MAC in vitro. Furthermore, in an in vivo study, MAC infected mice fed a soluble tannin-containing diet showed significantly higher anti-bacterial activity against MAC and less pulmonary granuloma formation compared with those fed a control diet. Tumor necrosis factor α and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels were significantly lower in lungs of the soluble tannin diet group compared with the control diet group. Moreover, proinflammatory cytokines induced by MAC stimulation of bone marrow-derived macrophages were significantly decreased by addition of soluble tannin hydrolysate. These data suggest that soluble tannin from persimmons might attenuate the pathogenesis of pulmonary NTM infection.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diospyros; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Inflammation; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Tannins

Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses play a critical contributing factor in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, which lead to lipid peroxidation and neuronal dysfunction that may represent a target for therapeutic intervention. The present study was aimed to elucidate the neuroprotective effect of tannic acid (TA), a natural polyphenol with potential antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rats. To test this hypothesis, male Wistar rats were pretreated with TA (50 mg/kg b.wt.) and then subjected to 2-h MCAO followed by 22 h of reperfusion. After 2-h MCAO/22-h reperfusion, neurological deficit, infarct sizes, activities of antioxidant enzymes, cytokine level, histology, and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in ischemic brain. The pretreatment of TA showed a marked reduction in infarct size, improved neurological function, suppressed neuronal loss, and downregulated the GFAP expression in MCAO rats. A significantly depleted activity of antioxidant enzymes and content of glutathione in MCAO group were protected significantly in MCAO group pretreated with TA. Conversely, the elevated level of thiobarbituric acid reactive species and cytokines in MCAO group was attenuated significantly in TA-pretreated group when compared with MCAO group. The results indicated that TA protected the brain from damage caused by MCAO, and this effect may thorough diminish the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Disease Models, Animal; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; Male; Neuroprotective Agents; Oxidative Stress; Rats, Wistar; Stroke; Tannins; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

Toxic elements such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) accumulate to the largest extent in bones. Rats at the age of 12 weeks were used to check whether tannic acid (TA) at the concentration of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%. 2.0% or 2.5% would have a protective effect on the structure and properties of bones in the case of exposure to Cd and Pb (diet: 7mg Cd/kg and 50mg Pb/kg) for 12 weeks. The effects of administration of TA in Cd- and Pb-poisoned rats on bone mechanical and geometric properties, trabecular histomorphometry as well as the morphology of articular and growth cartilages were determined. All the rats co-exposured to Cd and Pb had enhanced heavy metals concentration in blood plasma and bone and reduced bone Ca content irrespective of the tannic acid administration. Heave metals given to adult rats did not influence the morphology and geometry of the femur, but reduced the mechanical endurance and histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone irrespective of the treatment. A diet rich in TA improved articular cartilage and growth plate constituents in heavy metal-poisoned rats, as indicated by the measurement of the thickness of particular zones. It seems that a use of alimentary TA supplementation in adult rats can counteract, in a dose-dependent manner, only some of the destructive changes evoked by Cd and Pb excess.

Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Cadmium; Disease Models, Animal; Lead; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tannins

Pythium insidiosum is the etiological agent of pythiosis, an emerging life-threatening infectious disease in tropical and subtropical regions. The pathogen is a fungus-like organism resistant to antifungal therapy, for this reason, most cases need extensive surgical debridments as treatment, but depending on the size and anatomical region of the lesion, such approach is unfeasible. We investigate the fungicidal effect and toxicity of crude bark extract of Stryphnodendron adstringens and commercially available tannin on Pythium insidiosum both in vitro and in vivo.. Standardized fragments of mycelia of fifteen isolates of P. insidiosum were tested with different concentrations of bark extract (10 to 30% v/v) and tannin (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/mL). For in vivo study, fifteen rabbits were experimentally infected with zoospores of P. insidiosum and treated by oral and intralesional applications of bark extract and tannin. Acute toxicity tests with both substances were also performed in rats.. In vitro studies showed fungicidal effect for both substances at different concentrations and the SEM showed alteration on the cell wall surface of the pathogen. All infected rabbits developed a firm nodular mass that reached around 90 mm. Lesions developed by rabbits presented an encapsulated abscess being quite different of naturally acquired pythiosis, which is characterized by ulcerated lesions. Since no toxicity was observed in rats or rabbits inoculated with these products, while in vitro experiments showed direct antifungal effect, therapeutic activity of S. adstringens and tannin should be clinically tested as an alternative for healing wounds in naturally acquired pythiosis.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fabaceae; Humans; Injections, Intralesional; Male; Mycelium; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Pythiosis; Pythium; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tannins

Emblica officinalis is mentioned as a maharasayana in many Ayurvedic texts and promotes intelligence, memory, freedom from disease, longevity, and strength of the senses. The present study has been designed to explore the memory-enhancing effect of the tannoid principles of E. officinalis (EoT) at the biochemical, anatomical, behavioral, and molecular levels against aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced Alzheimer's disease (AD) in rats. Aluminum is reported to have an important role in the etiology, pathogenesis, and development of AD.. Male Wistar rats were divided into control, AlCl3 treated, AlCl3 and EoT (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw) co-treated, and EoT (200 mg/kg bw) alone treated groups. In control and experimental rats, behavior tests including water maze and open field test, estimation of aluminum, assay of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and expression of amyloidogenic proteins were performed.. Intraperitonial injection of AlCl3 (100 mg/kg bw) for 60 days significantly elevated the concentration of aluminum (Al), activity of AChE and protein expressions of amyloid precursor protein, A-beta1-42, beta-, and gamma-secretases as compared to control group in hippocampus and cortex. Co-administration of EoT orally to AlCl3 rats for 60 days significantly revert back the Al concentration, AChE activity, and A-beta synthesis-related molecules in the studied brain regions. The spatial learning, memory, and locomotor impairments observed in AlCl3 treated rats were significantly attenuated by EoT.. Therefore, EoT may be a promising therapy in ameliorating neurotoxicity of aluminum, however further studies are warranted to elucidate the exact mechanism of action of EoT.

