succinylcholine has been researched along with Emergencies in 56 studies
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.
succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.
Emergencies: Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| " High dose IV rocuronium with sugammadex reversal has been suggested as an alternative to succinylcholine for airway emergencies." | 9.41 | Should rocuronium and sugammadex replace succinylcholine for airway emergencies in class B ambulatory anesthesia settings? ( Gayer, S; Grech, D; Joshi, GP; Pai, SL; Rajan, N; Rodriguez, L, 2023) |
| "When anesthesia is induced with propofol in elective cases, endotracheal intubation conditions are not different between succinylcholine and rocuronium approximately 60 s after the injection of the neuromuscular relaxant." | 9.11 | Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation: a prospective, randomized trial in emergent cases. ( Marsch, SC; Siegemund, M; Sluga, M; Studer, W; Ummenhofer, W, 2005) |
| "Prevention of fasciculations during rapid-sequence intubation of head trauma patients can be accomplished as safely and effectively with minidose succinylcholine as with a defasciculating dose of pancuronium." | 9.07 | Rapid-sequence intubation of head trauma patients: prevention of fasciculations with pancuronium versus minidose succinylcholine. ( Koenig, KL, 1992) |
| " High dose IV rocuronium with sugammadex reversal has been suggested as an alternative to succinylcholine for airway emergencies." | 5.41 | Should rocuronium and sugammadex replace succinylcholine for airway emergencies in class B ambulatory anesthesia settings? ( Gayer, S; Grech, D; Joshi, GP; Pai, SL; Rajan, N; Rodriguez, L, 2023) |
| "Ketamine was given IV with a rapid fall in pCO2." | 5.27 | The use of ketamine for the emergency intubation of patients with status asthmaticus. ( Arens, JJ; L'Hommedieu, CS, 1987) |
| "When anesthesia is induced with propofol in elective cases, endotracheal intubation conditions are not different between succinylcholine and rocuronium approximately 60 s after the injection of the neuromuscular relaxant." | 5.11 | Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation: a prospective, randomized trial in emergent cases. ( Marsch, SC; Siegemund, M; Sluga, M; Studer, W; Ummenhofer, W, 2005) |
| "Prevention of fasciculations during rapid-sequence intubation of head trauma patients can be accomplished as safely and effectively with minidose succinylcholine as with a defasciculating dose of pancuronium." | 5.07 | Rapid-sequence intubation of head trauma patients: prevention of fasciculations with pancuronium versus minidose succinylcholine. ( Koenig, KL, 1992) |
| "We report an 11-year-old male with undiagnosed myopathy, who developed cardiac arrest secondary to severe rhabdomyolysis and hyperkalemia following succinylcholine administration." | 3.72 | Hyperkalemic cardiac arrest following succinylcholine administration: The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in an emergency situation. ( Al-Takrouri, H; Martin, TW; Mayhew, JF, 2004) |
| "This retrospective study examines the indications and the effects of 119 doses of succinylcholine or pancuronium given in the emergency department during a 24-month period to patients considered to have immediately life-threatening emergencies." | 3.67 | Neuromuscular blockade for critical patients in the emergency department. ( Clinton, JE; Roberts, DJ; Ruiz, E, 1986) |
| "Propofol was followed immediately by either rocuronium 0." | 2.69 | A large simple randomized trial of rocuronium versus succinylcholine in rapid-sequence induction of anaesthesia along with propofol. ( Andrews, JI; Kumar, N; Olkkola, KT; Roest, GJ; van den Brom, RH; Wright, PM, 1999) |
