suramin and Prostatic Neoplasms studies

Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.
suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"The goal of the current study was to determine the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and objective response rates and the pharmacokinetics associated with a monthly x 3 one-hour infusion of suramin in 58 patients with hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma."	9.11	A Phase II trial of suramin monthly x 3 for hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma. ( Arrieta, R; Cohn, H; Garcia, J; Giannone, L; Karrison, T; Kugler, J; Ratain, MJ; Stadler, WM; Troeger, T; Vogelzang, NJ; Vokes, EE, 2004)
"Using a fixed higher-dose schedule, the efficacy and toxicity of suramin plus hydrocortisone were assessed in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma (HRPC)."	9.09	Fixed higher dose schedule of suramin plus hydrocortisone in patients with hormone refractory prostate carcinoma a multicenter Phase II study. ( Beltrán, C; Berián, JM; Brugarolas, A; Calvo, E; Cortés, J; de Irala, J; Martínez-Monge, R; Rebollo, J; Rodríguez, J; Sureda, M, 2001)
" Absolute hypophosphatemia developed in two patients with more prolonged suramin treatment due to Fanconi's syndrome."	9.07	Suramin-induced weakness from hypophosphatemia and mitochondrial myopathy. Association of suramin with mitochondrial toxicity in humans. ( Miles, JM; Rago, RP; Spriggs, DR; Sufit, RL; Wilding, G, 1994)
"This paper presents a retrospective review of 6 cases of severe neutropenia attributed to suramin, the response to granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and the possible mechanism."	7.69	Suramin-induced neutropenia. ( Dawson, NA; Figg, WD; Headlee, DJ; Lush, RM; Steinberg, SM; Tompkins, AC, 1996)
"The antiparasitic drug, suramin, has antiproliferative effects in human carcinoma cells."	7.68	Disruption of cellular energy balance by suramin in intact human prostatic carcinoma cells, a likely antiproliferative mechanism. ( Cheng, AL; Mitchen, J; Oberley, T; Rago, R; Wilding, G, 1991)
"Suramin is a polyanionic agent which has been found to be an effective antineoplastic agent against various human tumors including adrenal, renal and prostatic cancer, and osteosarcoma."	5.29	Suramin suppresses hypercalcemia and osteoclastic bone resorption in nude mice bearing a human squamous cancer. ( Boyce, BF; Dunstan, C; Mundy, GR; Rhine, C; Williams, P; Yoneda, T, 1995)
"The goal of the current study was to determine the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and objective response rates and the pharmacokinetics associated with a monthly x 3 one-hour infusion of suramin in 58 patients with hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma."	5.11	A Phase II trial of suramin monthly x 3 for hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma. ( Arrieta, R; Cohn, H; Garcia, J; Giannone, L; Karrison, T; Kugler, J; Ratain, MJ; Stadler, WM; Troeger, T; Vogelzang, NJ; Vokes, EE, 2004)
"Patients with histologically confirmed advanced hormone-refractory adenocarcinoma of the prostate were randomized to receive suramin at a low dose (n = 129; median age, 69 years), an intermediate dose (n = 129; median age, 71 years), or a high dose (n = 127; median age, 70 years) as part of the Intergroup 0159/Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9480 trial."	5.11	Quality of life impact of three different doses of suramin in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma: results of Intergroup O159/Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9480. ( Ahles, TA; Herndon, JE; Holland, JC; Kornblith, AB; Marshall, ME; Palchak, D; Petrylak, D; Ratain, MJ; Small, EJ; Stadler, W; Vogelzang, NJ; Wilding, G, 2004)
"Overall mean reductions in combined pain and opioid analgesic intake were greater for suramin plus HC (rank sum P =."	5.09	Suramin therapy for patients with symptomatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer: results of a randomized phase III trial comparing suramin plus hydrocortisone to placebo plus hydrocortisone. ( Chen, L; Eisenberger, M; Lenehan, PF; Marshall, ME; Meyer, M; Meyers, FJ; Natale, RB; Reyno, LM; Slichenmyer, WJ; Small, EJ, 2000)
"Using a fixed higher-dose schedule, the efficacy and toxicity of suramin plus hydrocortisone were assessed in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma (HRPC)."	5.09	Fixed higher dose schedule of suramin plus hydrocortisone in patients with hormone refractory prostate carcinoma a multicenter Phase II study. ( Beltrán, C; Berián, JM; Brugarolas, A; Calvo, E; Cortés, J; de Irala, J; Martínez-Monge, R; Rebollo, J; Rodríguez, J; Sureda, M, 2001)
" Absolute hypophosphatemia developed in two patients with more prolonged suramin treatment due to Fanconi's syndrome."	5.07	Suramin-induced weakness from hypophosphatemia and mitochondrial myopathy. Association of suramin with mitochondrial toxicity in humans. ( Miles, JM; Rago, RP; Spriggs, DR; Sufit, RL; Wilding, G, 1994)
"Suramin has shown promising activity against prostate and breast cancer but is severely neurotoxic."	5.07	Suramin for breast and prostate cancer: a pilot study of intermittent short infusions without adaptive control. ( George, N; Howell, A; Margison, J; Ranson, M; Thomson, Y; van der Water, L; Woll, PJ, 1994)
" As a result, mitoxantrone plus prednisone has been demonstrated to be a useful palliative therapy that provides improvements in pain and quality of life for approximately 40% of those treated."	4.81	Treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer. ( Knox, JJ; Moore, MJ, 2001)
"This paper presents a retrospective review of 6 cases of severe neutropenia attributed to suramin, the response to granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and the possible mechanism."	3.69	Suramin-induced neutropenia. ( Dawson, NA; Figg, WD; Headlee, DJ; Lush, RM; Steinberg, SM; Tompkins, AC, 1996)
"The antiparasitic drug, suramin, has antiproliferative effects in human carcinoma cells."	3.68	Disruption of cellular energy balance by suramin in intact human prostatic carcinoma cells, a likely antiproliferative mechanism. ( Cheng, AL; Mitchen, J; Oberley, T; Rago, R; Wilding, G, 1991)
" There was a dose-response relationship between dose and toxicity."	2.70	Randomized study of three different doses of suramin administered with a fixed dosing schedule in patients with advanced prostate cancer: results of intergroup 0159, cancer and leukemia group B 9480. ( Halabi, S; Hars, V; Marshall, E; Palchak, D; Petrylak, D; Rago, R; Ratain, MJ; Rosner, G; Small, EJ; Stadler, W; Vogelzang, NJ; Wilding, G, 2002)
"Suramin was administered on a 78-day fixed dosing schedule (one cycle), and suramin treatment cycles were repeated every 6 months for a total of four cycles."	2.69	Androgen deprivation and four courses of fixed-schedule suramin treatment in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer: A Southwest Oncology Group Study. ( Crawford, ED; Eisenberger, MA; Fisher, EI; Hussain, M; O'Connor, J; Petrylak, DP; Small, EJ; Wood, DP, 2000)
"Suramin was given i."	2.69	Phase I study of suramin combined with doxorubicin in the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer. ( Amato, RJ; Banks, ME; Bugazia, NA; Logothetis, CJ; Madden, T; Millikan, RE; Newman, RA; Pagliaro, LC; Tu, SM, 1998)
"Suramin has limited, but significant, efficacy even in chemotherapy- and hormone-refractory prostate cancer, without serious toxicity."	2.69	Suramin treatment in hormone- and chemotherapy-refractory prostate cancer. ( Allolio, B; Garcia-Schürmann, JM; Haupt, G; Pastor, J; Schulze, H; Senge, T, 1999)
"Suramin was administered initially as a 6-day continuous infusion for 10 consecutive weeks and then for 6 days every 28 days for a maximum of 6 months."	2.69	Suramin in combination with weekly epirubicin for patients with advanced hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma. ( Allegrini, G; Antonuzzo, A; Conte, P; Danesi, R; Del Tacca, M; Falcone, A; Masi, G; Monica, L; Pfanner, E; Ricci, S, 1999)
"Management of prostate cancer progression after failure of initial hormonal therapy is controversial."	2.69	Phase II study of suramin plus aminoglutethimide in two cohorts of patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer: simultaneous antiandrogen withdrawal and prior antiandrogen withdrawal. ( Bergan, R; Brawley, OW; Cooper, MR; Dawson, N; Figg, WD; Headlee, D; Linehan, WM; Patronas, N; Reed, E; Sartor, O; Sausville, E; Senderowicz, A; Steinberg, SM; Sutherland, M, 1998)
"Significant neurologic toxicity can result from therapy with suramin, even when dosing is designed to avoid exposure to plasma concentrations greater than 350 micrograms/mL."	2.68	Pharmacologic variables associated with the development of neurologic toxicity in patients treated with suramin. ( Bitton, RJ; Bowden, C; Cooper, MR; Dalakas, MC; Figg, WD; Headlee, D; Myers, CE; Reed, E; Venzon, DJ, 1995)
"Ten patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer received a fixed dosing scheme of suramin infusion in combination with weekly epidoxorubicin at 25 mg/m2."	2.68	Suramin/epidoxorubicin association in hormone-refractory prostate cancer: preliminary results of a pilot phase II study. ( Boccardo, F; Canobbio, L; Esposito, M; Granetto, C; Miglietta, L; Vannozzi, MO, 1997)
"Patients with stage D2 and poor-prognosis stage D1 prostate cancer were given suramin on a pharmacokinetically derived dosing schedule to maintain suramin concentrations between 175 and 300 micrograms/mL."	2.68	Phase II trial of suramin, leuprolide, and flutamide in previously untreated metastatic prostate cancer. ( Bergan, RC; Cooper, MR; Dawson, NA; Figg, WD; Myers, CE; Reed, E; Sartor, O; Sausville, EA; Senderowicz, AM; Steinberg, SM; Tompkins, A; Weinberger, B, 1997)
"Suramin is an investigational drug that has shown therapeutic activity in hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer in Phase I/II trials."	2.68	A prospective study of suramin-induced peripheral neuropathy. ( Chaudhry, V; Cornblath, DR; Eisenberger, MA; Griffin, JW; Sheikh, K; Sinibaldi, VJ, 1996)
"We used population pharmacokinetic-parameter estimates and designed a fixed dosing schedule to maintain plasma suramin concentrations between 100 and 300 micrograms/mL and then evaluated its performance."	2.68	Development and validation of a pharmacokinetically based fixed dosing scheme for suramin. ( Egorin, MJ; Eisenberger, MA; Reyno, LM; Sinibaldi, VJ; Sridhara, R; Zuhowski, EG, 1995)
" We conclude that: (1) serial electrophysiologic monitoring is helpful for early detection of suramin-induced neuropathy; and (2) fixed dosing schedule of suramin without adaptive control does not lead to an increased incidence of demyelinating neuropathy when compared to adaptively controlled dosing schedules."	2.68	Evaluation of neuropathy in patients on suramin treatment. ( Arora, R; Dhand, UK; Janisch, L; Kobayashi, K; Martin, B; Petersen, MV; Ratain, MJ; Soliven, B; Vogelzang, NJ; Vokes, EE, 1997)
" There appeared to be a cumulative dose-response relationship to the development of glucocorticoid insufficiency, with no instances being observed at doses < 4."	2.68	Mineralocorticoid insufficiency due to suramin therapy. ( Janisch, L; Kobayashi, K; Ratain, MJ; Vogelzang, NJ; Vokes, EE; Weiss, RE, 1996)
"Suramin is a newer agent employed in the management of prostate cancer."	2.68	Suramin as adjuvant therapy with radical prostatectomy. ( Chou, P; Guinan, P; Ray, V; Rubenstein, M; Saffrin, R; Shaw, M, 1996)
"Using this dosing schedule, suramin has limited activity against hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer."	2.68	Suramin in hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer: a drug with limited efficacy. ( Belldegrun, A; deKernion, J; Graves, MC; Landaw, EM; McBride, JH; Mendoza, EF; Mondino, B; Rosen, PJ; Turcillo, P, 1996)
"Suramin was given as intermittent infusions at fixed doses on days 1-5 and thereafter dosing was guided by adaptive control with feedback to maintain plasma suramin concentrations between 300-175 micrograms/ml."	2.68	Antitumor activity of suramin in hormone-refractory prostate cancer controlling for hydrocortisone treatment and flutamide withdrawal as potentially confounding variables. ( Bergan, RC; Cooper, MR; Dawson, NA; Figg, WD; Headlee, DJ; Myers, CE; Sartor, O; Sausville, EA; Steinberg, SM; Thibault, A, 1995)
"Suramin has limited efficacy in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer who have had disease progression after hydrocortisone."	2.68	Prospective evaluation of hydrocortisone and suramin in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. ( Curley, T; Dnistrian, A; Kelly, WK; Leibretz, C; Scher, HI; Schwartz, M, 1995)
"Suramin is a synthetic polysulfonated naphthylurea which has been used for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and onchocerciasis, but since the mid-1980s has received attention as a possible antiretroviral and antineoplastic agent."	2.68	A phase I/II study of continuous infusion suramin in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: toxicity and response. ( Bitton, RJ; Bowden, CJ; Cooper, MR; Dawson, NA; Figg, WD; Headlee, D; Myers, CE; Reed, E; Sartor, O; Weinberger, MS, 1996)
"This phase I study was designed with the following objectives: (1) to describe the overall and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of suramin administered by intermittent short intravenous infusions until DLT or disease progression; (2) to determine the ability of an adaptive control with feedback (ACF) dosing strategy to maintain suramin plasma concentrations within a preselected range; (3) to develop a population model of suramin pharmacokinetics; and (4) to identify preliminary evidence of antitumor activity."	2.68	Phase I and clinical evaluation of a pharmacologically guided regimen of suramin in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. ( Eisenberger, MA; Hemady, RK; Jacobs, SC; Jodrell, DI; Lowitt, MH; Reyno, LM; Sinibaldi, VJ; Sridhara, R; Tkaczuk, KH; Zuhowski, EG, 1995)
"Suramin is a promising agent for the treatment of hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer."	2.68	Phase I study of suramin given by intermittent infusion without adaptive control in patients with advanced cancer. ( Janish, L; Kobayashi, K; Ratain, MJ; Soliven, B; Vogelzang, NJ; Vokes, EE, 1995)
"Three cohorts of patients with advanced prostate cancer that progressed despite castrate levels of testosterone received oral hydrocortisone plus suramin administered in the following manners: (1) a loading dose of suramin followed by a continuous infusion using an adaptive control program (cohort A); (2) an intermittent schedule using a simplified adaptive control schedule (cohort B); and (3) an empiric dosing regimen (cohort C)."	2.68	Suramin and hydrocortisone: determining drug efficacy in androgen-independent prostate cancer. ( Cohen, L; Curley, T; Dnistrian, A; Kelly, WK; Leibertz, C; Mazumdar, M; Pfister, D; Scher, HI; Schwartz, M; Vlamis, V, 1995)
"This study aimed to (1) develop a population pharmacokinetic model for suramin; (2) use Bayesian methods to assess suramin pharmacokinetics in individual patients; (3) use individual patients' pharmacokinetic parameter estimates to individualize suramin dose and schedule and maintain plasma suramin concentrations within predetermined target ranges; and (4) assess the feasibility of outpatient administration of suramin by intermittent, short infusions."	2.67	Suramin: development of a population pharmacokinetic model and its use with intermittent short infusions to control plasma drug concentration in patients with prostate cancer. ( Egorin, MJ; Eisenberger, MA; Jodrell, DI; Novak, MJ; Reyno, LM; Sinibaldi, VJ; Sridhara, R; Tkaczuk, KH; Zuhowski, EG, 1994)
"Suramin is known to inhibit the growth of malignant prostate carcinoma cells in vitro."	2.67	Suramin: a novel growth factor antagonist with activity in hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. ( Choyke, P; Cooper, M; Dawson, N; LaRocca, R; Myers, C; Stein, C; Steinberg, S; Uhrich, MM; Walther, MM; Weiss, G, 1992)
"Mitomycin C 12 mg/m2 was given every 5 weeks starting on day 14."	2.67	Suramin in combination with mitomycin C in hormone-resistant prostate cancer. A phase II clinical study. ( de Wet, M; Falkson, G; Lotz, BP; Potgieter, HC; Raats, JI; Rapoport, BL, 1993)
"Hormone refractory prostate cancer remains a challenge."	2.43	Clinical trials in metastatic prostate cancer--has there been real progress in the past decade? ( Bhandari, MS; Hussain, M; Petrylak, DP, 2005)
"Suramin has significantly enhanced the evolution of our knowledge in several areas of prostate cancer biology and treatment."	2.41	Suramin's development: what did we learn? ( Dahut, W; Figg, WD; Kaur, M; Reed, E; Sartor, O, 2002)
"Death from prostate cancer is associated with objective and biochemical progression following hormonal manipulations often described as hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPCA)."	2.41	Current status of cytotoxic chemotherapy in hormone refractory prostate cancer. ( Heidenreich, A; Hofmann, R; von Knobloch, R, 2001)
"In the United States, prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in men."	2.40	Chemotherapy in advanced prostate cancer. ( Beedassy, A; Cardi, G, 1999)
"Metastatic prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in men."	2.40	Treatment options in androgen-independent prostate cancer. ( Lara, PN; Meyers, FJ, 1999)
"Historically, hormone-refractory prostate cancer has not been routinely treated with chemotherapy, based on perceptions that single agents were not all that active, this patient population was too fragile to receive such therapy, responses were virtually impossible to verify given the rarity of bidimensionally measurable disease, and, if seen, responses were not clinically meaningful."	2.40	Androgen-independent prostate cancer: not so chemorefractory after all. ( Roth, BJ, 1999)
