strontium-radioisotopes and Neoplasms

Systemic radionuclide therapy is gaining popularity in the radiotherapy community and changing the management of painful osseous metastases. This form of therapy has two major advantages: (i) it addresses all sites of involvement; and (ii) selective absorption limits normal tissue dose. As a result, toxicity is reduced and the therapeutic ratio increased. The biokinetics, dosimetry, and clinical experience with these compounds are reviewed. To date, the best studied and most commonly used radionuclide is strontium-89. Large, prospectively randomized clinical trials have demonstrated its efficacy as a first-line therapy or as an adjuvant to external-beam radiotherapy. It is particularly useful when external-beam therapy options have been exhausted, and normal tissue tolerance has been reached. In metastatic prostate cancer, our recent survey suggests the formation of a new paradigm: local field external-beam radiotherapy to the painful index site in combination with prophylactic administration of systemic radionuclides for clinically occult metastases.

Topics: Bone and Bones; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Palliative Care; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Radioisotopes; Rhenium; Samarium; Strontium Radioisotopes; Treatment Outcome

Topics: 3-Iodobenzylguanidine; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Bone Neoplasms; Brachytherapy; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Iodobenzenes; Neoplasms; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Radioisotopes; Radiotherapy Dosage; Rhenium; Samarium; Strontium Radioisotopes; Thyroid Neoplasms

Nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere during the 1950s and 1960s deposited fallout throughout the world, exposing all humans to food and water before the Limited Test Ban Treaty ended large-scale tests. The largest effort to measure in vivo fallout in humans, performed by Washington University (USA), collected over 300,000 deciduous teeth to document a sustained increase in Strontium-90 (Sr-90) during testing and a sharp decline after the test ban. Sr-90 patterns and trends in teeth were consistent with those of bones and milk. Sr-90 is still detectable in about 100,000 of the teeth, which were never tested. Tooth donors were born during atmospheric testing (1946-1965) and thus exposed to fallout in utero and during infancy/childhood, when exposures pose the greatest health risk. Preliminary analysis of global fallout's health risk in the United States indicates recent cancer mortality in several high-fallout areas exceeded that of states with the lowest fallout, peaking for the cohort born in the early 1960s, when fallout was highest. These findings support subsequent measurement of Sr-90 in deciduous teeth of persons who died of diseases such as cancer, along with controls, a novel approach to assessing fallout hazards.

Topics: Child; Humans; Infant; Neoplasms; Nuclear Weapons; Radioactive Fallout; Tooth, Deciduous; United States; Washington

The Mayak Production Association was the first site for the production of weapons-grade plutonium in Russia. Early operations led to the waterborne release of radioactive materials into the small Techa River. Residents living downstream used river water for drinking and other purposes. The releases and subsequent flooding resulted in deposition of sediments along the shoreline and on floodplain soil. Primary routes of exposure were external dose from the deposited sediments and ingestion of 90Sr and other radionuclides. Study of the Techa River Cohort has revealed an increased incidence of leukemia and solid cancers. Epidemiologic studies are supported by extensive dose-reconstruction activities that have led to various versions of a Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS). The correctness of the TRDS has been challenged by the allegation that releases of short-lived radionuclides were much larger than those used in the TRDS. Although the dosimetry system depends more upon measurements of 90Sr in humans and additional measurements of radionuclides and of exposure rates in the environment, a major activity has been undertaken to define more precisely the time-dependent rates of release and their radionuclide composition. The major releases occurred during 1950-1951 in the form of routine releases and major accidental releases. The reevaluated amount of total release is 114 PBq, about half of which was from accidents that occurred in late 1951. The time-dependent composition of the radionuclides released has also been reevaluated. The improved understanding presented in this paper is possible because of access to many documents not previously available.