Topics: Aluminum Chloride; Aluminum Compounds; Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Biomarkers; Cerebral Cortex; Chlorides; Cognitive Dysfunction; Dietary Supplements; Disease Models, Animal; Ethnopharmacology; Fruit; Hippocampus; Male; Medicine, Ayurvedic; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Phyllanthus emblica; Plant Extracts; Plaque, Amyloid; Random Allocation; Rats, Wistar; Tannins

Exposure to aluminum (Al) and lead (Pb) can cause brain damage. Also, Pb and Al exposure alters N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit expression. Polyphenols such as tannic acid and curcumin are very efficient chelator for metals. The effects of curcumin and tannic acid (polyphenols) on Al(3+)- and Pb(2+)-induced oxidative stress were examined by investigating lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity and also NMDA receptor subunits 2A and 2B concentrations in the brain tissue of rats sub-chronically. Rats were divided into seven groups as control, Al, Pb, aluminum-tannic acid treatment (AlT), aluminum-curcumin treatment (AlC), lead-tannic acid treatment (PbT) and lead-curcumin treatment (PbC). After 16 weeks of treatment, LPO levels in the brain and hippocampus were higher in Al(3+)-exposed rats than that of Pb(2+)-exposed group. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in brain tissue of Al- and Pb-exposed rats increased significantly compared with control, while catalase (CAT) and AChE activities decreased. It was observed that metal exposure affected NR2A concentrations more than NR2B concentrations and also that polyphenol treatments increased these receptor protein concentrations.

Topics: Acetates; Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Antioxidants; Brain; Catalase; Curcumin; Disease Models, Animal; Glutathione; Glutathione Peroxidase; GPI-Linked Proteins; Lead Poisoning, Nervous System; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Organometallic Compounds; Oxidative Stress; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Superoxide Dismutase; Tannins; Up-Regulation

Polyphenolic compound tannic acid, which is mainly found in grapes and green tea, is a potent antioxidant with anticarcinogenic activities. In this present study, we hypothesized that tannic acid could inhibit nuclear factor (NF)κB signaling and inflammation in atopic dermatitis (AD) NC/Nga mice. We have analyzed the effects of tannic acid on dermatitis severity, histopathology and expression of inflammatory signaling proteins in house dust mite extract induced AD mouse skin. In addition, serum levels of T helper (Th) cytokines (interferon (IFN)γ, interleukin (IL)-4) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Treatment with tannic acid ameliorated the development of AD-like clinical symptoms and effectively inhibited hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis, mast cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the AD mouse skin. Serum levels of IFNγ and IL-4 were significantly down-regulated by tannic acid. Furthermore, tannic acid treatment inhibited DfE induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, high mobility group protein (HMG)B1, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, NFκB, cyclooxygenase (COX)2, IL-1β and increased the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ. Taken together, our results demonstrate that, DfE induced skin inflammation might be mediated through NFκB signaling and tannic acid may be a potential therapeutic agent for AD, which may possibly act via induction of PPARγ protein.

Topics: Animals; Antigens, Dermatophagoides; Cytokines; Dermatitis, Atopic; Disease Models, Animal; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; HMGB1 Protein; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-4; Mast Cells; Mice; NF-kappa B; PPAR gamma; Signal Transduction; Skin; Tannins; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

M/Kv7 K(+) channels, Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels (CaCCs) and voltage gated Na(+) channels expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) play an important role in nociception. Tannic acid has been proposed to be involved in multiple beneficial health effects; tannic acid has also been described to be analgesic. However the underlying mechanism is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of tannic acid on M/Kv7 K(+), Na(+) currents and CaCCs, and the effects on bradykinin-induced nociceptive behavior. A perforated patch technique was used. The bradykinin-induced rat pain model was used to assess the analgesic effect of tannic acid. We demonstrated that tannic acid enhanced M/Kv7 K(+) currents but inhibited bradykinin-induced activation of CaCC/TMEM16A currents in rat small DRG neurons. Tannic acid potentiated Kv7.2/7.3 and Kv7.2 currents expressed in HEK293B cells, with an EC50 of 7.38 and 5.40 µM, respectively. Tannic acid inhibited TTX-sensitive and TTX-insensitive currents of small DRG neurons with IC50 of 5.25 and 8.43 µM, respectively. Tannic acid also potently suppressed the excitability of small DRG neurons. Furthermore, tannic acid greatly reduced bradykinin-induced pain behavior of rats. This study thus demonstrates that tannic acid is an activator of M/Kv7 K(+) and an inhibitor of voltage-gated Na(+) channels and CaCC/TMEM16A, which may underlie its inhibitory effects on excitability of DRG neurons and its analgesic effect. Tannic acid could be a useful agent in treatment of inflammatory pain conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatic arthritis and burn pain.

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anoctamin-1; Behavior, Animal; Bradykinin; Chloride Channels; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ganglia, Spinal; HEK293 Cells; Humans; KCNQ Potassium Channels; KCNQ2 Potassium Channel; KCNQ3 Potassium Channel; Membrane Potentials; Nociception; Nociceptive Pain; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Receptor Cells; Tannins; Transfection; Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers; Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by an enlargement of the prostate, causing lower urinary tract symptoms in elderly men worldwide. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of BPH is unclear. Anoctamin1 (ANO1) encodes a Ca(2+)-activated chloride channel (CaCC) that mediates various physiological functions. Here, we demonstrate that it is essential for testosterone-induced BPH. ANO1 was highly amplified in dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-treated prostate epithelial cells, whereas the selective knockdown of ANO1 inhibited DHT-induced cell proliferation. Three androgen-response elements were found in the ANO1 promoter region, which is relevant for the DHT-dependent induction of ANO1. Administration of the ANO1 blocker or Ano1 small interfering RNA, inhibited prostate enlargement and reduced histological abnormalities in vivo. We therefore concluded that ANO1 is essential for the development of prostate hyperplasia and is a potential target for the treatment of BPH.

Topics: Animals; Anoctamin-1; Calcium; Calcium Channels; Cell Proliferation; Chloride Channels; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; Dihydrotestosterone; Disease Models, Animal; Epithelial Cells; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Genes, Reporter; Humans; Hyperplasia; Injections; Ion Channel Gating; Luciferases; Male; Neoplasm Proteins; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Rats, Wistar; Response Elements; RNA, Small Interfering; Tannins; Testosterone; Up-Regulation

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Currently available treatment options for HCC patients are scarce resulting in an urgent need to develop a novel effective cure. Polygonum capitatum is a medicinal herb which has been used to treat inflammatory diseases in Miao nationality of China. We recently isolated a pure compound davidiin from P. capitatum extract. Four HCC cell lines were treated with davidiin. Cell viability was recorded by MTT assay. siRNAs targeting enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) were applied to modulate the expression of EZH2. Established xenograft mice models of HCC were applied to evaluate the in vivo anticancer activity of davidiin. We investigated the anticancer activity and the underlying mechanism of davidiin. The compound inhibited HCC cell growth and also suppressed tumor growth in xenografted HCC mouse. Such inhibition was facilitated by specifically downregulation on EZH2. The compound possesses anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo which warrants further clinical investigation as a potential anti-HCC agent.

Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Humans; Hydrolyzable Tannins; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Mice; Polycomb Repressive Complex 2; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Tannins; Tumor Burden; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

The interaction between silver nanoparticles and herpesviruses is attracting great interest due to their antiviral activity and possibility to use as microbicides for oral and anogenital herpes. In this work, we demonstrate that tannic acid modified silver nanoparticles sized 13 nm, 33 nm and 46 nm are capable of reducing HSV-2 infectivity both in vitro and in vivo. The antiviral activity of tannic acid modified silver nanoparticles was size-related, required direct interaction and blocked virus attachment, penetration and further spread. All tested tannic acid modified silver nanoparticles reduced both infection and inflammatory reaction in the mouse model of HSV-2 infection when used at infection or for a post-infection treatment. Smaller-sized nanoparticles induced production of cytokines and chemokines important for anti-viral response. The corresponding control buffers with tannic acid showed inferior antiviral effects in vitro and were ineffective in blocking in vivo infection. Our results show that tannic acid modified silver nanoparticles are good candidates for microbicides used in treatment of herpesvirus infections.

Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Cell Line; Chlorocebus aethiops; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Inflammation; Metal Nanoparticles; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Silver; Tannins; Virus Attachment; Virus Internalization

Tannins, a group of major active components of Chinese rhubarb and widely distributed in nature, have a significant antidiarrhoeal activity. Aquaporins (AQPs) 2 and 3 play important roles in regulating water transfer during diarrhoea. The present study aims to determine the effect of the total tannins extract of rhubarb on aquaporins (AQPs) 2 and 3 in diarrhoea mice and HT-29 cells both induced by magnesium sulphate (MgSO4). Our results showed that rhubarb tannins extract (RTE) significantly decreased the faecal water content in colon and evaluation index of defecation of diarrhoea mice. Interestingly, RTE could markedly reduce the mRNA and protein expression levels of AQPs 2 and 3 in apical and lateral mucosal epithelial cells in the colons of diarrhoea mice and HT-29 cells both induced by MgSO4 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, RTE suppressed the production of cyclic monophosphate- (cAMP-) dependent protein kinase A catalytic subunits α (PKA C-α) and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB, Ser133) in MgSO4-induced HT-29 cells. Our data showed for the first time that RTE inhibit AQPs 2 and 3 expression in vivo and in vitro via downregulating PKA/p-CREB signal pathway, which accounts for the antidiarrhoeal effect of RTE.

Topics: Animals; Aquaporin 2; Aquaporin 3; Cell Survival; Diarrhea; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression; HT29 Cells; Humans; Magnesium Sulfate; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Plant Extracts; Rheum; Tannins

The objective of this paper was to study the extraction methods of tannin constituents from Semen Cuscutae and their anti-papilloma effects. Single factor test and orthogonal design methods were used to determine the optimal extraction method; the mouse skin papilloma model induced by DMBA/croton oil was established, which was a classic two-stage carcinogenesis model being used to observe and evaluate the anti-carcinogenic effects of tannins extracted from Semen Cuscutae in different stages. The optimal extraction method of Semen Cuscutae was a 20-fold volume of solvent, a temperature of 50 °C, three times of extraction, with 20 min each, skin papilloma experiment revealed that the number of bearing tumors gradually reduced, and the inhibition rate gradually increased with the increase of dose, in the high-dose group, its inhibition rate reached 70.2%. Tannin extract from Semen Cuscutae has an obvious inhibitory effect on skin papilloma development.

Topics: 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Croton Oil; Cuscuta; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Papilloma; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Seeds; Skin Neoplasms; Tannins

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a tannic acid-based medical food, Cesinex(®), in the treatment of diarrhea and to investigate the mechanisms underlying its antidiarrheal effect.. Cesinex(®) was prescribed to six children and four adults with diarrhea. Patient records were retrospectively reviewed for the primary outcome. Cesinex(®) and its major component, tannic acid, were tested for their effects on cholera toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion in mice. Polarized human gut epithelial cells (HT29-CL19A cells) were used to investigate the effects of tannic acid on epithelial barrier properties, transepithelial chloride secretion, and cell viability.. Successful resolution of diarrheal symptoms was reported in nine of ten patients receiving Cesinex(®). The treatment of HT29-CL19A cells with clinically relevant concentrations of tannic acid (0.01-1 mg/ml) significantly increased transepithelial resistance (TER) and inhibited the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-dependent or the calcium-activated Cl(-) secretion. Tannic acid could also improve the impaired epithelial barrier function induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and inhibited the disrupting effect of TNFα on the epithelial barrier function in these cells. Cholera toxin (CTX)-induced mouse intestinal fluid secretion was significantly reduced by the administration of Cesinex(®) or tannic acid. Cesinex(®) has high antioxidant capacity.. Cesinex(®) demonstrates efficacy and a good safety profile in the treatment of diarrhea. The broad-spectrum antidiarrheal effect of Cesinex(®) can be attributed to a combination of factors: its ability to improve the epithelial barrier properties, to inhibit intestinal fluid secretion, and the high antioxidant capacity.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Animals; Antidiarrheals; Cell Line; Cell Membrane Permeability; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlorides; Cholera Toxin; Diarrhea; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epithelial Cells; Gastrointestinal Tract; HT29 Cells; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Secretions; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Tannins; Treatment Outcome

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) proteolysis is essential for production of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides that form β-amyloid plaques in brains of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. Recent focus has been directed toward a group of naturally occurring anti-amyloidogenic polyphenols known as flavonoids. We orally administered the flavonoid tannic acid (TA) to the transgenic PSAPP mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis (bearing mutant human APP and presenilin-1 transgenes) and evaluated cognitive function and AD-like pathology. Consumption of TA for 6 months prevented transgene-associated behavioral impairment including hyperactivity, decreased object recognition, and defective spatial reference memory, but did not alter nontransgenic mouse behavior. Accordingly, brain parenchymal and cerebral vascular β-amyloid deposits and abundance of various Aβ species including oligomers were mitigated in TA-treated PSAPP mice. These effects occurred with decreased cleavage of the β-carboxyl-terminal APP fragment, lowered soluble APP-β production, reduced β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 protein stability and activity, and attenuated neuroinflammation. As in vitro validation, we treated well characterized mutant human APP-overexpressing murine neuron-like cells with TA and found significantly reduced Aβ production associated with less amyloidogenic APP proteolysis. Taken together, these results raise the possibility that dietary supplementation with TA may be prophylactic for AD by inhibiting β-secretase activity and neuroinflammation and thereby mitigating AD pathology.

Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; Animals; Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; Cell Line; Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy; Cognition Disorders; Disease Models, Animal; Encephalitis; Female; Gliosis; Humans; Male; Maze Learning; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Neurons; Peptide Fragments; Tannins

Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne (Fabaceae) is a medicinal species commonly found in the Brazilian savannah. The stem bark of this medicinal plant, popularly known as "jatobá-do-cerrado", is widely used in tea form to treat gastric pain, ulcers, diarrhoea and inflammation, whereas its fruits pulp is edible.. The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiarrheal and anti-ulcer effects of a methanolic extract derived from the stem bark (MHs) and diet with fruit pulp of H. stigonocarpa.. The antidiarrheal action of MHs was measured against the intestinal motility and diarrhoea induced by castor oil in mice. The preventive action of MHs (50, 100, 150 and 200mg/Kg, by oral route (p.o.)) against peptic ulcers was evaluated in experimental rodent models challenged with absolute ethanol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) (200mg/Kg, p.o.) and cysteamine (200mg/Kg, p.o.). The main anti-ulcer mechanisms of action of MHs were analysed as follows: evaluation of the gastric juice parameters, assessment of mucus adherence to the gastric wall, determination of the role of nitric oxide (NO) and sulfhydryl compounds (SH), glutathione (GSH) levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. The healing effects from MHs (200mg/Kg) and diet with fruit pulp (10%) against gastric and duodenal ulcers induced by acetic acid were also evaluated by treating rats over 7 or 14 consecutive days of treatment.. The phytochemical profile of MHs and fruit pulp indicated the presence of phenolic compounds (mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins). MHs (200mg/Kg, p.o.) displayed an antidiarrheal effect and were able to protect gastric mucosa against absolute ethanol (68% protection) and also against the injurious effect of NSAIDs (86% protection) when compared to the group treated with vehicle. These results were accompanied by the prevention of GSH depletion and an inhibition of MPO activity when compared to animals treated with vehicle (P<0.05). MHs markedly protected duodenal mucosa against injuries caused by cysteamine (98%) and also against I/R induced gastric ulceration (80%) when compared to the group treated with vehicle. Furthermore, MHs also prevented the GSH depletion of gastric mucosa relative to the control group treated with vehicle. NO appeared to be involved in this gastroprotective effect. MHs and diet with fruit pulp clearly demonstrated gastric healing actions after treatment for 7 (MHs - 53% inhibition) or 14 days (MHs - 60% inhibition and fruit pulp - 61% inhibition). Treatment with diet with fruit pulp for 7 days demonstrates a significant duodenal healing effect (71% inhibition) without any signs of toxicity.. MHs clearly demonstrate antidiarrheal, gastroprotective and cicatrising effects in experimental gastric and duodenal ulcers, and the diet with fruit pulp displays duodenal healing effects. The observed effects may be associated with the antioxidant effect, which may be due the presence of condensed tannins and flavonoids in the bark and fruit of H. stigonocarpa.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Antidiarrheals; Brazil; Castor Oil; Cysteamine; Diarrhea; Disease Models, Animal; Duodenal Ulcer; Ethanol; Female; Flavonoids; Fruit; Gastric Mucosa; Glutathione; Hymenaea; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Nitric Oxide; Peroxidase; Phenols; Phytotherapy; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Plant Stems; Plants, Medicinal; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reperfusion Injury; Stomach Ulcer; Tannins

The Western diet (WD) is associated with a higher incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) than the Mediterranean diet. Polyphenols extracted from Annurca apple showed chemopreventive properties in CRC cells. A multifactorial, four-arm study by using wild-type (wt) and Apc(Min/+) mice was carried out to evaluate the effect on polyp number and growth of APE treatment (60 μmol/L) ad libitum in drinking water combined with a WD or a balanced diet (BD) for 12 weeks. Compared with APE treatment, we found a significant drop in body weight (P < 0.0001), severe rectal bleeding (P = 0.0076), presence of extraintestinal tumors, and poorer activity status (P = 0.0034) in water-drinking Apc(Min/+) mice, more remarkably in the WD arm. In the BD and WD groups, APE reduced polyp number (35% and 42%, respectively, P < 0.001) and growth (60% and 52%, respectively, P < 0.0001) in both colon and small intestine. Increased antioxidant activity was found in wt animals fed both diets and in Apc(Min/+) mice fed WD and drinking APE. Reduced lipid peroxidation was found in Apc(Min/+) mice drinking APE fed both diets and in wt mice fed WD. In normal mucosa, mice drinking water had lower global levels of DNA methylation than mice drinking APE. APE treatment is highly effective in reducing polyps in Apc(Min/+) mice and supports the concept that a mixture of phytochemicals, as they are naturally present in foods, represent a plausible chemopreventive agent for CRC, particularly in populations at high risk for colorectal neoplasia.

Topics: Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein; Animals; Chlorogenic Acid; Colorectal Neoplasms; Diet; Disease Models, Animal; DNA Methylation; Drinking; Female; Flavonoids; Intestinal Polyps; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Phenols; Polyphenols; Tannins

The stability of an apple peel polyphenol extract (APPE) with powerful antioxidant activity was evaluated under acidic conditions in vitro, and its protective effect against gastrointestinal damage was investigated in rats treated with indomethacin. The antioxidant activity of APPE remained stable at pH 2.0 for 4 h. In rats treated with indomethacin (40 mg/kg ig), the previous administration of APPE protected the gastric, intestinal, and colonic mucosa from oxidative stress by preventing increased malondialdehyde concentrations and decreasing the GSH/GSSG ratio. APPE also displayed anti-inflammatory effects by preventing neutrophil infiltration in the mucosa, as evidenced by the lower myeloperoxidase activity. These protective effects of APPE resulted in the prevention of macro- and microscopic damage and of barrier dysfunction along the gastrointestinal tract of the indomethacin-treated animals. This study supports the concept that apple peel polyphenols may be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated side effects.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Chlorogenic Acid; Disease Models, Animal; Flavonoids; Gastric Mucosa; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Indomethacin; Male; Malondialdehyde; Malus; Neutrophil Infiltration; Oxidative Stress; Protective Agents; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Tannins

Several Juniperus species (Cupressaceae) are utilized in folk medicine in the treatment of infections and skin diseases.. This work was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of methanol and water branches extracts of Juniperus species from Turkey: Juniperus communis L. var. communis (Jcc), Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis Pall. (Jcs), Juniperus drupacea Labill. (Jd), Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus (Joo), Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. macrocarpa (Sibth. & Sm.) Ball. (Jom).. Total phenolics, total flavonoids and condensed tannins were spectrophotometrically determined. The antioxidant properties were examined using different in vitro systems. The toxicity was assayed by Artemia salina lethality test. The antimicrobial potential against bacteria and yeasts was evaluated using minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC/MBC) measurements. The effect on bacteria biofilms was tested by microtiter plate assay.. Both in the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and TBA (thiobarbituric acid) test Jom resulted the most active (IC(50) = 0.034 ± 0.002 mg/mL and 0.287 ± 0.166 µg/mL). Joo exhibited the highest reducing power (1.78 ± 0.04 ASE/mL) and Fe(2+) chelating activity (IC(50) = 0.537 ± 0.006 mg/mL). A positive correlation between primary antioxidant activity and phenolic content was found. The extracts were potentially non-toxic against Artemia salina. They showed the best antimicrobial (MIC = 4.88-30.10 µg/mL) and anti-biofilm activity (60-84%) against S. aureus.. The results give a scientific basis to the traditional utilization of these Juniperus species, also demonstrating their potential as sources of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Artemia; Bacteria; Biofilms; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruit; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Juniperus; Lethal Dose 50; Lipid Peroxidation; Methanol; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Tannins; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Turkey; Water

Evaluations of the anti-snake venom efficacy of Mimosa pudica tannin isolate (MPT) obtained from root of the plant.. MPT was investigated in vitro and in vivo for its efficacy against the venom of Naja kaouthia snake.. In vitro: (1) mice injected i.p. with MPT pre-incubated with Naja kaouthia venom at concentrations as low as 0.625 mg/ml showed 100% survival after a 24-h observation period. (2) In the proteomics study, mice injected with MPT pre-incubated with the Naja kaouthia venom showed down-regulation of five serum proteins. (3) In the protein-dye-binding study, the percentage of Bradford dye-protein binding showed a reduction relative to the decrease in MPT concentration used to incubate with the venom. In vivo: the results from the animal studies showed that MPT had no in vivo protection against the Naja kaouthia venom (0.875 mg/kg) in four different rescue modes and in an oral pre-treatment experiment.. The study indicated the promising ability of MPT to neutralize the Naja kaouthia venom in in vitro experiments but fell short in its in vivo potential. As such, the use of Mimosa pudica (Mimosaceae) as therapeutics for snake bites is questionable as all the possible in vivo rescue studies and pre-treatment of the active constituents showed no protection against the affected mice.

Topics: Animals; Antivenins; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Elapid Venoms; Elapidae; Male; Mice; Mimosa; Plant Roots; Protein Binding; Proteomics; Snake Bites; Tannins

The genus Ocimum (Lamiaceae) has a long history of use as culinary and medicinal herbs. Many species are used for their antioxidant and neuroprotective activity in various parts of the world. Ocimum basilicum Linn. has been used traditionally for the treatment of anxiety, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, headaches, nerve pain, as anticonvulsant and anti-inflammatory, and used in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders.. The present study is designed to investigate the effect of ethyl acetate extract of Ocimum basilicum leaves on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral damage, and motor dysfunctions in mice.. Global cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 15 min followed by reperfusion for 24h. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content was determined by colorimetric assay. Short-term memory was evaluated using elevated plus-maze. Inclined beam walking was employed to assess motor coordination. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced significant increase in cerebral infarct size and lipid peroxidation (TBARS), and reduced GSH content, and impaired short-term memory and motor coordination.. Pre-treatment with standardized ethyl acetate extract of Ocimum basilicum (100 and 200mg/kg, p.o.) markedly reduced cerebral infarct size and lipid peroxidation, restored GSH content, and attenuated impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination.. The results of the study suggest that Ocimum basilicum could be useful clinically in the prevention of stroke.

Topics: Acetates; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Cerebral Infarction; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Flavonoids; Glutathione; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Memory; Mice; Motor Activity; Neuroprotective Agents; Ocimum basilicum; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plants, Medicinal; Polyphenols; Reperfusion Injury; Solvents; Tannins; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Time Factors

Phyllanthus simplex (Family: Euphorbiacae) is widely used in traditional medicines for treatment of various diseases including inflammation.. Petroleum ether extract (PSPE) and ethanol extract (PSEE) of the whole plant of Phyllanthus simplex were characterized for their total phenolics, tannins and flavonoids content. These extracts were standardized by HPTLC using phyllanthin and gallic acid respectively as markers. Antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated by the DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals scavenging assay. The total antioxidant capacity of extracts was determined. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by their effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in isolated rat peritoneal macrophages; carragennan-induced paw edema and formation of cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats.. Abundance of phenolics was found in PSEE. Phyllanthin and gallic acid content in PSPE and PSEE were found to be 14.5 and 0.65% (w/w) respectively. PSEE showed concentration dependent significant scavenging of DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals with IC(50) values 102.219, 171.485 and 24.73 μg/ml respectively. PSEE significantly inhibited NO production in isolated rat peritoneum macrophages. Moreover, it also exhibited significant inhibition of carragennan-induced paw edema (58.48 ± 0.028%, p < 0.001, at 6h, 200 mg/kg oral dose) and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation (45.671 ± 0.712%, p < 0.001, at 200mg/kg oral dose). Anti-inflammatory activity of PSEE was found to be comparable to diclofenac sodium.. Significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were found in PSEE which may be attributed to its high phenolic content.