"The term "hormone-refractory" prostate cancer has evolved to include patients with a spectrum of diseases."	2.39	Hormone-refractory (D3) prostate cancer: refining the concept. ( Kelly, WK; Scher, HI; Steineck, G, 1995)
"Suramin has been reintroduced in trials of chemohormonal intervention."	2.39	[Recent multicenter study protocols in the USA for patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma]. ( Crawford, ED; DeAntoni, E, 1995)
"the majority."	2.39	Apoptosis: therapeutic significance in the treatment of androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer. ( Kyprianou, N, 1994)
"By 1994, the number of cases of prostate cancer diagnosed will increase by 50% over a 2-year period."	2.39	Prostate cancer: how can a common disease be so controversial? ( Kelly, WK; Scher, HI, 1994)
"The treatment against hormone relapsing prostate cancer was examined clinically, experimentally and by a review of the literature."	2.39	[Treatment of advanced prostate cancer]. ( Akino, H; Aoki, Y; Fujita, T; Iwaoka, K; Miwa, Y; Okada, K; Saikawa, S; Suzuki, Y, 1994)
"In recent years immunotherapy of prostate cancer has developed into an innovative field of investigation."	2.38	[Immunotherapy of prostate cancer]. ( Schulze, H; Sommerfeld, HJ, 1993)
"Previous in vitro studies on prostate cancer cells suggest a role for PAR-2 in prostate cancer metastasis."	1.33	The membrane-anchored serine protease, TMPRSS2, activates PAR-2 in prostate cancer cells. ( Greer, B; Hawthorne, S; Hooper, J; Quigley, J; Walker, B; Wilson, S; Zijlstra, A, 2005)
"A higher dosage of suramin (200 mumol/L) had a cytotoxic effect on PC-3M cells, while lower dosages from 10 to 100 mumol/L produced a predominant inhibiting effect."	1.32	[Influence of suramin on the proliferation of prostatic carcinoma cells PC-3M]. ( Feng, W; Lu, GC; Xiao, YJ; Xing, YF; Zeng, FQ; Zhang, QJ, 2003)
"Suramin has been shown to have an effect on bone resorption in in vitro models."	1.31	Suramin administration is associated with a decrease in serum calcium levels. ( Figg, WD; Linehan, WM; Myers, CE; Rehak, NN; Venzon, D; Walther, MM, 2000)
"Exposure of 1E8 and 2B4 prostate cancer cells to ATP resulted in p38 activation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner."	1.31	[Activation of p38 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases in human prostate carcinoma cell lines with different metastatic potentials]. ( Fang, W; He, C; Heng, W; Li, H; Wu, B; You, J; Zheng, J, 2001)
"Hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) patients often have nonmeasurable disease."	1.30	Evaluation of biomarkers of survival response in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients treated with suramin. ( Egorin, MJ; Eisenberger, MA; Reyno, LM; Sinibaldi, VJ; Sridhara, R, 1998)
"Micrometastases were identified in bone and liver 1 day after inoculation and grew to form established metastatic foci in all embryos."	1.30	A chick embryo model for metastatic human prostate cancer. ( Endo, Y; Imao, T; Kobayashi, T; Koshida, K; Namiki, M; Sasaki, T; Uchibayashi, T, 1998)
"Suramin is a novel cytostatic/cytotoxic agent that is currently undergoing clinical trials in the treatment of hormone- and chemo-refractory tumors."	1.30	Apoptosis and clonogenic cell death in PC3 human prostate cancer cells after treatment with gamma radiation and suramin. ( Bump, EA; Coleman, CN; Palayoor, ST; Teicher, BA, 1997)
"Suramin has demonstrated modest activity against prostate cancer and is being investigated in clinical trials."	1.30	Acute renal failure in a patient receiving treatment with suramin. ( Harbour, D; Liebmann, J; Smith, A, 1997)
"Human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) were exposed to single doses of ionizing irradiation, and the immediate protein phosphorylation events were temporally correlated with induction of apoptosis."	1.30	Transient tyrosine phosphorylation of p34cdc2 is an early event in radiation-induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. ( Bains, A; Kyprianou, N; Rhee, JG, 1997)
"No significant difference in time to disease progression or survival was observed between African Americans (n = 4) and the other 39 patients."	1.30	Similar clinical outcomes in African-American and non-African-American males treated with suramin for metastatic prostate cancer. ( Bergan, RC; Dawson, NA; Figg, WD; Headlee, D; Reed, E; Steinberg, SM; Tompkins, A; Walls, RG, 1997)
"Metastatic prostate cancer is a growing health problem and is the second leading cause of cancer death in men."	1.30	Management of progressive metastatic prostate cancer. ( Dawson, NA; Waselenko, JK, 1997)
"Suramin is an experimental antineoplastic agent which is currently being tested in clinical trials for its utility in treating breast and prostate cancer."	1.30	Role of ceramide in suramin-induced cancer cell death. ( Gill, JS; Windebank, AJ, 1997)
"Suramin is an anthelmintic drug that recently has been shown to have clinical efficacy in the treatment of patients with some advanced malignancies, including prostate carcinoma."	1.29	Effect of suramin on the mitogenic response of the human prostate carcinoma cell line PC-3. ( Ewing, MW; Gnarra, JR; Linehan, WM; Liu, SC; Meyers, CE; Walther, MM, 1993)
"Suramin treatment prior to irradiation inhibited this radiation-induced cell death."	1.29	Combined antitumor effect of suramin plus irradiation in human prostate cancer cells: the role of apoptosis. ( Eddy, HA; Jacobs, SC; Kyprianou, N; Sklar, GN, 1993)
"Suramin has long been used in the treatment of onchocerciasis and trypanosomiasis."	1.29	[Cutaneous drug reaction caused by suramin in 4 patients with metastatic prostate cancer]. ( Dieckmann, KP; Gollnick, H; Handke, A; Tebbe, B; Wichterich, K, 1994)
"His suramin therapy was discontinued, but his serum creatinine level continued to rise to 10."	1.29	Acute renal toxicity associated with suramin in the treatment of prostate cancer. ( Bergan, RC; Cooper, MR; Figg, WD; Headlee, D; Humphrey, J; Reed, E; Sartor, O; Thibault, A, 1994)
"Suramin is an effective antitumor agent in hormone-refractory prostate cancer, but its mechanism(s) of action is not well understood."	1.29	Inhibition of fibroblast hyaluronic acid production by suramin. ( August, EM; Cysyk, RL; Duncan, KL; Malinowski, NM, 1993)
"Suramin has shown antitumour activity in vitro and in vivo."	1.29	The synergistic and antagonistic effects of cytotoxic and biological agents on the in vitro antitumour effects of suramin. ( Lopez Lopez, R; Peters, GJ; Pinedo, HM; van Rijswijk, RE; Wagstaff, J, 1994)
"Dunning-G rat prostate cancer cells transfected with a bcl-2 expression vector demonstrated resistance to apoptosis induced by adriamycin and, to a lesser extent, suramin."	1.29	Combination adriamycin and suramin induces apoptosis in bcl-2 expressing prostate carcinoma cells. ( Campbell, ML; Fernandez, A; Marin, MC; McConnell, K; McDonnell, TJ; Tu, SM; von Eschenbach, AC, 1995)
"Suramin is a polyanionic agent which has been found to be an effective antineoplastic agent against various human tumors including adrenal, renal and prostatic cancer, and osteosarcoma."	1.29	Suramin suppresses hypercalcemia and osteoclastic bone resorption in nude mice bearing a human squamous cancer. ( Boyce, BF; Dunstan, C; Mundy, GR; Rhine, C; Williams, P; Yoneda, T, 1995)
"Upon testing this hypothesis in prostate cancer cell lines, we found that the most conspicuous effect of suramin was to increase the tyrosine phosphorylation of several distinct proteins."	1.28	Suramin rapidly alters cellular tyrosine phosphorylation in prostate cancer cell lines. ( Borner, MM; McLellan, CA; Myers, CE; Sartor, O, 1992)
"have previously reported that prostate cancer cell motility was essential for tumor cell metastasis."	1.28	The effects of basic fibroblast growth factor and suramin on cell motility and growth of rat prostate cancer cells. ( Coffey, DS; Isaacs, WB; Pienta, KJ; Vindivich, D, 1991)
"Suramin is a trypanocidal drug that has generated recent interest as an antineoplastic agent because of its ability to inhibit the binding of growth factors to their cell surface receptors."	1.28	Inhibition of prostatic tumor cell proliferation by suramin: alterations in TGF alpha-mediated autocrine growth regulation and cell cycle distribution. ( Kim, JH; Kozlowski, JM; Lee, C; Sherwood, ER; Sutkowski, DM, 1991)
" The same dosing regimen found to be ineffective in blocking the restoration of the involuted prostate of castrated rats resulted in a significant reduction in the growth rate of AT-2 tumors."	1.28	Differential effects of growth factor antagonists on neoplastic and normal prostatic cells. ( Isaacs, JT; Isaacs, WB; Morton, RA, 1990)