| "Propofol has replaced Thiopental as the most common intravenous ipnotic." | 2.45 | Rapid sequence intubation: a review of recent evidences. ( Di Filippo, A; Gonnelli, C, 2009) |
| "Rocuronium was used in 4 cases." | 2.41 | Protocol for rapid sequence intubation in pediatric patients -- a four-year study. ( Ernst, AA; Houry, D; Killeen, J; Marvez-Valls, E; Weiss, SJ, 2002) |
| "Ketamine was given IV with a rapid fall in pCO2." | 1.27 | The use of ketamine for the emergency intubation of patients with status asthmaticus. ( Arens, JJ; L'Hommedieu, CS, 1987) |
| "Pancuronium 0." | 1.26 | Pancuronium for rapid induction technique for tracheal intubation. ( Brown, EM; Krishnaprasad, D; Smiler, BG, 1979) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 20 (35.71) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 12 (21.43) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 17 (30.36) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 6 (10.71) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 1 (1.79) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Pai, SL | 1 |
| Grech, D | 1 |
| Gayer, S | 1 |
| Rodriguez, L | 1 |
| Joshi, GP | 1 |
| Rajan, N | 1 |
| Shoenberger, JM | 1 |
| Mallon, WK | 1 |
| Dewhirst, E | 1 |
| Tobias, JD | 2 |
| Martin, DP | 1 |
| Brozović, G | 1 |
| Mazul Sunko, B | 1 |
| Hafner, T | 1 |
| Bekavac, I | 1 |
| Giménez, I | 1 |
| Montero, FI | 1 |
| Sernández, MJ | 1 |
| Aguilar, JL | 1 |
| Rocchiccioli, C | 1 |
| Aldea, R | 1 |
| Guinnepain, MT | 1 |
| Fischler, M | 1 |
| Di Filippo, A | 1 |
| Gonnelli, C | 1 |
| Dada, A | 1 |
| Dunsire, F | 1 |
| Rivero, C | 1 |
| Cerizola, M | 1 |
| Kohn, E | 1 |
| Riva, J | 1 |
| Ojeda Betancor, N | 1 |
| García Cortés, J | 1 |
| Mena Hernández, C | 1 |
| Martín Alamo, S | 1 |
| Rodríguez Pérez, A | 1 |
| Shigematsu, K | 1 |
| Shono, S | 1 |
| Tanigawa, K | 1 |
| Mukaida, K | 1 |
| Katori, K | 1 |
| Hamada, T | 1 |
| Higa, K | 1 |
| MCCAUGHEY, TJ | 1 |
| MAIERKHOFER, O | 1 |
| Al-Takrouri, H | 1 |
| Martin, TW | 1 |
| Mayhew, JF | 1 |
| Dawson, JS | 1 |
| Tomlinson, PA | 1 |
| Maghsoudi, B | 1 |
| Khademi, B | 1 |
| Ballin, MS | 1 |
| Jani, SJ | 1 |
| Sluga, M | 1 |
| Ummenhofer, W | 1 |
| Studer, W | 1 |
| Siegemund, M | 1 |
| Marsch, SC | 1 |
| Kumarvel, V | 1 |
| Gandhimani, P | 1 |
| Cundill, G | 1 |
| Chamorro, C | 1 |
| Romera, MA | 1 |
| Valdivia, M | 1 |
| Guasch, E | 1 |
| Almogueraa, J | 1 |
| Gilsanz, F | 1 |
| Chadwick, O | 1 |
| Haigh, JC | 1 |
| Haigh, JM | 1 |
| Thompson, JD | 1 |
| Fish, S | 1 |
| Ruiz, E | 2 |
| Baraka, A | 1 |
| Schulte-Sasse, U | 1 |
| Maltby, JR | 1 |
| Zink, BJ | 1 |
| Snyder, HS | 1 |
| Raccio-Robak, N | 1 |
| Mazurek, AJ | 1 |
| Rae, B | 1 |
| Hann, S | 1 |
| Kim, JI | 1 |
| Castro, B | 1 |
| Coté, CJ | 1 |
| Andrews, JI | 1 |
| Kumar, N | 1 |
| van den Brom, RH | 1 |
| Olkkola, KT | 1 |
| Roest, GJ | 1 |
| Wright, PM | 1 |
| McLoughlin, L | 1 |
| Wadbrook, PS | 1 |
| Khan, E | 1 |
| Hamdani, G | 1 |
| Wisely, NA | 1 |
| Mayall, R | 1 |
| Marvez-Valls, E | 1 |
| Houry, D | 1 |
| Ernst, AA | 1 |
| Weiss, SJ | 1 |
| Killeen, J | 1 |
| Brown, EM | 1 |
| Krishnaprasad, D | 1 |
| Smiler, BG | 1 |
| Meyers, EF | 1 |
| Krupin, B | 1 |
| Nakayama, DK | 1 |
| Waggoner, T | 1 |
| Venkataraman, ST | 1 |
| Gardner, M | 1 |
| Lynch, JM | 1 |
| Orr, RA | 1 |
| Koenig, KL | 1 |
| Baum, V | 1 |
| Bhukal, I | 1 |
| Batra, YK | 1 |
| Kumar, A | 1 |
| Sarkar, AK | 1 |
| Jankiewicz, AM | 1 |
| Nowakowski, P | 1 |
| Nichols, DG | 1 |
| Davison, KL | 1 |
| Holland, MS | 1 |
| Smith, BE | 1 |
| Hedges, JR | 1 |
| Dronen, SC | 1 |
| Feero, S | 1 |
| Hawkins, S | 1 |
| Syverud, SA | 1 |
| Shultz, B | 1 |
| L'Hommedieu, CS | 1 |
| Arens, JJ | 1 |
| McNamara, RM | 1 |
| Spivey, WH | 1 |
| Unger, HD | 1 |
| Malone, DR | 1 |
| Murphy, DF | 1 |
| Davis, NJ | 1 |
| Roberts, DJ | 1 |
| Clinton, JE | 1 |
| Carnie, JC | 1 |
| Street, MK | 1 |
| Kumar, B | 1 |