Topics: Alkanes; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Biphenyl Compounds; Carrageenan; Cells, Cultured; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cotton Fiber; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edema; Ethanol; Female; Flavonoids; Granuloma, Foreign-Body; Hydroxyl Radical; Macrophages, Peritoneal; Male; Nitric Oxide; Phenols; Phyllanthus; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solvents; Superoxides; Tannins

To investigate Pothos scandens for the in vitro antioxidant and antipyretic activity.. Preliminary phytochemicals, total phenolics and flavonoid contents were analyzed in leaf, stem and root samples. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by different assays such as 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2, 2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS•+) radical scavenging, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, phosphomolybdenum reduction assay, metal chelating activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide scavenging assay. The antipyretic activity of root methanol extract was studied by pyrexia induced by brewer's yeast on Wistar albino rats at concentration of 200 and 400 mg/kg using paracetamol as standard drug.. The total phenolics and tannin content were found to be higher in ethanol extract of stem, whereas total flavonoid content was higher in acetone extract of root. The methanol extract of root showed highest free radical scavenging activity in assays namely ABTS assay (8 221.5 μM TE/g extract), FRAP assay [514.4 mM Fe (II)/g extract], hydrogen peroxide (60.3%) and nitric oxide scavenging assays (58.7%). The DPPH assay and superoxide radical assay results revealed that the ethanol extract of root has remarkable free radical scavenging capacity (IC50 0.284 mg/mL and 70.84%). The antipyretic studies on methanol extract of root showed significant reduction of temperature in pyrexia induced rats at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses.. These findings justify that Pothos scandens can be a valuable natural antioxidant and antipyretic source which seemed to provide potential nutraceuticals for human health.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Antipyretics; Araceae; Disease Models, Animal; Fever; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Phenols; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Plant Stems; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Tannins; Treatment Outcome

The immune system may be modulated with nutrition to prevent the development or to treat the symptoms of allergy. Among other foods, consumption of apples has been linked to reduced incidence of atopic dermatitis and respiratory allergy.. We evaluated the efficacy and mechanisms of a polyphenol-enriched apple extract in reducing symptoms of food allergy.. In a model of food allergy to ovalbumin (OVA), BALB/c mice were fed with an apple extract either during sensitization or just before the challenge. After the challenge, allergic symptoms were scored, OVA-specific serum immunoglobulins were determined by ELISA, cytokine production by mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells was measured by a multiplex assay and gene expression profiles in the intestine were addressed using quantitative real-time PCR.. Consumption of the apple extract reduced symptoms of food allergy upon challenge. This was paralleled by reduced levels of intestinal mast cell protease, diminished cytokine secretion by MLN cells and reduced local intestinal mRNA expression of various T-helper type-2 associated and pro-inflammatory genes. Mechanistic studies suggested decrease of mediator release by effector cells and reduction of allergenicity by protein-polyphenol interaction as potential mechanisms responsible for protection.. Polyphenol-enriched apple extract can attenuate food allergy symptoms in sensitized mice via two distinct possible mechanisms.

Topics: Animals; Chlorogenic Acid; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Flavonoids; Food Hypersensitivity; Gene Expression Profiling; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Immunoglobulins; Intestinal Mucosa; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Ovalbumin; Plant Extracts; Tannins; Treatment Outcome

To develop a method for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) that can visualize the blood vessels and is compatible with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical techniques.. Visualization of the vascular changes is important for the study of SCI. The original ferric tannate method can stain the spinal cord vasculature to its terminals, but the diffuse tannate precipitates spoil the delicacy of the picture. More importantly, it is incompatible with HE staining and immunohistochemical techniques, which is crucial for the study of SCI. We thus aimed to develop a modified ferric tannate method that could meet the requirement for the study of SCI.. This study was carried out in China.. The original ferric tannate method involves a two-step procedure: intravascular perfusion of tannic acid, followed by soaking the tissue sections in a solution of ferric chloride. In the modified method both chemicals were delivered through perfusion.. In the original method, diffuse ferric tannate precipitates blurred the profile of the vessels. More importantly, it was incompatible with either HE or immunostaining methods. Our modified method stained the blood vessels with clean background and was compatible with both HE staining and immunohistochemical techniques.. The modified method is far superior to the original method and meets the requirement for the study of SCI.

Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Blood Vessels; Chlorides; Coloring Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Ferric Compounds; Histocytochemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries; Staining and Labeling; Tannins

Mouriri elliptica Martius (Melastomataceae) is species reputed in folk medicine to heal gastric ulcer and gastritis.. Methanolic extract (ME) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) from leaves of Mouriri elliptica were evaluated for their gastroprotective, healing, immunological, toxicological and anti-Helicobacter pylori activities.. The gastroprotective action of ME and EAF was evaluated in rodent experimental models and to elucidate mechanisms of action, the antisecretory action, involvements of NO, SH, PGE(2), anti-Helicobacter pylori action of ME was evaluated. We also used immunohistochemical (PCNA and COX-2) and immunomodulatory (murine peritoneal macrophages) assays to evaluate Mouriri elliptica effects.. ME present gastroprotective action without antisecretory effect. Otherwise, ME showed anti-Helicobacter pylori action (MIC=0.025mug/mL) and was able to inhibit NO production by macrophages. This species also accelerate the healing of ulcerated gastric mucosa by stimulating proliferation factors (PCNA), COX-2 and maintained basal PGE(2) level independent action of NSAID in gastric mucosa. The phytochemical investigation showed that this species possesses phenolic acid derivatives, acylglycoflavonoids and condensed tannins which probably influenced their pharmacological action.. All these results suggest the efficacy and safety of Mouriri elliptica in combating and healing gastric ulcer.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Cyclooxygenase 2; Dinoprostone; Disease Models, Animal; Ethanol; Female; Flavonoids; Gastric Mucosa; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Macrophages; Male; Melastomataceae; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Phenols; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Rats; Stomach Ulcer; Tannins

'Marjoram,' Origanum majorana L., a culinary aromatic medicinal herb is known to possess various therapeutic properties. We evaluated the antiulcerogenic activity of the ethanol extract in hypothermic restraint stress-, indomethacin-, necrotizing agents- (80% ethanol, 25% NaCl and 0.2 M NaOH) induced ulcers and basal gastric acid secretion using pylorus ligated Shay rat-model. Marjoram at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight, significantly decreased the incidence of ulcers, basal gastric secretion and acid output. Furthermore, the extract replenished the ethanol-induced depleted gastric wall mucus and nonprotein sulfhydryls (NP-SH) contents and significantly lowered the increase in the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA). Ulcer preventing potential was further confirmed by histopathological assessment. An acute toxicity test showed a large margin of safety of the extract in mice. The phytochemical screening of aerial parts of marjoram revealed the presence of volatile oil, flavonoids, tannins, sterols and/or triterpenes.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antioxidants; Disease Models, Animal; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Female; Gastric Acid; Gastric Mucosa; Indomethacin; Male; Malondialdehyde; Mice; Oils, Volatile; Origanum; Phytosterols; Rats; Stomach Ulcer; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Tannins; Triterpenes