Research

Studies (155)

Authors

Clinical Trials (5)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Median Overall Survival

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	1 (0.65)	18.7374
1990's	124 (80.00)	18.2507
2000's	28 (18.06)	29.6817
2010's	1 (0.65)	24.3611
2020's	1 (0.65)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Wang, Y	1
Ma, S	1
Ruzzo, WL	1
Atkinson, TM	1
Halabi, S	4
Bennett, AV	1
Rogak, L	1
Sit, L	1
Li, Y	1
Kaplan, E	1
Basch, E	1
Sauer, H	2
Stanelle, R	1
Hescheler, J	2
Wartenberg, M	2
Small, EJ	7
Ratain, MJ	6
Rosner, G	1
Stadler, W	2
Palchak, D	2
Marshall, E	1
Rago, R	4
Hars, V	1
Wilding, G	7
Petrylak, D	2
Vogelzang, NJ	8
Autorino, R	1
Di Lorenzo, G	1
Damiano, R	1
De Placido, S	1
D'Armiento, M	1
Xing, YF	1
Lu, GC	1
Xiao, YJ	1
Zeng, FQ	1
Zhang, QJ	1
Feng, W	1
Karrison, T	1
Stadler, WM	1
Garcia, J	1
Cohn, H	1
Kugler, J	1
Troeger, T	1
Giannone, L	1
Arrieta, R	1
Vokes, EE	4
Cao, LY	1
Huang, H	1
Ni, JH	1
Ahles, TA	1
Herndon, JE	1
Kornblith, AB	1
Marshall, ME	2
Holland, JC	1
Wilson, S	1
Greer, B	1
Hooper, J	1
Zijlstra, A	1
Walker, B	1
Quigley, J	1
Hawthorne, S	1
Zhao, L	1
Wientjes, MG	5
Au, JL	5
Bhandari, MS	1
Petrylak, DP	4
Hussain, M	2
DeAntoni, E	1
Crawford, ED	2
Tatoud, R	1
Desgrandchamps, F	1
DeGeorges, A	1
Thomas, F	1
Peehl, DM	2
Leung, GK	1
Wong, ST	2
Kantoff, PW	2
Kelly, WK	4
Curley, T	5
Leibretz, C	1
Dnistrian, A	2
Schwartz, M	2
Scher, HI	10
Tu, SM	2
McConnell, K	1
Marin, MC	1
Campbell, ML	1
Fernandez, A	1
von Eschenbach, AC	2
McDonnell, TJ	1
Kehinde, EO	1
Terry, TR	1
Mistry, N	1
Horsburgh, T	1
Sandhu, DP	1
Bell, PR	1
Rosen, P	1
Belldegrun, A	2
Steineck, G	1
Redman, BG	1
Pienta, KJ	4
Clark, JW	1
Chabner, BA	1
Eisenberger, MA	12
Sinibaldi, VJ	8
Reyno, LM	8
Sridhara, R	6
Jodrell, DI	4
Zuhowski, EG	4
Tkaczuk, KH	3
Lowitt, MH	2
Hemady, RK	2
Jacobs, SC	3
Egorin, MJ	6
Kobayashi, K	4
Janish, L	1
Soliven, B	2
Mazumdar, M	1
Pfister, D	1
Leibertz, C	1
Cohen, L	1
Vlamis, V	1
Bitton, RJ	2
Figg, WD	13
Venzon, DJ	1
Dalakas, MC	1
Bowden, C	1
Headlee, D	5
Reed, E	8
Myers, CE	17
Cooper, MR	10
Donat, SM	1
Powell, CT	1
Israeli, RS	1
Fair, WR	1
Heston, WD	2
Mitchen, J	2
Myers, C	2
Trepel, J	1
Sartor, O	9
Cooper, M	2
Ranson, M	2
Toko, T	1
Linehan, MW	1
van Rijswijk, RE	2
Cvitkovic, E	1
Wagstaff, J	2
Cheson, BD	1
Phillips, PH	1
Kaplan, RS	1
Yoneda, T	1
Williams, P	1
Rhine, C	1
Boyce, BF	1
Dunstan, C	1
Mundy, GR	1
Pollak, M	1
Katz, SK	1
Medenica, MM	1
Soltani, K	1
Lopez Lopez, R	1
Pinedo, HM	2
Peters, GJ	2
Lopez, R	1
Smitskamp-Wilms, E	1
Virizuela, JA	1
van Ark-Otte, J	1
Giaccone, G	1
Kyprianou, N	3
Qiao, L	1
Pizzolo, JG	1
Melamed, MR	1
Okada, K	2
Akino, H	2
Suzuki, Y	2
Miwa, Y	2
Saikawa, S	2
Fujita, T	2
Aoki, Y	1
Iwaoka, K	1
Woll, PJ	1
Margison, J	1
Thomson, Y	1
van der Water, L	1
George, N	1
Howell, A	1
Stevens, JA	1
August, EM	1
Duncan, KL	1
Malinowski, NM	1
Cysyk, RL	1
Thibault, A	2
Humphrey, J	1
Bergan, RC	4
Myers, RB	1
Parker, M	1
Grizzle, WE	1
Rago, RP	2
Miles, JM	1
Sufit, RL	1
Spriggs, DR	1
Wichterich, K	1
Tebbe, B	1
Handke, A	1
Dieckmann, KP	1
Gollnick, H	1
Khleif, SN	1
Rosell, D	1
Robles, JE	1
Aguera, L	1
Abad, JI	1
Rodríguez-Rubio, FI	1
Zudaire, JJ	1
Berian, JM	2
Schulze, H	2
Sommerfeld, HJ	1
Novak, MJ	1
Kanimoto, Y	1
Rapoport, BL	1
Falkson, G	1
Raats, JI	1
de Wet, M	1
Lotz, BP	1
Potgieter, HC	1
Yamazaki, H	1
Dilworth, A	1
Sinha, BK	2
Sklar, GN	1
Eddy, HA	1
Ewing, MW	3
Liu, SC	1
Gnarra, JR	1
Walther, MM	4
Meyers, CE	1
Linehan, WM	6
Samid, D	1
Shack, S	1
Tisdale, JF	1
McCall, NA	1
Alkins, BR	1
Horne, MK	1
Saffrin, R	1
Chou, P	1
Ray, V	1
Shaw, M	1
Rubenstein, M	1
Guinan, P	1
Rosen, PJ	1
Mendoza, EF	1
Landaw, EM	1
Mondino, B	1
Graves, MC	1
McBride, JH	1
Turcillo, P	1
deKernion, J	1
Dawson, NA	7
Headlee, DJ	2
Steinberg, SM	5
Sausville, EA	2
Nelson, WG	1
Thalmann, GN	1
Sikes, RA	1
Chang, SM	1
Johnston, DA	1
Chung, LW	1
Panvichian, R	1
Mahler, C	2
Verhelst, J	1
Denis, L	1
Lush, RM	1
Tompkins, AC	1
Weiss, RE	1
Janisch, L	2
Chatterjee, D	1
Wyche, JH	1
Pantazis, P	1
Bowden, CJ	1
Weinberger, MS	1
Dhand, UK	1
Arora, R	1
Martin, B	1
Petersen, MV	1
Chaudhry, V	1
Sheikh, K	1
Griffin, JW	1
Cornblath, DR	1
Siu, LL	1
Moore, MJ	2
Konety, BR	1
Getzenberg, RH	1
Senderowicz, AM	1
Tompkins, A	2
Weinberger, B	1
Abi-Rashid, B	1
Palayoor, ST	1
Bump, EA	1
Teicher, BA	1
Coleman, CN	1
Smith, A	1
Harbour, D	1
Liebmann, J	1
Miglietta, L	1
Canobbio, L	1
Granetto, C	1
Vannozzi, MO	1
Esposito, M	1
Boccardo, F	1
Bains, A	1
Rhee, JG	1
Walls, RG	1
Waselenko, JK	1
Kenner, JR	1
Sperling, LC	1
Waselenko, J	1
Dawson, N	3
Sau, P	1
Moul, JW	1
Brawley, OW	1
Bergan, R	1
Senderowicz, A	1
Sutherland, M	1
Patronas, N	1
Sausville, E	1
Gill, JS	2
Windebank, AJ	2
Pagliaro, LC	1
Banks, ME	1
Amato, RJ	1
Millikan, RE	1
Bugazia, NA	1
Madden, T	1
Newman, RA	1
Logothetis, CJ	2
Kobayashi, T	1
Koshida, K	1
Endo, Y	1
Imao, T	1
Uchibayashi, T	1
Sasaki, T	1
Namiki, M	1
Nishimaki, T	1
Furudate, S	1
Günther, J	1
Stein, CA	1
Khan, TM	1
Khaled, Z	1
Tonkinson, JL	1
Gan, Y	2
Lu, J	1
Church, D	1
Zhang, Y	2
Lara, PN	1
Meyers, FJ	2
Garcia-Schürmann, JM	1
Haupt, G	1
Pastor, J	1
Allolio, B	1
Senge, T	1
Kim, J	1
Smith, DC	1
Falcone, A	1
Antonuzzo, A	1
Danesi, R	3
Allegrini, G	1
Monica, L	1
Pfanner, E	1
Masi, G	1
Ricci, S	1
Del Tacca, M	1
Conte, P	1
Arah, IN	1
Dixon, SC	1
Horti, J	1
Beedassy, A	1
Cardi, G	1
Fisher, EI	1
O'Connor, J	1
Wood, DP	1
Meyer, M	3
Natale, RB	2
Lenehan, PF	2
Chen, L	3
Slichenmyer, WJ	2
Eisenberger, M	2
Slusher, BS	1
Tiffany, CW	1
Merion, A	1
Lapidus, RG	1
Jackson, PF	1
Song, S	3
Roth, BJ	1
Rehak, NN	1
Venzon, D	1
Heidenreich, A	1
von Knobloch, R	1
Hofmann, R	1
McMillan, A	1
Bok, RA	1
Fei, DT	1
Rodriquez, CR	1
Hayes, DF	2
Kantoff, P	1
Shuman, MA	1
Jeong, E	1
Bolinger, B	1
Lenehan, P	1
Slichenmyer, W	1
Farmer, DA	1
Vogelzang, NA	1
Walsh, C	1
Knox, JJ	1
Yang, F	1
Russell, JW	1
Sorenson, EJ	1
Schultz, DA	1
Calvo, E	1
Cortés, J	1
Rodríguez, J	1
Sureda, M	1
Beltrán, C	1
Rebollo, J	1
Martínez-Monge, R	1
de Irala, J	1
Brugarolas, A	1
Heicappell, R	1
Li, H	1
Fang, W	1
He, C	1
You, J	1
Heng, W	1
Zheng, J	1
Wu, B	1
Kaur, M	1
Dahut, W	1
Harland, SJ	2
McLellan, CA	1
Borner, MM	1
Yeh, S	2
Tong, W	2
O'Moore, PV	1
Larson, S	1
Iversen, JM	2
O'Dell, M	1
Larson, SM	1
Stein, C	1
LaRocca, R	1
Weiss, G	1
Choyke, P	1
Steinberg, S	1
Uhrich, MM	1
Li, Z	1
Geller, NL	1
Brazy, PC	1
O'Donnell, BP	1
Weiss, RB	1
James, WD	1
Daugherty, RL	1
Cockett, AT	1
Schoen, SR	1
Sluss, PM	1
Duchesne, GM	1
Coffey, DS	2
Stamey, TA	1
Kriegmair, M	1
Schmeller, NT	1
Forrest, A	1
Fontana, JA	1
Cheng, AL	1
Oberley, T	1
La Rocca, RV	2
Jamis-Dow, CA	1
Liu, S	1
Anglard, P	1
Trahan, E	1
Brandsteterová, E	1
Chovancová, V	1
Koza, I	1
Mardiak, J	1
Hal'ko, J	1
Knabbe, C	1
Kellner, U	1
Schmahl, M	1
Voigt, KD	1
Isaacs, WB	2
Vindivich, D	1
LaRocca, RV	1
Uhrich, M	1
Kim, JH	1
Sherwood, ER	1
Sutkowski, DM	1
Lee, C	1
Kozlowski, JM	1
Van Oosterom, AT	1
De Smedt, EA	1
Denis, LJ	1
de Bruijn, EA	1
Berns, EM	1
Schuurmans, AL	1
Bolt, J	1
Lamb, DJ	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A PHASE III STUDY OF THREE DIFFERENT DOSES OF SURAMIN (NSC #34936) ADMINISTERED WITH A FIXED DOSING SCHEDULE IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED PROSTATE CANCER[NCT00002723]	Phase 3	390 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1996-01-31	Completed
Phase II Trial of Phenylbutyrate Given as a Continuous Infusion in Pediatric Patients With Progressive or Recurrent CNS Malignancy[NCT00006450]	Phase 2	120 participants	Interventional	2000-11-30	Completed
Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Trial of Phenylbutyrate Given as a Continuous Infusion in Pediatric Patients With Refractory Malignancy[NCT00001565]	Phase 1	35 participants	Interventional	1996-12-31	Completed
A Phase II Study of AZD2171 in Metastatic Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer[NCT00436956]	Phase 2	59 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-10-16	Completed
A Phase II Study of Oral Calcitriol in Combination With Ketoconazole in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer, Progressing Despite Primary ADT and Abiraterone[NCT03261336]	Phase 2	1 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-06	Terminated (stopped due to can not meet enrollment)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Time from treatment start date until date of death or date last known alive. (NCT00436956)
Timeframe: 44 months

Median Progression Free Survival (PFS)

Intervention	Months (Median)
20 mg AZD2171 Daily	11.7
20 mg AZD2171 + 10mg Prednisone Daily	9.9

Time interval from start of treatment to documented evidence of disease progression. (NCT00436956)
Timeframe: up to 14.9 months based on a Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Number of Participants With Adverse Events

Intervention	Months (Median)
20 mg AZD2171 Daily	3.6
20 mg AZD2171 + 10mg Prednisone Daily	3.7

Here is the number of participants with adverse events. For a detailed list of adverse events, see the adverse event module. (NCT00436956)
Timeframe: Date treatment consent signed to date off study, approximately 61.5 months

Percent Probability of Participants With 6-month Progression-free Survival (PFS)

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
All Participants- AZD2171 & Prednisone	59

PFS is the proportion of subjects who progress or die by 6 months after the start of the combined therapy. PFS is determined by prostatic specific antigen (PSA) consensus criteria and the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). PSA consensus criteria is defined as PSA decline of >/= 50% or PSA progression. RECIST is defined as the following: Complete response (CR) is disappearance of all target lesions; partial response (PR) is at least a 30% decline in the sum of the longest diameter (LD) of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum LD; and stable disease is neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for progressive disease ((PD) at least a 20% increase in the sum of the LD of target lesions, or the appearance of one or more lesions), taking as reference the smallest sum LD since the treatment started. Data is estimated and the probability of PFS as a function of time was determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. (NCT00436956)
Timeframe: 6 months

Number of Grade 2 Toxicities

Intervention	percent probability (Number)
All Participants - AZD2171 & Prednisone	43.9

Here is the number of Grade 2 (moderate) toxicities. (NCT00436956)
Timeframe: 61.5 months

Number of Grade 3 Toxicities

Intervention	toxicities (Number)
	Hypertension	Fatigue	Anorexia	Weight loss	Hypothyroidism	Dehydration	Prolonged QTc	Nausea	Diarrhea	Hypoalbuminemia	Proteinuria	Elevated alkaline phosphatase	Aspartate transaminase	Vomiting	Hyperbilirubinemia	Muscle weakness
20 mg AZD2171 + 10mg Prednisone Daily	8	4	6	4	6	2	2	3	0	3	3	2	3	2	1	1
20 mg AZD2171 Daily	17	15	12	11	7	8	8	7	8	5	5	4	3	4	4	2

Here is the number of Grade 3 (severe) toxicities. (NCT00436956)
Timeframe: 61.5 months

Response Per the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST)

Intervention	toxicities (Number)
	Hypertension	Fatigue	Anorexia	Weight loss	Hypothyroidism	Dehydration	Prolonged QTc	Nausea	Diarrhea	Hypoalbuminemia	Proteinuria	Elevated alkaline phosphatase	Aspartate transaminase	Vomiting	Hyperbilirubinemia	Muscle weakness
20 mg AZD2171 + 10mg Prednisone Daily	0	2	1	0	0	3	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
20 mg AZD2171 Daily	0	4	1	2	0	3	1	1	0	0	0	5	2	1	1	3

Response was evaluated by the RECIST. Complete response (CR) is disappearance of all target lesions. Partial response (PR) is at least a 30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter (LD) of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum LD. Progressive disease (PD)is at least a 20% increase in the sum of the LD of target lesions, taking as reference the smallest sum LD recorded since the treatment started or the appearance of one or more new lesions. Stable disease (SD) is neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for PD, taking as reference the smallest sum LD since the treatment started. (NCT00436956)
Timeframe: Every 2 cycles (approximately 56 days)

Toxicity and Tolerability of Experimental Arm

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Complete Response	Confirmed Partial Response	Unconfirmed Partial Response	Not Evaluable
All Participants - AZD2171 & Prednisone	0	6	1	1

Descriptive analysis of observed toxicity and patient reports of tolerating experimental treatment (NCT03261336)
Timeframe: 2 years

Article	Year
Role of chemotherapy in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Old issues, recent advances and new perspectives. Urologia internationalis, 2003, Volume: 70, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Anthracyclines; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Biopsy, Needle; Bridge	2003
[Progress in researches on drugs for prostate cancer]. Zhonghua nan ke xue = National journal of andrology, 2003, Volume: 9, Issue:9 Topics: Androgen Antagonists; Antineoplastic Agents; Goserelin; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sulfonami	2003
Clinical trials in metastatic prostate cancer--has there been real progress in the past decade? European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 2005, Volume: 41, Issue:6 Topics: Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Clinical Trials a	2005
[Recent multicenter study protocols in the USA for patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma]. Der Urologe. Ausg. A, 1995, Volume: 34, Issue:5 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Combined Modality Therapy; Flutamide; Humans; Leuprolide; Male; Mul	1995
[Peptide growth factors in the prostate]. Pathologie-biologie, 1993, Volume: 41, Issue:8 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Epidermal Growth Factor; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Humans; Interleukin-6; Male; Ner	1993
New agents in the therapy of hormone-refractory patients with prostate cancer. Seminars in oncology, 1995, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Suppl 1 Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Mitoxantrone; Prostate	1995
Hormone-refractory (D3) prostate cancer: refining the concept. Urology, 1995, Volume: 46, Issue:2 Topics: Aminoglutethimide; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cortisone; Dexamethasone; Drug Therapy, Combination; Hu	1995
New treatment strategies for hormone refractory prostate cancer. Seminars in urology, 1995, Volume: 13, Issue:2 Topics: Estramustine; Etoposide; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Suramin; Vinblastine	1995
Apoptosis: therapeutic significance in the treatment of androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer. World journal of urology, 1994, Volume: 12, Issue:6 Topics: Androgens; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Male; Prost	1994
[Treatment of advanced prostate cancer]. Hinyokika kiyo. Acta urologica Japonica, 1994, Volume: 40, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Combined Modality Therapy; Diphosphonates; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice,	1994
Suramin. Cancer treatment reviews, 1994, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Topics: Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Suramin	1994
Prostate cancer: how can a common disease be so controversial? Current opinion in oncology, 1994, Volume: 6, Issue:3 Topics: Cell Differentiation; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Oncogenes; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms;	1994
[Immunotherapy of prostate cancer]. Der Urologe. Ausg. A, 1993, Volume: 32, Issue:5 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Coumarins; Humans; Immunotherapy; Immunotherapy, Active; Immunotherapy, Adop	1993
The treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer. Comprehensive therapy, 1996, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: Androgen Antagonists; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Estramu	1996
Other chemotherapy regimens including mitoxantrone and suramin. Seminars in urologic oncology, 1997, Volume: 15, Issue:1 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cyc	1997
Novel therapies for advanced prostate cancer. Seminars in urologic oncology, 1997, Volume: 15, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Bombesin; Diet; Enzyme Inhibitors; Epoprostenol; Genetic Therapy; Hu	1997
Therapy for hormone-resistant prostate cancer: no longer a myth. Cancer treatment and research, 1996, Volume: 88 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Drug Resistance, Ne	1996
Treatment options in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Cancer investigation, 1999, Volume: 17, Issue:2 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Androgen Antagonists; Androgens; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antineoplastic Agents; Anti	1999
Serologic tumor markers, clinical biology, and therapy of prostatic carcinoma. The Urologic clinics of North America, 1999, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Androgen Antagonists; Antineoplastic Agents; Cyclohexanes; Humans; Male; O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fu	1999
Chemotherapy for hormone refractory prostate cancer. The Urologic clinics of North America, 1999, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Anthracyclines; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Camptothecin; Cyclophosphamide; Estr	1999
Differentiating agents and nontoxic therapies. The Urologic clinics of North America, 1999, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Fatty Acids; Humans; Male; Phenylacetates; P	1999
Chemotherapy in advanced prostate cancer. Seminars in oncology, 1999, Volume: 26, Issue:4 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Clinical	1999
Androgen-independent prostate cancer: not so chemorefractory after all. Seminars in oncology, 1999, Volume: 26, Issue:6 Suppl 18 Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Estramustine; Humans; Male; Mitoxantrone; Prostatic	1999
Current status of cytotoxic chemotherapy in hormone refractory prostate cancer. European urology, 2001, Volume: 39, Issue:2 Topics: Anthracyclines; Antineoplastic Agents; Estramustine; Humans; Male; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; R	2001
Treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer. Seminars in urologic oncology, 2001, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Est	2001
Controversies in chemotherapy of prostate cancer. Frontiers of radiation therapy and oncology, 2002, Volume: 36 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Androgen Antagonists; Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Ag	2002
Suramin's development: what did we learn? Investigational new drugs, 2002, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Half-Life; Humans; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate;	2002
Hormone refractory prostatic cancer: the role of radiolabelled diphosphonates and growth factor inhibitors. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1992, Volume: 324 Topics: Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Dogs; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Etidronic Acid; Growth Substances;	1992
Suramin as an archetypical compound in the development of growth factor antagonists for inhibition of genitourinary tumors. Cancer treatment and research, 1992, Volume: 59 Topics: Growth Inhibitors; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Suramin; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Urogenital Neo	1992
Therapeutic alternatives for hormone-refractory prostatic cancer. Seminars in urology, 1992, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Neoplasms; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Immunother	1992
Cell motility as a chemotherapeutic target. Cancer surveys, 1991, Volume: 11 Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Cell Division; Cell Movement; Cytoskeleton;	1991
[New substances in therapy of advanced prostate cancer]. Fortschritte der Medizin, 1991, Sep-30, Volume: 109, Issue:28 Topics: Androgen Antagonists; Humans; Imidazoles; Immunologic Factors; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Palliative Ca	1991
Use of suramin in treatment of prostatic carcinoma refractory to conventional hormonal manipulation. The Urologic clinics of North America, 1991, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenal Cortex; Animals; Enzymes; Growth Substances; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Suramin; Tum	1991

Article	Year
Measurement of affective and activity pain interference using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI): Cancer and Leukemia Group B 70903. Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.), 2012, Volume: 13, Issue:11 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents; Factor Analysis, Statistical;	2012
Randomized study of three different doses of suramin administered with a fixed dosing schedule in patients with advanced prostate cancer: results of intergroup 0159, cancer and leukemia group B 9480. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2002, Aug-15, Volume: 20, Issue:16 Topics: Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Disease-Free Survival; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Male;	2002
A Phase II trial of suramin monthly x 3 for hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma. Cancer, 2004, Jan-01, Volume: 100, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Carcinoma; D	2004
Quality of life impact of three different doses of suramin in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma: results of Intergroup O159/Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9480. Cancer, 2004, Nov-15, Volume: 101, Issue:10 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormon	2004
Prospective evaluation of hydrocortisone and suramin in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1995, Volume: 13, Issue:9 Topics: Aged; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Infusions, In	1995
UK studies on suramin therapy in hormone resistant prostate cancer. Cancer surveys, 1995, Volume: 23 Topics: Aged; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Drug Resistance; Flutamide; Humans; Male; Midd	1995
Phase I and clinical evaluation of a pharmacologically guided regimen of suramin in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1995, Volume: 13, Issue:9 Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Aged; Anorexia; Bayes Theorem; Cohort Studies; Drug Monitoring; Drug Resi	1995
Development and validation of a pharmacokinetically based fixed dosing scheme for suramin. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1995, Volume: 13, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Disease-Free Survival; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Monitoring	1995
Phase I study of suramin given by intermittent infusion without adaptive control in patients with advanced cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1995, Volume: 13, Issue:9 Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Adult; Aged; Cohort Studies; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Monitorin	1995
Suramin and hydrocortisone: determining drug efficacy in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1995, Volume: 13, Issue:9 Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anemia; Cohort Studies; Drug Administration Sche	1995
Pharmacologic variables associated with the development of neurologic toxicity in patients treated with suramin. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1995, Volume: 13, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Melanoma; Middle Aged; Motor Neuron D	1995
Antigrowth factor strategies. Cancer, 1993, Feb-01, Volume: 71, Issue:3 Suppl Topics: Apoptosis; Cell Division; Extracellular Matrix; Growth Inhibitors; Growth Substances; Humans; Male;	1993
Suramin for breast and prostate cancer: a pilot study of intermittent short infusions without adaptive control. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 1994, Volume: 5, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Care; Breast Neoplasms; Drug Administration Schedule; Feasibility Studies; F	1994
Suramin-induced weakness from hypophosphatemia and mitochondrial myopathy. Association of suramin with mitochondrial toxicity in humans. Cancer, 1994, Apr-01, Volume: 73, Issue:7 Topics: Electron Transport Complex IV; Fanconi Syndrome; Humans; Hypophosphatemia; Male; Mitochondria, Muscl	1994
Suramin: development of a population pharmacokinetic model and its use with intermittent short infusions to control plasma drug concentration in patients with prostate cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1994, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Bayes Theorem; Drug Administration Schedule; Feasibility Studies	1994
Suramin in combination with mitomycin C in hormone-resistant prostate cancer. A phase II clinical study. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 1993, Volume: 4, Issue:7 Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Drug Resistance; Humans; Male; Mitomycin; Prostatic	1993
Suramin, an active drug for prostate cancer: interim observations in a phase I trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1993, Apr-21, Volume: 85, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Mid	1993
Severe thrombocytopenia in patients treated with suramin: evidence for an immune mechanism in one. American journal of hematology, 1996, Volume: 51, Issue:2 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Platelet Ag	1996
Suramin as adjuvant therapy with radical prostatectomy. The Prostate, 1996, Volume: 28, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Cyclophos	1996
Suramin in hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer: a drug with limited efficacy. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1996, Volume: 14, Issue:5 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ambulatory Care; Half-Life; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neop	1996
Antitumor activity of suramin in hormone-refractory prostate cancer controlling for hydrocortisone treatment and flutamide withdrawal as potentially confounding variables. Cancer, 1995, Aug-01, Volume: 76, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Flutamide; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studi	1995
Mineralocorticoid insufficiency due to suramin therapy. Cancer, 1996, Dec-01, Volume: 78, Issue:11 Topics: Addison Disease; Adrenal Cortex Diseases; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Aged; Aldosterone; Antineopla	1996
A phase I/II study of continuous infusion suramin in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: toxicity and response. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology, 1996, Volume: 39, Issue:1-2 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Dose-Response Relat	1996
Evaluation of neuropathy in patients on suramin treatment. Muscle & nerve, 1997, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Demyelinating Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Neu	1997
A prospective study of suramin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Brain : a journal of neurology, 1996, Volume: 119 ( Pt 6) Topics: Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Axons; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neural Cond	1996
Phase II trial of suramin, leuprolide, and flutamide in previously untreated metastatic prostate cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1997, Volume: 15, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Diseas	1997
Suramin/epidoxorubicin association in hormone-refractory prostate cancer: preliminary results of a pilot phase II study. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology, 1997, Volume: 123, Issue:7 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Epirubicin; Humans; Male; Pilot Proj	1997
Phase II study of suramin plus aminoglutethimide in two cohorts of patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer: simultaneous antiandrogen withdrawal and prior antiandrogen withdrawal. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 1998, Volume: 4, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aminoglutethimide; Androgen Antagonists; Antineoplastic Combined Che	1998
Phase I study of suramin combined with doxorubicin in the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 1998, Volume: 4, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Digestive System; Do	1998
Suramin treatment in hormone- and chemotherapy-refractory prostate cancer. Urology, 1999, Volume: 53, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Analgesia; Antineoplastic Agents; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pain; Prostatic Neoplasms; Surami	1999
Suramin in combination with weekly epirubicin for patients with advanced hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma. Cancer, 1999, Aug-01, Volume: 86, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Area Under Curve; Bayes The	1999
Androgen deprivation and four courses of fixed-schedule suramin treatment in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer: A Southwest Oncology Group Study. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2000, Volume: 18, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Androgens; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protoc	2000
Suramin therapy for patients with symptomatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer: results of a randomized phase III trial comparing suramin plus hydrocortisone to placebo plus hydrocortisone. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2000, Volume: 18, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antineoplastic Agents; Dise	2000
Serum prostate-specific antigen decline as a marker of clinical outcome in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients: association with progression-free survival, pain end points, and survival. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2001, Mar-01, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers, Tumor; Dis	2001
Phase 1 drug interaction study of suramin and warfarin in patients with prostate cancer. American journal of clinical oncology, 2001, Volume: 24, Issue:2 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anticoagulants; Antineoplastic Agents; Blood Coagulation; Drug Interaction	2001
Prognostic significance of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for prostate-specific antigen in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2001, Jun-15, Volume: 19, Issue:12 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers, Tumor; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Humans; M	2001
Fixed higher dose schedule of suramin plus hydrocortisone in patients with hormone refractory prostate carcinoma a multicenter Phase II study. Cancer, 2001, Nov-01, Volume: 92, Issue:9 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Carcinoma; Disease Progress	2001
Hormone refractory prostatic cancer: the role of radiolabelled diphosphonates and growth factor inhibitors. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1992, Volume: 324 Topics: Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Dogs; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Etidronic Acid; Growth Substances;	1992
Suramin: a novel growth factor antagonist with activity in hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1992, Volume: 10, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Neoplasms; Growth Inhibitors; H	1992