| Kemezys, K | 1 |
| King, JO | 1 |
| Denborough, MA | 1 |
| Geoffroy, P | 1 |
| Geoffroy, E | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Does the Choice of Administration Sequence of Propofol and Remifentanil Affect the ED50 and ED95 of Rocuronium for Rapid Sequence Induction of Anesthesia?[NCT02709473] | Phase 4 | 84 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Phase 4 Study of Succinylcholine Versus Rocuronium as Neuromuscular Blocking Agent for Emergency Intubation in Intensive Care[NCT00355368] | Phase 4 | 420 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-08-31 | Completed | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
decrease of >5% in oxygen saturation measured continuously using pulse oxymetry (NCT00355368)
Timeframe: at any time between the start of the intubation sequence and 2min after the completion of intubation
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Succinylcholine | 73 |
| Rocuronium | 66 |
defined as either uncompleted intubation attempt within 90 sec or starting a second intubation attempt (NCT00355368)
Timeframe: within the first 90 sec following the start of induction
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Succinylcholine | 32 |
| Rocuronium | 36 |
"The factors laryngoscopy, vocal cords, and response to intubation are individually rated with a score from 1 (bad intubation conditions)to 3 (excellent intubation conditions)and the resulting three scores are summed up. The maximum score is thus 9 while the minimum score is 3.~Units: measure on a scale" (NCT00355368)
Timeframe: during laryngoscopy and the first minute after completion of intubation
| Intervention | score points (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Succinylcholine | 8.3 |
| Rocuronium | 8.2 |
time interval between the injection of the induction agent and the first appearance of endtidal CO2 (NCT00355368)
Timeframe: time interval between the injection of the induction agent and the first appearance of endtidal CO2
| Intervention | seconds (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Succinylcholine | 81 |
| Rocuronium | 95 |
8 reviews available for succinylcholine and Emergencies
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Should rocuronium and sugammadex replace succinylcholine for airway emergencies in class B ambulatory anesthesia settings?
Topics: Adult; Androstanols; Anesthesia; Dantrolene; Emergencies; gamma-Cyclodextrins; Humans; Laryngismus; | 2023 |
Rocuronium Versus Succinylcholine Revisited: Succinylcholine Remains the Best Choice.
Topics: Androstanols; Decision Making; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Emergencies; Humans; Intubation, In | 2018 |
Propofol and remifentanil for rapid sequence intubation in a pediatric patient at risk for aspiration with elevated intracranial pressure.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Child; Contraindications; Deep Sedation; Emergencies; Headache; Humans; Hypn | 2013 |
Rapid sequence intubation: a review of recent evidences.
Topics: Algorithms; Androstanols; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Clinical Trials as Topic; Emergencies; gamma-Cy | 2009 |
Airway and ventilator management.
Topics: Anesthesia; Emergencies; Emergency Medical Services; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Humans; Hypoxia; Inhal | 1983 |
Immobilizing drug emergencies in humans.
Topics: Blood Circulation; Central Nervous System Depressants; Cyclohexylamines; Emergencies; Humans; Hypnot | 1980 |
Advances in airway pharmacology. Emerging trends and evolving controversy.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Algorithms; Androstanols; Anesthetics, Local; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; E | 2000 |
Protocol for rapid sequence intubation in pediatric patients -- a four-year study.