To investigate the effects of tannic acid pretreatment on cardiovascular function during hemorrhagic shock in rats.. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into two groups of shock and tannic acid pretreatment+shock. (1) In vivo experiment: the model of hemorrhagic shock in rats was reproduced by bleeding to 40 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) being maintained for 120 minutes. Tannic acid in the dosage of 5 mg/kg was injected intravenously 10 minutes before hemorrhagic shock in tannic acid pretreatment+shock group. The mean arterial pressure (MAP), myocardial contractility and vascular reactivity were measured before hemorrhagic shock and at 180 minutes after hemorrhagic shock. In another experiment, the rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock and blood reinfusion were injected with norepinephrine (NE) intravenously at 60,120 and 180 minutes, and the vascular reactivity was observed. (2) In vitro experiment: the heart was harvested after shock and fixed on a Langendorff system. The perfusion pressure was maintained at 100 mm Hg. The effects of tannic acid pretreatment on myocardial contractility was observed.. (1)In vivo experiment showed that tannic acid pretreatment significantly increased MAP at 60 minutes and 150 minutes, and left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) at 60 minutes, and the heart rate was obviously slowed at 120 minutes, and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was lowered (all P < 0.05). The vascular reactivity was significantly improved at 120 minutes in tannic acid pretreatment+shock group compared with shock group (P < 0.05). (2) In vitro experiment proved that tannic acid pretreatment significantly slowed heart rate at 90 minutes as well as increased +dp/dtmax at 10 minutes and 20 minutes and -dp/dtmax at 10 minutes (all P < 0.05).. Pretreatment with tannic acid improves cardiovascular function following hemorrhagic shock to some extent in rats.

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Heart Rate; Ischemic Preconditioning; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Tannins; Vasoconstriction

To observe the antiulcer effects of pomegranate tannins in animal models.. Gastric ulcer models were established by pylorus ligation, intragastric absolute ethanol, and water-immersion stress, respectively. The ulcer index, the contents of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) from gastric mucosa of rats, the gastric juice volume, free acidity, total acidity,total acid output, the pepsin activity, the amount of adherent mucus and free mucus were measured, respectively.. Pomegranate tannins (500, 150, 50 mg x kg(-1)) significantly inhibited ulcerative formation induced by both water immersion stress and pylorus ligation, obviously decreased the gastric mucosa damages induced by intragastric absolute ethanol, in dose-dependent manner. Pomegranate tannins significantly inhibited absolute alcohol-induced elevation of MDA as well as decreasing of NO level, and activities of both SOD and GHS-PX from gastric mucosa. Pomegranate tannins significantly increased the secretion of adherent mucus and free mucus, but did not affect elevation of the free acidity, total acidity, and total acid output, gastric juice volume, gastric pepsin activity induced by pylorus ligation.. Pomegranate tannins play a protective role against gastric ulcer. Its antiulcer effect is related to increasing secretion of adherent mucus and free mucus from the stomach wall, which may inhibit generation of oxygen-derived free radicals, and decrease the consumption of GSH-PX and SOD, and maintain content of NO at normal level.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Ethanol; Female; Gastric Juice; Lythraceae; Male; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Plant Extracts; Pylorus; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stomach Ulcer; Tannins

Tannic acid is present in almost every edible plant and is generally used as a safe food additive. In this study we investigated the antioxidative and antihyperproliferative potential of tannic acid against thioacetoamide (TAA), a potent hepatotoxic-substance-induced oxidative stress and hyperproliferation biomarker. We have shown here that the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, phase II metabolizing enzymes, and the glutathione content were decreased while hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity and DNA synthesis were induced in TAA-treated animals. Tannic acid administration at two different doses prior to the TAA injection partially recovered the depleted level of glutathione, inhibited activities of antioxidant and phase II metabolizing enzymes, and resulted in significant inhibition of oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. Tannic acid administration before TAA treatment also resulted in a significant decrease in ODC activity and [3H]-thymidine incorporation in rat liver, which are classical markers of inflammation and tumor promotion. Our data clearly demonstrate that tannic acid possesses antioxidant and antiproliferating activities because it inhibits early biomarkers of TAA-induced tumor promotion in an in vivo animal model.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Cell Proliferation; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glutathione; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; Male; Ornithine Decarboxylase; Oxidative Stress; Polyamines; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tannins; Thioacetamide

The aim of the study was the evaluation of the action of a new natural drug--Naran S, elaborated in the Department of Inorganic Chemistry of the Medical University of Lublin (patent registration P.332066) in the treatment of inflammatory conditions of the oral cavity mucous membrane. The experiment was conducted on male Wistar rats. Topical inflammation of the gum was induced by injecting a complete Freund adjuvant (AF) (Calbiochem) into the inter-dental papilla of the lower incisors. The material was taken, fixed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and by the use of the Masson's method after 24 hours, 1, 2, and 4 weeks following the injection time. Morphology of the mucous membrane was examined and it was noticed that in the group treated with Naran S infusion the complete rebuilding of the epithelial strata, collagen fibres took place. The shape of the cells was regular and there occurred the elimination of the tissue fluid in the proper mucous membrane. The results obtained in the study allow to claim that the topically given plant drug thanks to its contents of biologically active substance such as: iridoids, flavonoids, phenol acids, tannins, displays curative activity in the therapy of the inflammatory conditions of the oral cavity mucous membrane.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Flavonoids; Freund's Adjuvant; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Iridoids; Male; Mouth Mucosa; Mouthwashes; Periodontitis; Periodontium; Phenols; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tannins; Treatment Outcome

The effectiveness of the natural drug--Naran S was studied in the therapy of the topical inflammation of the oral cavity mucous membrane. The experiment was conducted on male Wistar rats that were subjected to induction of inflammatory condition by injecting Freund adjuvant and rinsing oral cavity with the infusion of the drug for the period of 28 days. The analysis of the ultra structure of the epithelium cells was conducted with the use of transmission electron microscope. It was observed that under the influence of the drug, the epithelium undergoes renewal, the cells are joined with thick desmosomes, the nuclei have the proper areolas and the mitochondrium matrix is not oedematic.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Flavonoids; Freund's Adjuvant; Gingiva; Iridoids; Male; Mouth Mucosa; Mouthwashes; Phenols; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Regeneration; Tannins