Article	Year
Spatial modeling of prostate cancer metabolic gene expression reveals extensive heterogeneity and selective vulnerabilities. Scientific reports, 2020, 02-26, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Cysteine; Databases, Factual; Humans; Male; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Organ	2020
The DC electrical-field-induced Ca(2+) response and growth stimulation of multicellular tumor spheroids are mediated by ATP release and purinergic receptor stimulation. Journal of cell science, 2002, Aug-15, Volume: 115, Issue:Pt 16 Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apyrase; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Cell Di	2002
[Influence of suramin on the proliferation of prostatic carcinoma cells PC-3M]. Zhonghua nan ke xue = National journal of andrology, 2003, Volume: 9, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Cattle; Cell Cycle; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation;	2003
The membrane-anchored serine protease, TMPRSS2, activates PAR-2 in prostate cancer cells. The Biochemical journal, 2005, Jun-15, Volume: 388, Issue:Pt 3 Topics: Boron Compounds; Calcium; Catalysis; Cell Line, Tumor; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Receptor,	2005
Evaluation of combination chemotherapy: integration of nonlinear regression, curve shift, isobologram, and combination index analyses. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 2004, Dec-01, Volume: 10, Issue:23 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Doxorubicin; Drug Interactions; Inhibitory	2004
Keratin expression: a measure of phenotypic modulation of human prostatic epithelial cells by growth inhibitory factors. Cell and tissue research, 1994, Volume: 277, Issue:1 Topics: Cell Division; Cells, Cultured; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Glucose; Growth Substances; Humans; In	1994
Combination adriamycin and suramin induces apoptosis in bcl-2 expressing prostate carcinoma cells. Cancer letters, 1995, Jul-13, Volume: 93, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Apoptosis; Doxorubicin; Drug Resistance; Dr	1995
American studies on suramin therapy in hormone resistant prostate cancer. Cancer surveys, 1995, Volume: 23 Topics: Drug Resistance; Flutamide; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Suramin	1995
Suramin and prostate cancer: where do we go from here? Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1995, Volume: 13, Issue:9 Topics: Drug Monitoring; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Suramin; Survival Rate	1995
Reversal by transferrin of growth-inhibitory effect of suramin on hormone-refractory human prostate cancer cells. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1995, Jan-04, Volume: 87, Issue:1 Topics: Androgens; Apoproteins; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Receptors, Transferrin; RNA, Messenger; S	1995
Effects of suramin on the proliferation of primary epithelial cell cultures derived from normal, benign hyperplastic and cancerous human prostates. The Prostate, 1993, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Cell Adhesion; Cell Division; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epit	1993
Workshop on suramin with emphasis on prostate cancer: re-evaluation of response criteria. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 1993, Volume: 29A, Issue:3 Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Prognosis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Suramin	1993
Clinical trials referral resource. Prostate cancer II. Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.), 1995, Volume: 9, Issue:1 Topics: Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms	1995
Suramin suppresses hypercalcemia and osteoclastic bone resorption in nude mice bearing a human squamous cancer. Cancer research, 1995, May-01, Volume: 55, Issue:9 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Bone and Bones; Bone Resorption; Calcium; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Di	1995
Re: Reversal by transferrin of growth-inhibitory effect of suramin on hormone-refractory human prostate cancer cells. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1995, Apr-19, Volume: 87, Issue:8 Topics: Cell Division; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Suramin; Transferrin; Tumor C	1995
Erythema multiforme induced by suramin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1995, Volume: 32, Issue:2 Pt 1 Topics: Aged; Drug Eruptions; Erythema Multiforme; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Prostatic Neoplasm	1995
The synergistic and antagonistic effects of cytotoxic and biological agents on the in vitro antitumour effects of suramin. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 1994, Volume: 30A, Issue:10 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Divisi	1994
In vitro sequence-dependent synergistic effect of suramin and camptothecin. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 1994, Volume: 30A, Issue:11 Topics: Camptothecin; Cell Cycle; Cell Division; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I; Dose-Response Relationship, Dru	1994
Effects of suramin on expression of proliferation associated nuclear antigens in DU-145 prostate carcinoma cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 1994, Jun-15, Volume: 201, Issue:2 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Cell Cycle; Cell Division; Cell Line; Cyclins; DNA, Neoplasm; Dose-Response Rela	1994
Adaptive control with feedback of suramin using intermittent infusions. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1994, Volume: 12, Issue:7 Topics: Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Suramin	1994
Inhibition of fibroblast hyaluronic acid production by suramin. Oncology research, 1993, Volume: 5, Issue:10-11 Topics: 3T3 Cells; Animals; Cell Division; Culture Media; DNA; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fibroblasts	1993
Acute renal toxicity associated with suramin in the treatment of prostate cancer. Cancer, 1994, Sep-01, Volume: 74, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Carcinoma; Combined Modality Th	1994
The effects of coumarin and suramin on the growth of malignant renal and prostatic cell lines. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology, 1994, Volume: 120 Suppl Topics: Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Cell Division; Coumarins; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms	1994
[Cutaneous drug reaction caused by suramin in 4 patients with metastatic prostate cancer]. Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete, 1994, Volume: 45, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Biopsy; Drug Eruptions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Middl	1994
Suramin decreases circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I. The American journal of medicine, 1994, Volume: 96, Issue:4 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Male; Prospective Studies; Prostatic Neo	1994
[Potentiation of cytotoxicity of electromagnetic shock waves by suramin, "in vitro" study]. Actas urologicas espanolas, 1994, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Cell Division; Combined Modality Therapy; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Hum	1994
[The enhancement of the chemotherapeutic effects on human prostate cancer cell--the combination with the growth factor interaction inhibitor (suramin)]. Hinyokika kiyo. Acta urologica Japonica, 1993, Volume: 39, Issue:12 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Division; Cisplatin; Drug Interactions; Drug Synergism; Humans;	1993
Suramin inhibits DNA damage in human prostate cancer cells treated with topoisomerase inhibitors in vitro. The Prostate, 1993, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Amsacrine; Camptothecin; Cell Survival; Chemical Precipitation; DNA Damage; Dose-Response Relationsh	1993
Combined antitumor effect of suramin plus irradiation in human prostate cancer cells: the role of apoptosis. The Journal of urology, 1993, Volume: 150, Issue:5 Pt 1 Topics: Apoptosis; Clusterin; Combined Modality Therapy; DNA, Neoplasm; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Do	1993
Effect of suramin on the mitogenic response of the human prostate carcinoma cell line PC-3. Cancer, 1993, Feb-01, Volume: 71, Issue:3 Suppl Topics: Blotting, Northern; Cell Cycle; Cell Division; Culture Media, Serum-Free; Dose-Response Relationship	1993
Suramin: here to stay!? Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1993, Apr-21, Volume: 85, Issue:8 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Suramin	1993
Selective growth arrest and phenotypic reversion of prostate cancer cells in vitro by nontoxic pharmacological concentrations of phenylacetate. The Journal of clinical investigation, 1993, Volume: 91, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Cell Division; Cell Survival; DNA Replication; Female; Glutamine; HLA-A3 Antigen; Humans; M	1993
Selective growth arrest and phenotypic reversion of prostate cancer cells in vitro by nontoxic pharmacological concentrations of phenylacetate. The Journal of clinical investigation, 1993, Volume: 91, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Cell Division; Cell Survival; DNA Replication; Female; Glutamine; HLA-A3 Antigen; Humans; M	1993
Selective growth arrest and phenotypic reversion of prostate cancer cells in vitro by nontoxic pharmacological concentrations of phenylacetate. The Journal of clinical investigation, 1993, Volume: 91, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Cell Division; Cell Survival; DNA Replication; Female; Glutamine; HLA-A3 Antigen; Humans; M	1993
Selective growth arrest and phenotypic reversion of prostate cancer cells in vitro by nontoxic pharmacological concentrations of phenylacetate. The Journal of clinical investigation, 1993, Volume: 91, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Cell Division; Cell Survival; DNA Replication; Female; Glutamine; HLA-A3 Antigen; Humans; M	1993
Evaluation of prostate-specific antigen as a surrogate marker for response of hormone-refractory prostate cancer to suramin therapy. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1995, Volume: 13, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Biomarker	1995
Ocular symptoms and signs associated with suramin sodium treatment for metastatic cancer of the prostate. American journal of ophthalmology, 1996, Volume: 121, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents; Corneal Diseases; Eye Diseases; Humans; Infus	1996
How much can we rely on the level of prostate-specific antigen as an end point for evaluation of clinical trials? A word of caution! Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1996, Jun-19, Volume: 88, Issue:12 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers, Tumor; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Male; Predictive Value o	1996
Suramin-induced decrease in prostate-specific antigen expression with no effect on tumor growth in the LNCaP model of human prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1996, Jun-19, Volume: 88, Issue:12 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Androgens; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Blotting, Northern; Castration; Gen	1996
New molecules and treatment modulation in advanced prostatic cancer. Acta urologica Belgica, 1996, Volume: 64, Issue:2 Topics: Androgen Antagonists; Anilides; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Flutamide; H	1996
Suramin-induced neutropenia. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 1996, Volume: 32A, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Bayes Theorem; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; Granulocyte Colony-St	1996
Induction of apoptosis in malignant and camptothecin-resistant human cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1996, Dec-13, Volume: 803 Topics: Androgens; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; bcl-2-Associated X Protein; Camptothecin; Cell Cycle; C	1996
Apoptosis and clonogenic cell death in PC3 human prostate cancer cells after treatment with gamma radiation and suramin. Radiation research, 1997, Volume: 148, Issue:2 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Cell Cycle; Cell Survival; Combined Modality Therapy; DNA Fragment	1997