Topics: Adolescent; Androstanols; Atropine; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Protocols; Diagnosis-Related G | 2002 |
6 trials available for succinylcholine and Emergencies
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation: a prospective, randomized trial in emergent cases.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Androstanols; Anesthesia; Emergencies; Female; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Male; | 2005 |
Lack of a hyperkalemic response in emergency department patients receiving succinylcholine.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Emergencies; Female; Humans; Hypokalemia; Intubation, Intratracheal; | 1995 |
Rocuronium versus succinylcholine: are they equally effective during rapid-sequence induction of anesthesia?
Topics: Adolescent; Androstanols; Anesthesia; Child; Child, Preschool; Emergencies; Humans; Intubation, Intr | 1998 |
A large simple randomized trial of rocuronium versus succinylcholine in rapid-sequence induction of anaesthesia along with propofol.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Androstanols; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cough; Ele | 1999 |
Rapid-sequence intubation of head trauma patients: prevention of fasciculations with pancuronium versus minidose succinylcholine.
Topics: Adult; Craniocerebral Trauma; Double-Blind Method; Emergencies; Fasciculation; Humans; Intubation, I | 1992 |
A comparison study of vecuronium bromide and atracurium besylate for rapid sequence induction.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Atracurium; Drug Evaluation; Emergencies; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal | 1989 |
42 other studies available for succinylcholine and Emergencies
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Total spinal block after local anesthetic administration through the wrong access port of a spinal infusion pump.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Clinical Protocols; Emergencies; Equipment Failure; Humans; Infusio | 2018 |
Allergic reaction to suxamethonium during emergency caesarean section and pseudocholinesterase deficiency in the same patient.
Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Apnea; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cesarean Section; Diagnosis, Differential; Dr | 2014 |
[General anesthesia in a patient with POEMS syndrome].
Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, General; Anticoagulants; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; A | 2008 |
[Anaphylactic shock from succinylcholine, complicated by a rhabdomyolysis].
Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Anaphylaxis; Decompression, Surgical; Dilatation | 2009 |
Can sugammadex save a patient in a simulated 'cannot intubate, cannot ventilate' scenario?
Topics: Androstanols; Clinical Competence; Emergencies; gamma-Cyclodextrins; Humans; Neuromuscular Nondepola | 2011 |
[Anaestheia for valve replacement in the second trimester of pregnancy].
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Cardiotocography; Chorea Gravidarum; Dyspnea; Emergencies | 2014 |
[Term pregnancy and dissection of the ascending aorta].
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Aorta; Aortic Aneurysm; Aortic Dissection; Atro | 2003 |
[Malignant hyperthermia during emergency craniotomy: a case report].
Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Anesthesia, General; Carbon Dioxide; Craniotomy; Emergencies; Hematoma, E | 2003 |
ANAESTHESIA FOR ABDOMINAL EMERGENCIES IN CHILDREN.
Topics: Abdomen; Abdomen, Acute; Abdominal Injuries; Anesthesia; Appendectomy; Child; Emergencies; Halothane | 1963 |
[ANESTHESIA IN EMERGENCY SURGERY].
Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Endotracheal; Emergencies; Halothane; Humans; Nitrous Oxide; Succinylcholine | 1963 |
Hyperkalemic cardiac arrest following succinylcholine administration: The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in an emergency situation.
Topics: Brain Ischemia; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Child; Emergencies; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenati | 2004 |
Failure to open outer casing of prefilled succinylcholine syringe.
Topics: Drug Packaging; Emergencies; Equipment Failure; Humans; Laryngismus; Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agen | 2005 |
Succinylcholine-induced masseter muscle rigidity during bronchoscopic removal of a tracheal foreign body.
Topics: Anesthesia, General; Bronchoscopy; Child, Preschool; Emergencies; Female; Foreign Bodies; Humans; Ma | 2005 |
Another problem with prefilled succinylcholine.
Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Cesarean Section; Drug Packaging; Emergencies; Female; Humans; Neuromuscula | 2005 |
Frozen succinylcholine.
Topics: Cesarean Section; Drug Stability; Drug Storage; Emergencies; Female; Freezing; Humans; Neuromuscular | 2006 |
Rocuronium in emergent intubation.