Potential of sanguiin H-6, a component of Sanguisorbae Radix, to protect against oxidative damage in renal mitochondria and apoptosis mediated by peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) was examined using a model in which rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then subjected to renal ischemia followed reperfusion (LPS plus ischemia-reperfusion). Ischemia-reperfusion was achieved by occluding bilateral renal artery for 60 min and then releasing for 350 min. At 50 min after ischemia started, LPS was injected intravenously. LPS plus ischemia-reperfusion induced a large amount of 3-nitrotyrosine, an oxidative product of protein that is produced via ONOO(-) nitration, which was not detectable in normal group. Oxidative damage of mitochondria was indicated by an accumulated thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive substance, glutathione (GSH) depletion and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) inactivation in the mitochondria. Treatment of rats with sanguiin H-6 (10 mg/kg body weight/day) for 30 days prior to LPS plus ischemia-reperfusion attenuated the oxidative damage in the mitochondria. The amount of TBA-reactive substance was decreased and the GSH levels significantly increased as compared with that in control group. However, its effect on GSH-Px activity was much weaker. Apoptosis induced by LPS plus ischemia-reperfusion was detected by fluorescence staining, TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling and electrophoretic analysis. Sanguiin H-6 appeared to inhibit apoptosis, and this was associated with the suppression of caspase-3 activity. These beneficial effects of sanguiin H-6 against oxidative damage in mitochondria and apoptosis contributed to the improvement in renal function by reversing the elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine caused by ONOO(-).

Topics: Animals; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Caspase 3; Caspases; Creatinine; Disease Models, Animal; DNA Fragmentation; Hydrolyzable Tannins; Ischemia; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Mitochondria; Oxidative Stress; Peroxynitrous Acid; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sanguisorba; Tannins; Tyrosine

Effect of active tannoid principles of E. officinalis, comprising of emblicanin A (37%), emblicanin B (33%), punigluconin (12%) and pedunculagin (14%), was investigated on a rat model of tardive dyskinesia (TD) induced by once daily administration of haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg, ip) for 28 days. Involuntary orofacial movements (chewing movements, buccal tremors and tongue protusion) were assessed as TD parameters. The tannoid principles of E. officinalis (EOT) were administered concomitantly with haloperidol in the doses of 10, 20 and 50 mg/kg, po, for 28 days. Sodium valproate (200 mg/kg, po), a Gaba-mimetic agent, and vitamin E (400 mg/kg, po), an antioxidant, were used as the standard drugs and administered for the same period. EOT induced a dose-related inhibition of all the three TD parameters assessed, as did vitamin E. The effect of sodium valproate remained statistically insignificant. The results suggest that EOT exerts a prophylactive effect against neuroleptic-induced TD which is likely to be due to its earlier reported antioxidant effects in rat brain areas, including striatum.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; Anticonvulsants; Antioxidants; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced; Euphorbiaceae; GABA Modulators; Haloperidol; Male; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tannins; Valproic Acid; Vitamin E

The effects of tannins and related polyphenols on KO2- and compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells were examined. Pretreatment with hydrolyzable tannins (1-100 microM) significantly inhibited KO2-induced histamine release. Dimeric ellagitannins, which have hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) and valoneoyl residues and/or a valoneoyl-related acyl unit in the molecule, showed more potent inhibitory effects than monomeric hydrolyzable tannins. The most effective inhibition was exhibited by agrimoniin and euphorbin C (IC50 0.68 and 0.80 microM), which have dehydrodigalloyl and euphorbinoyl groups, respectively, as well as the HHDP group. However, procyanidins, flavonoids and related polyphenols with small molecular weights, except for epigallocatechin gallate, exhibited negligible effects. Although clinically used antiallergic drugs, azelastine, astemizole, ketotifen and epinastine have been shown to prevent KO2-induced histamine release, their potencies were all less than those of ellagitannins. An inhibitory effect on compound 48/80-induced histamine release was also exhibited by higher molecular weight tannins. The inhibitory effect on histamine release caused by different stimulants suggested that ellagitannins act as cell membrane stabilizers as well as radical scavengers.

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Flavonoids; Histamine Antagonists; Histamine Release; Male; Mast Cells; p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine; Peritoneal Cavity; Phenols; Polymers; Polyphenols; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Superoxides; Tannins

Acetonylgeraniin, an active principle isolated from the seeds of Euphoria longana Lam. (Sapindaceae), reversed the fall in arterial blood pressure in conscious hypertensive rats (SHRs) with orthostatic hypotension induced by injection of hexamethonium into animals subjected to 90 degrees head-up tilts for 60 seconds. However, acetonylgeraniin failed to affect prazosin-induced orthostatic hypotension. Plasma noradrenaline (NA) and mean blood pressure were elevated dose-dependently by an intravenous injection of acetonyl-geraniin into the rats; this increase in blood pressure was totally abolished by prazosin. Failure of hexamethonium or pentolinium, the blockers of ganglionic nicotinic receptors, to influence the NA releasing action of acetonylgeraniin ruled out the participation of ganglionic stimulation. This NA-releasing action of acetonylgeraniin was, however, totally abolished by the inhibitors of noradrenergic nerve terminals, guanethidine or bretylium. Also, the activity of this tannin was not modified by adrenalectomy. Thus, a direct release of NA from the noradrenergic nerve terminals by acetonylgeraniin seems responsible for the reversing of orthostatic hypotension.

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Hydrolysis; Hydrolyzable Tannins; Hypotension, Orthostatic; Male; Plants; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Seeds; Tannins

Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Basement Membrane; Byssinosis; Cricetinae; Disease Models, Animal; Dust; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Flavonoids; Gossypium; Histological Techniques; Leukocytes; Lung; Microscopy, Electron; Pneumoconiosis; Pulmonary Alveoli; Tannins; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Blood; Blood Cell Count; Blood Platelets; Blood Vessels; Buffers; Citrates; Collagen; Densitometry; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endothelium; Hematocrit; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypoxia; Lactates; Platelet Adhesiveness; Rats; Tannins; Thrombosis

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Antibodies; Antigens; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Erythrocytes; Freund's Adjuvant; Hemagglutination Tests; Immunization; Immunization, Secondary; Pollen; Sheep; Skin Tests; Tannins