Acute renal failure in a patient receiving treatment with suramin. American journal of clinical oncology, 1997, Volume: 20, Issue:4 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adenocarcinoma; Androgen Antagonists; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic	1997
Transient tyrosine phosphorylation of p34cdc2 is an early event in radiation-induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. The Prostate, 1997, Sep-01, Volume: 32, Issue:4 Topics: Apoptosis; CDC2 Protein Kinase; Cell Survival; DNA Fragmentation; DNA, Neoplasm; Dose-Response Relat	1997
Similar clinical outcomes in African-American and non-African-American males treated with suramin for metastatic prostate cancer. Journal of the National Medical Association, 1997, Volume: 89, Issue:9 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents; Black People; Disease Progression; Humans; Male; Mid	1997
Management of progressive metastatic prostate cancer. Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.), 1997, Volume: 11, Issue:10 Topics: Androgen Antagonists; Androgens; Diphosphonates; Disease Progression; Hormones; Humans; Male; Prosta	1997
Suramin keratosis: a unique skin eruption in a patient receiving suramin for metastatic prostate cancer. The Journal of urology, 1997, Volume: 158, Issue:6 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Drug Eruptions; Humans; Keratosis; Male; Prostatic Neop	1997
Role of ceramide in suramin-induced cancer cell death. Cancer letters, 1997, Nov-11, Volume: 119, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Survival; Ceramides; DNA Fragmenta	1997
Evaluation of biomarkers of survival response in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients treated with suramin. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 1998, Volume: 7, Issue:7 Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis of Variance; Antineoplastic Agents; Bioma	1998
A chick embryo model for metastatic human prostate cancer. European urology, 1998, Volume: 34, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Bone and Bones; Cell Division; Cell Transplantation; Chick Embryo; C	1998
The role of a new liquid-solid scintillator, a mixture of DPO, POPOP and Epon 812, for enhancement of autoradiograms with tritium agents. The Journal of veterinary medical science, 1998, Volume: 60, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Autoradiography; Epoxy Resins; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Male	1998
The embryoid body as a novel in vitro assay system for antiangiogenic agents. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology, 1998, Volume: 78, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Capillaries; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Doxorubicin; E	1998
Cell surface binding and cellular internalization properties of suramin, a novel antineoplastic agent. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 1995, Volume: 1, Issue:5 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Binding, Competitive; Cell Membrane; Exocytosis; HL-60 Cells; Humans; Kinetic	1995
Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of geldanamycin, cytochalasin E, suramin and thiacetazone in human prostate xenograft tumor histocultures. Pharmaceutical research, 1998, Volume: 15, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Benzoquinones; Cell Division; Culture Techniques; Cytochalasins; Hum	1998
Efficacy of suramin against human prostate carcinoma DU145 xenografts in nude mice. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology, 1999, Volume: 43, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred B	1999
Enhanced activity of estramustine, vinblastine, etoposide, and suramin in prostate carcinoma. Neoplasma, 1999, Volume: 46, Issue:2 Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Cell Division; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dru	1999
Suramin potently inhibits the enzymatic activity of PSM. The Prostate, 2000, Jun-15, Volume: 44, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Surface; Antineoplastic Agents; Carboxypeptidases; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Dipeptide	2000
Fibroblast growth factors: an epigenetic mechanism of broad spectrum resistance to anticancer drugs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2000, Jul-18, Volume: 97, Issue:15 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Division; Culture Media, Conditioned; Doxorubic	2000
Suramin administration is associated with a decrease in serum calcium levels. World journal of urology, 2000, Volume: 18, Issue:6 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Antineoplastic Com	2000
Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor urine levels as predictors of outcome in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients: a cancer and leukemia group B study. Cancer research, 2001, Mar-15, Volume: 61, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Biomarkers, Tumor; Clinical Trials, Ph	2001
Nontoxic doses of suramin enhance activity of paclitaxel against lung metastases. Cancer research, 2001, Aug-15, Volume: 61, Issue:16 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Culture Media, Conditioned; Dose-Response R	2001
Nontoxic doses of suramin enhance activity of doxorubicin in prostate tumors. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2001, Volume: 299, Issue:2 Topics: Algorithms; Animals; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Antineoplastic Agents; Culture Media, Conditioned;	2001
Suramin-induced neuropathy in an animal model. Journal of the neurological sciences, 2001, Nov-15, Volume: 192, Issue:1-2 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Axons; Cell Size; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship	2001
[Activation of p38 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases in human prostate carcinoma cell lines with different metastatic potentials]. Zhonghua bing li xue za zhi = Chinese journal of pathology, 2001, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Cell Line, Tumor; Humans; Imidazoles; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases;	2001
Suramin for prostate carcinoma. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1992, Volume: 10, Issue:12 Topics: Humans; Hydrocortisone; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Suramin	1992
Suramin rapidly alters cellular tyrosine phosphorylation in prostate cancer cell lines. The Journal of clinical investigation, 1992, Volume: 90, Issue:6 Topics: 3T3 Cells; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Male; Mice; Molecular Weight; Neoplasm	1992
Prognostic factors for survival of patients with bidimensionally measurable metastatic hormone-refractory prostatic cancer treated with single-agent chemotherapy. Cancer, 1992, Dec-15, Volume: 70, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Analysis of Variance; Antineoplastic Agents; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dep	1992
Disruption of mitochondrial function by suramin measured by rhodamine 123 retention and oxygen consumption in intact DU145 prostate carcinoma cells. Cancer research, 1992, Dec-15, Volume: 52, Issue:24 Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Fluorescent Dyes; Humans; Male; Mitochondria; Oxygen Consumption; Prostatic	1992
Suramin-induced skin reactions. Archives of dermatology, 1992, Volume: 128, Issue:1 Topics: Carcinoma; Drug Eruptions; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Prostatic Neoplasm	1992
Suramin inhibits gonadotropin action in rat testis: implications for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. The Journal of urology, 1992, Volume: 147, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Luteinizin	1992
Suramin and prostate cancer: the role of hydrocortisone. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 1992, Volume: 28A, Issue:6-7 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Mal	1992
Cytostatic effects of suramin on prostate cancer cells cultured from primary tumors. The Journal of urology, 1991, Volume: 145, Issue:3 Topics: Cell Division; Growth Substances; Humans; Immunoblotting; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Prostate; Prost	1991
Use of adaptive control with feedback to individualize suramin dosing. Cancer research, 1992, Jan-01, Volume: 52, Issue:1 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Algorithms; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Suramin; Time Fact	1992
Suramin, an active nonhormonal cytotoxic drug for treatment of prostate cancer: compelling reasons for testing in patients with hormone-refractory breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1992, Jan-01, Volume: 84, Issue:1 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Division; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Ma	1992
Disruption of cellular energy balance by suramin in intact human prostatic carcinoma cells, a likely antiproliferative mechanism. Cancer research, 1991, Dec-15, Volume: 51, Issue:24 Topics: Biological Transport; Calcium; Carcinoma; Cell Division; Energy Metabolism; Epidermal Growth Factor;	1991
Effect of suramin on human prostate cancer cells in vitro. The Journal of urology, 1991, Volume: 145, Issue:2 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Androstenedione; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Line; Dehydroepiandrosterone; Dehydroep	1991
The effect of suramin, tumor necrosis factor and interferon gamma on human prostate carcinoma. The Journal of urology, 1991, Volume: 145, Issue:2 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Line; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Int	1991
Determination of suramin in clinical samples using HPLC. Neoplasma, 1991, Volume: 38, Issue:4 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Chemical Precipitation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Male; P	1991
Growth factors in human prostate cancer cells: implications for an improved treatment of prostate cancer. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 1991, Volume: 40, Issue:1-3 Topics: Cell Division; Culture Media, Serum-Free; Dihydrotestosterone; Epidermal Growth Factor; ErbB Recepto	1991
The effects of basic fibroblast growth factor and suramin on cell motility and growth of rat prostate cancer cells. The Journal of urology, 1991, Volume: 145, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Cell Survival; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Drug Scr	1991
Inhibition of prostatic tumor cell proliferation by suramin: alterations in TGF alpha-mediated autocrine growth regulation and cell cycle distribution. The Journal of urology, 1991, Volume: 146, Issue:1 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Cycle; Cell Division; Cell Line; Depression, Chemical; Dose-Response Rel	1991
Suramin for prostatic cancer: a phase I/II study in advanced extensively pretreated disease. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 1990, Volume: 26, Issue:4 Topics: Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Prostatic Neopl	1990
Antiproliferative effects of suramin on androgen responsive tumour cells. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 1990, Volume: 26, Issue:4 Topics: Androgen Antagonists; Animals; Cell Cycle; Cell Division; Cricetinae; Drug Screening Assays, Antitum	1990
Differential effects of growth factor antagonists on neoplastic and normal prostatic cells. The Prostate, 1990, Volume: 17, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Growth Inhibitors; Male; Neoplasm Transplantation; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protamine	1990
Synergistic activity of suramin with tumor necrosis factor alpha and doxorubicin on human prostate cancer cell lines. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1990, Jul-18, Volume: 82, Issue:14 Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Cell Division; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dox	1990
Heparin analogues: a new family of anticancer drugs. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1989, Sep-20, Volume: 81, Issue:18 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Suramin	1989

suramin and Prostatic Neoplasms