Topics: Androstanols; Emergencies; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; Neu | 2006 |
[Convulsions after a test dose of ropivacaine and negative aspiration test for combined spinal-epidural analgesia for cesarean section].
Topics: Adult; Amides; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesar | 2008 |
Succinylcholine for endotracheal intubation.
Topics: Adult; Child; Emergencies; Female; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle Rela | 1982 |
"Crash induction" in patients with full stomach.
Topics: Anesthesia, General; Emergencies; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Humans; Posture; Pressure; Radiography; S | 1982 |
[Producer warning against the routine use of succinylcholine in childern. Use in emergencies is indicated].
Topics: Anesthesia; Child; Emergencies; Humans; Succinylcholine | 1995 |
The laryngeal mask airway in anaesthesia.
Topics: Adult; Airway Obstruction; Anesthesia, General; Elective Surgical Procedures; Emergencies; Equipment | 1994 |
Emergency caesarean section and suxamethonium apnoea.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Apnea; Cesarean Section; Cholinesterases; Contraindications; Drug Hy | 1998 |
Unplanned administration of atropine, succinylcholine and lidocaine.
Topics: Anesthesiology; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Atropine; Cost Savings; Emergencies; Humans; Lidocaine; Neur | 2001 |
Intralingual succinylcholine injection provides a rapid onset of muscle relaxation in an emergency.
Topics: Aged; Emergencies; Female; Humans; Injections; Neuromuscular Blockade; Neuromuscular Depolarizing Ag | 2001 |
Pancuronium for rapid induction technique for tracheal intubation.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Emergencies; Female; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle Contr | 1979 |
Anesthetic management of emergency tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in infectious mononucleosis.
Topics: Adenoidectomy; Adolescent; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Emergencies; Female; Humans; Infectious Mononucl | 1975 |
The use of drugs in emergency airway management in pediatric trauma.
Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adolescent; Anesthesia; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Protocols; Diazepam | 1992 |
Anesthetic complications during emergency noncardiac surgery in patients with documented cardiac contusions.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Contusions; Emergenci | 1991 |
Serum potassium levels following suxamethonium administration in septic peritonitis patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Emergencies; Female; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; | 1991 |
Ketamine and succinylcholine for emergency intubation of pediatric patients.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Emergencies; Humans; Infant; Intubation, Intratracheal; Ketamine; Succinylc | 1991 |
Intraosseous succinylcholine for orotracheal intubation.
Topics: Bone Marrow; Child, Preschool; Emergencies; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Intubation, Intratracheal | 1990 |
Early management of spinal cord injury.
Topics: Emergencies; Humans; Intubation; Spinal Cord Injuries; Succinylcholine | 1986 |
Anesthetic emergencies.
Topics: Airway Obstruction; Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesth | 1985 |
Succinylcholine-assisted intubations in prehospital care.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Emergencies; Emergency Medical | 1988 |
The use of ketamine for the emergency intubation of patients with status asthmaticus.
Topics: Asthma; Emergencies; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Infant; Intubation, Intratracheal; Ketamine; Kine | 1987 |
Emergency applications of intraosseous infusion.
Topics: Ampicillin; Child, Preschool; Craniocerebral Trauma; Diazepam; Emergencies; Female; Fluid Therapy; H | 1987 |
Succinylcholine use in emergency eye operations.
Topics: Anesthesia; Emergencies; Eye Injuries; Humans; Ocular Hypertension; Succinylcholine | 1987 |
Neuromuscular blockade for critical patients in the emergency department.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; Emergencies; Female; Heart Rate; H | 1986 |
Emergency intubation of the trachea facilitated by suxamethonium. Observations in obstetric and general surgical patients.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Cesarean Section; Emergencies; Female; Humans; | 1986 |
Rapid intravenous induction intubation technique as choice for emergency surgery.
Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Emergencies; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Methods; Oxygen Inhalation | 1973 |
Malignant hyperpyrexia in Australia and New Zealand.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Australia; Child; Child, Preschool; Creatine Kinase; Cryothe | 1973 |
[Emergency surgery in severe physiologic distress].
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Anesthesia, General; Atropine; Emergencies; Female; Humans; Kidney Failure | 1969 |