Topics: Cohort Studies; Humans; Leukemia; Neoplasms; Nuclear Reactors; Plutonium; Radioactive Waste; Radioisotopes; Radiometry; Rivers; Russia; Strontium Radioisotopes; Water Pollution, Radioactive

Topics: Age Factors; Cesium Radioisotopes; Chernobyl Nuclear Accident; Disasters; Female; Half-Life; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Japan; Lactation; Neoplasms; Plutonium; Radioactive Hazard Release; Radioactive Pollutants; Strontium Radioisotopes

Yttrium-90 used for therapy should be of very high radionuclidic (RN) purity (>99.998%) as the most probable contaminant, strontium-90, is a bone seeker with a maximum permissible body burden of 74 kBq (2 microCi) only. None of the current known methods of RN purity estimations is adequate to reliably measure the 90Sr RN impurity at such low levels. Our aim was to develop a reliable technique to accurately determine the amount of 90Sr in 90Y used for therapy. This new technique combines chelate-based extraction with paper chromatography using paper impregnated with 2-ethylhexyl, 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid (KSM-17), which is a 90Y-specific chelator. A PC strip impregnated with KSM-17 at the point of spotting is used for chromatography. Upon development with normal saline, 90Sr moves to the solvent front leaving 90Y completely chelated and retained at the point of spotting. The activity at the solvent front (90Sr) is quantified by liquid scintillation counting, and the data are compared with the total applied activity to provide the RN purity of the test solution. The method has a sensitivity of > or =74 kBq (2 microCi) of 90Sr per 37 GBq (1 Ci) of 90Y. This novel, innovative, and simple technique offers a reliable solution to the unanswered problem of estimation of 90Sr content in 90Y used for cancer therapy.

Topics: Body Burden; Chelating Agents; Chromatography, Paper; Humans; Neoplasms; Organophosphonates; Radionuclide Imaging; Reproducibility of Results; Scintillation Counting; Sensitivity and Specificity; Solvents; Strontium Radioisotopes; Yttrium Radioisotopes

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Bone Neoplasms; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Radiation-Induced; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Neoplasms; Nuclear Energy; Risk Factors; Scotland; Strontium Radioisotopes

Susceptibility to cancer implies being easily affected by carcinogen, as well as having an overt spontaneous incidence of cancer. The susceptibility of a population to the development of fatal cancer of a given organ can be represented by a frequency distribution. This distribution depends both upon the genetic susceptibility of the population and upon all environmental carcinogens that have impinged on that population. The method for construction of such a susceptibility distribution has been simplified and applied to experimental data on bone tumor induction with 90Sr in mice, and to bone tumor mortality and prostate cancer mortality in man. The relative susceptibilities of different human organs to the development of fatal tumors can be defined in terms of the spontaneous tumor mortalities.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Computers; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Dentistry; Diagnosis, Oral; Gallium; Jaw Diseases; Jaw Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Salivary Gland Diseases; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

Topics: Angiography; Humans; Lymphography; Methods; Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Tomography, X-Ray

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child, Preschool; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Female; Humans; Keloid; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Penile Induration; Skin Neoplasms; Strontium Radioisotopes; Vitamin A

Topics: Hemangioma; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Neoplasms; Skin Neoplasms; Strontium; Strontium Isotopes; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Child; Hemangioma; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Neoplasms; Radioactivity; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes; Yttrium; Yttrium Radioisotopes

Topics: Autoradiography; Bone Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Osteosarcoma; Sarcoma; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Incidence; Mice; Mice, Inbred CBA; Neoplasms; Osteosarcoma; Sarcoma; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasms; Spinal Cord Neoplasms; Spine; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Cartilage Diseases; Humans; Neoplasms; Radiometry; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Calcium; Calcium Radioisotopes; Calcium, Dietary; Neoplasms; Radiation Injuries; Radioisotopes; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Citrates; Citric Acid; Mice; Neoplasms; Osteosarcoma; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes; Zirconium

Topics: Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Morphogenesis; Neoplasms; Radiation, Ionizing; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Osteosarcoma; Rats; Sarcoma, Experimental; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Osteosarcoma; Sarcoma; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Animals; Life Expectancy; Mice; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Radioactivity; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Morphogenesis; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Osteosarcoma; Sarcoma; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Bombs; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasms; Radioactivity; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Animals; Brachytherapy; Gingiva; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Palate; Palate, Hard; Rats; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Animals; Dose Fractionation, Radiation; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Radiation Effects; Radioactivity; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes; X-Rays

Topics: Animals; Arvicolinae; Bone Neoplasms; Fibula; Humans; Neoplasms; Osteosarcoma; Sarcoma; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes; Tibia

Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasms; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Humans; Multiple Myeloma; Neoplasms; Phosphorus; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Radioisotopes; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes