strontium-radioisotopes and Bone-Diseases

Strontium-89 standards have been prepared for use in calibrating instruments in the measurement chain from production in reactors to administration in the clinic or radiopharmacy. Alternate reactor production schemes were evaluated to yield high purity 89Sr with minimum 85Sr impurity. Following purification to remove radionuclidic impurities, samples of 89Sr were standardized by high-efficiency liquid-scintillation counting with a relative expanded uncertainty (intended to approximate two standard deviations) of 0.48%. A Standard Reference Material, SRM 4426A, was prepared and distributed to radiopharmaceutical manufacturers and other customers. The standard sources of 89Sr were used in different geometries to calibrate high purity Ge semiconductor detectors, re-entrant ionization chambers and commercial radionuclide calibrators. The latter included Capintec dose calibrators and the Capintec beta C NaI(Tl) scintillation counter.

Topics: Bone Diseases; Calibration; Humans; Nuclear Medicine; Pain; Palliative Care; Radiopharmaceuticals; Strontium Radioisotopes

Pain management often is difficult in patients with bone metastases. Metastatic disease represents >40% of oncologic practice, and >70% of patients with metastatic disease have uncontrolled cancer-related pain. Significant morbidity caused by pathologic fracture and spinal cord compression can result from untreated bone metastases. Representing both a manifestation of systemic disease as well as causing localized symptoms, bone metastases require a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach. Radiation therapy provides both localized and systemic treatment options in addition to chemohormonal therapies and surgery. External beam irradiation provides palliation in >70% of patients through tumor regression of a localized lesion. Systemic radiopharmaceuticals treat multifocal disease either alone or as an adjuvant to external beam irradiation. Efficient and comprehensive management of bone metastases is imperative because of the associated symptoms, prior therapies, complex underlying medical problems, and clinical presentations that often require emergent interventions. Intensification of pain may be observed with hormonal therapy and systemic radiopharmaceuticals. Symptomatic relief from antineoplastic therapies generally requires 4-12 weeks and may be related to reossification. Symptoms, occurring due to the disease and/or while awaiting response to therapy, must be aggressively managed. Persistent or recurrent pain after therapy may be due to bony instability or fracture before reossification occurs. An Interdisciplinary Bone Metastases Clinic, with representatives from Diagnostic Radiology, Medical Oncology, Nuclear Medicine, Orthopedic Surgery, Pain and Symptom Management, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Radiation Oncology, was developed that allows coordinated evaluation, treatment, and symptom management of these complex clinical presentations.

Topics: Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Dose Fractionation, Radiation; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Fractures, Spontaneous; Hemibody Irradiation; Humans; Pain; Palliative Care; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Radiography; Radiopharmaceuticals; Spinal Cord Compression; Strontium Radioisotopes

Use of modern materials and methods has given bone scintiscanning a larger role in clinical medicine, The safety and ready availability of newer agents have led to its greater use in investigating both benign and malignant disease of bone and joint. Present evidence suggests that abnormal accumulation of 99mTc-polyphosphate and its analogues results from ionic deposition at crystal surfaces in immature bone, this process being facilitated by an increase in bone vascularity. There is, also, a component of matrix localization. These factors are in keeping with the concept that abnormal scintiscan sites represent areas of increased osteoblastic activity, although this may be an oversimplification. Increasing evidence shows that the bone scintiscan is more sensitive than conventional radiography in detecting focal disease of bone, and its ability to reflect the immediate status of bone further complements radiographic findings. The main limitation of this method relates to nonspecificity of the results obtained.

Topics: Bone Diseases; Humans; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Isotopes; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

Bone scanning is most useful in the detection of bone metastases. The recent introduction of new radiopharmaceuticals and instrumentation has reduced the time needed to perform the study and its relative cost, while increasing the usefulness of the study in detecting roentgenographically occult diseases. Metastatic disease is used as the pathophysiologic model for understanding the principles of bone scanning. When a tumor invades bone, in addition to causing bone destruction, it also causes reactive bone formation or repair. It is here that radioisotopes are of considerable value, since some radionuclides are incorporated into the hydroxyapatite crystals of reactive bone. Bone repair is described as occurring in three phases. In Phase I, the roentgenogram shows no change in bone density, but the scan is abnormal. In Phase II, both scintigraphic and roentgenographic abnormalities increase, and in Phase III, when the osteoid has calcified completely, the roentgenogram shows radiodensities and the scan appears almost normal. Fewer than 5 per cent of patients have a normal scan in the presence of an abnormal roentgenogram. Presently, most bone scans are performed with phosphate compounds labeled with -99m-Tc. In the past, 85-Sr, 87M-Sr, and 18-F were more broadly used. Scanning may be performed on either a rectilinear scanner or a scintophoto (gamma) camera. Areas which are abnormal on bone scan should be interpreted with current roentgenograms in the light of clinical findings.

Topics: Autopsy; Biopsy; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Female; Fluorine; Half-Life; Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Radiography; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Isotopes; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

Bone metabolism studies were performed in 44 subjects with and without bone disease using a calcium tracers kinetics model, the central feature of which is an expanding exchangeable calcium pool. In normal subjects the accretion rate and the exchangeable calcium pool ranged from 1.49 to 8.45 (mean 3.9 +/- 2.05) mg.d-1kg-1 and from 60 to 131 (mean 81.25 +/- 18.11) mg.kg-1, respectively. The patients with osteogenesis imperfecta. Pierre Marie's disease and one out of two cases of hypoparathyroidism had values which fell within the normal range. Both the accretion rate and the exchangeable calcium pool were significantly elevated in patients with Paget's disease and with hyperparathyroidism. Uremic patients with generalized bone lesions had accretion rates or both parameters elevated. As far as patients with successful renal transplant are concerned, the results suggest that this method is a very poor means for detecting bone disorders with only focal lesions. In contrast, the method can be very useful when persistent renal osteodystrophy or secondary hyperparathyroidism are suspected.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Calcium; Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder; Female; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Hypoparathyroidism; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Osteitis Deformans; Osteoarthropathy, Secondary Hypertrophic; Osteogenesis Imperfecta; Renal Dialysis; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Calcium; Endocrine System Diseases; Humans; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Arthritis, Infectious; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Bone Transplantation; Epiphyses, Slipped; Femoral Fractures; Femur Head; Follow-Up Studies; Fractures, Bone; Hip Joint; Humans; Joint Diseases; Osteochondritis; Osteomyelitis; Pseudarthrosis; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Transplantation, Homologous

Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Fluorine; Gallium Radioisotopes; History, 20th Century; Humans; Nuclear Medicine; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

Topics: Arthritis, Reactive; Bone Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Spondylitis, Ankylosing; Strontium Radioisotopes

The dynamics of uptake of osteotropic radionucleides in normal and abnormal bone were studied by means of sequential and functional scans. Various phosphate and phosphonate complexes were compared in vivo and in vitro. Only phosphonates were considered as suitable for bone scanning. In normal bones in beagles, radioactivity after HEDP fell to 65% after two hours, but was 105% with 18F. In relation to healing fractures, the curves differ quantitatively and qualitatively. In this situation, functional curves derived from dynamic scans provide a better parallel with histological findings than does static scintigraphy with an uptake quotient. Sequential and functional scanning are able to document the therapeutic effect of irradiation of bone metastases.

Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Diphosphonates; Dogs; Female; Fluorine; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Phosphates; Prostatic Neoplasms; Pseudarthrosis; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

The transcapillary extraction of diphosphonate, as [99mTc]EHDP, a substance used in bone scanning and for management of certain metabolic bone diseases, has been examined. The maximum instantaneous extraction for [99mTc]EHDP was 0.27 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- SD, N = 10) and the net extraction at 5 min was 0.18 +/- 0.05 (N = 10). The permeability ratio of [99mTc]EHDP to the freely diffusible compound, sucrose, using the formula PS = -Fs loge (1 - Emax), was 0.71. This is similar to the ratio of diffusion coefficients of EHDP to sucrose, which is estimated to be 0.78. These results suggest that the mechanism by which [99mTc]EHDP passes through the capillaries in bone is passive diffusion. Tissue level estimations of EHDP confirm a rapid blood clearance associated with an increase in the rate of urinary excretion; the level of [99mTc]EHDP in bone, however, remains constant. The fractional excretion of [99mTc]EHDP was 27.3 +/- 2.0% in control dogs and was unchanged by thyroparathyroidectomy and subsequent infusion of parathyroid hormone.

Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Capillaries; Capillary Permeability; Diffusion; Dogs; Etidronic Acid; Kidney; Male; Mathematics; Parathyroid Glands; Parathyroid Hormone; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium; Thyroidectomy

The radiopharmacons produced in Hungary and suitable for the demonstration of reactive bone alterations are discussed by the authors. These pharmacons are the following: 85ScCl2=Strontiumchloride, 153Sm-EDTA=Samarium ethylendiamintetraacetate, 169Yb-citrate=Ytterbium-citrate, 99mTc-HEDSPA=Technetium-hydroxy-ethylene-diphosphonate, 99mTc-pyrophosphate. The scintigraphic pictures obtained by the use of these radiopharmacons are presented. On the basis of their experimental examinations the numerous advantages of the use of 99mTc-HEDSPA are pointed out and the possibilities are outlines, which are to be obtained in the detection of occult bone alterations, in the examination of juvenile patients and perhaps in the case of osteotransplantation.

Topics: Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Radiation Dosage; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Samarium; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium; Ytterbium

In primary bone tumors the possibilities of bone scans are discussed. Exact differentiation between malignant and benign disease by this method is impossible. However, scanning provides important information about extent of the disease, metastases, multiplicity of benign lesions and influence of adjoining diseases to the bone. A special indication exists in cases of cerebral meningiomas and an absolute indication for searching osteoplastic metastases, e.g. in carcinomas of the breast and the prostate gland.

Topics: Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Child; Fluorine; Granuloma; Hemangiosarcoma; Humans; Male; Meningioma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteitis Deformans; Osteoma; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Sarcoma, Ewing; Strontium; Strontium Isotopes; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

1. Evidence has accumulated that the rate of accretion (A) of calcium to bone is the sum of two fluxes; apposition involving the laying down of new bone and augmentation which is the result of slow exchange of non-surface bone calcium with plasma calcium pools as the result of solid state diffusion. 2. A method has been devised for separating A into its two components. It requires the use of 45Ca or, for clinical studies, 85Sr as a calcium tracer. Studies which are initiated with a combined accretion rate--calcium balance study, are concluded with an estimate of the exponent of the power function which has been found to describe the whole body retention of tracer from the second month onward. 3. The impulse response function of the skeleton for the tracer is then calculated, making the assumption that in any uniform volume of bone, osteoclastic resorption is a first order process. Making in addition certain simplifying assumptions, which are shown to have a modest influence on the final results, a mean rate of bone resorption can be calculated using a development of the well known Stewart-Hamilton formula. The apposition rate is calculated as the sum of the resorption rate and the calcium balance. Augmentation and diminution, defined as equal and opposite exchange processes, are given by the difference between A and the apposition rate. 4. The results of our first thirteen studies in normal subjects and patients with metabolic bone disease are presented, together with analyses of some data from the literature. It is concluded that the development of an atraumatic method for measuring rates of bone formation and resorption in the whole body would be an important advance in the study of metabolic bone disease, and this work is presented so that critical comparisons may be initiated between this tracer method and independent histological methods for measuring these parameters.

Topics: Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Bone Resorption; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium; Calcium Radioisotopes; Female; Humans; Kinetics; Male; Mathematics; Models, Biological; Osteoporosis; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Bone Diseases; Calcium; Humans; Liver; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

The concept of bone affinity of a radioactive tracer is developed on theoretical grounds and is discussed on the basis of the various substances used in nuclear medical diagnosis of bone disease. On the basis of results on the uptake of very short lived nuclides and extremely large molecules, evidence is provided that the incorporation of the tracer in the apatite crystal is not a primary criterion of bone affinity since incorporation cannot take place on timelimiting grounds in the former case and on spatial grounds in the latter. The fixation on bone is therefore more likely the result of non-specific adsorption processes. The utility of a radioactive substance in practical application in nuclear medicine depends on the radioactive characteristics of the nuclide and on its behavior in the organism. In this context the quality of the scintigram is particularly dependent on the mode and rate of elimination of that fraction of the tracer that is not bound by the skeleton. The various mechanism which cause differences in the uptake of tracer by healthy and pathological bone tissue are discussed with special regard to the role of blood flow.

Topics: Barium; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Calcium Radioisotopes; Diphosphonates; Fluorine; Humans; Metals, Rare Earth; Phosphates; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

Topics: Americium; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Calcium Radioisotopes; Fluorine; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Osteitis Deformans; Osteomalacia; Osteoporosis; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Spondylitis, Ankylosing; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

Topics: Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

Scanning is based on the uptake of a nuclide by the crystal lattice of bone and is related to bone blood flow. Cancer cells do not take up the tracer. Normally, the scan visualizes the highly vascular bones. Scans are useful and are indicated in metastatic bone disease, primary bone tumors, hematologic malignancies and some non-neoplastic diseases. The scan is more sensitive than x-ray in the detection of malignant diseases of the skeleton.

Topics: Adult; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Femoral Fractures; Fluorine; Humans; Lymphoma; Multiple Myeloma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteitis Deformans; Osteosarcoma; Pelvic Bones; Phosphates; Radiography; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Skull Neoplasms; Strontium Isotopes; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

Comparative studies between radiological (equals R; x-ray, thermography, angiography) and nuclear medical examinations (equals NM; scanner-, scintillation camera-sequential scintigraphy) in 339 patients with different bone diseases led to the following results: Thermography proved to be inferior to scanning in detecting of bone diseases. Angiography was the procedure of choice in detecting malignant bone tumors. Sequential scintigraphy performed by means of the Anger-HP-scintillation camera and Intertechnique-Cine-System allowed to establish the kinetic behaviour of tumors: an early increased TcPoP accumulation was observed in tumors with high perfusion (sarcoma), a late accumulation in those with low perfusion (osteoid osteoma).

Topics: Angiography; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Errors; Femoral Neoplasms; Humans; Kinetics; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteoma, Osteoid; Osteosarcoma; Phosphates; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium; Thermography; Tibia

Topics: Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Fluorine; Humans; Hydroxyapatites; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

Topics: Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Calcium Radioisotopes; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Infections; Necrosis; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Prostheses and Implants; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Isotopes; Strontium Radioisotopes

Sixty-seven hip joints with intracapsular fracture and the 67 opposite, normal hip joints were studied with 85Sr scintimetry from two weeks to six years after fracture. Consistently, fractures that developed osteonecrosis showed extremely high counts at the fracture site and the femoral head; fractures that failed to unite also showed extremely high counts at the fracture site and somewhat lower counts in the femoral head; fractures that were healing normally showed counts at the fracture site that were higher than those of the normal, uninjured hip but lower than those at fracture sites where osteonecrosis or nonunion was present. Prediction of complications by 85Sr scintimetry is not reliable within the first few months on injury; thereafter, however, the procedure has definite diagnostic value, particularly for osteonecrosis.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bone Diseases; Fractures, Bone; Hip Injuries; Hip Joint; Humans; Middle Aged; Necrosis; Postoperative Complications; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Time Factors; Wound Healing

Imidodiphosphate (IDP) is an analog of pyrophosphate and diphosphonate, with a P-N-P bond instead of P-O-P or P-C-P. We have labeled IDP with 99mTc quantitatively (98%) using stannous ions as the reducing/complexing agent in a freeze-dried kit form. Radiobioassay of this compound was carried out in rabbits and the results were compared with those of eight other Tc-labeled bone-imaging agents, using the performance of simultaneously administered 85Sr as a reference standard. The 99mTc-IDP concentrated 20% higher in the bone, and its soft-tissue and blood levels were lower than with 85Sr. By comparison, the concentrations in the bone of the other 99mTc agents were 20% less than that of 85Sr. Regarding blood levels, Tc-IDP performed worse than the Tc-diphosphonate but better than the pyrophosphate and the other technetium complexes. Scintillation camera images of 99mTc-IDP in both rabbits and dogs showed excellent details of the skeleton. In a preliminary human study, images with 99mTc-IDP were somewhat inferior to those comparably procured with 99Tc-methylene diphosphonate, but count rates with the IDP complex were about twice those with the MDP compound. Because of its better bone uptake, however, it is suggested that 99mTc-IDP may be clinically useful in spite of its relatively slow blood clearance.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Bone Diseases; Dogs; Female; Humans; Lethal Dose 50; Organophosphonates; Organophosphorus Compounds; Phosphates; Rabbits; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium; Tin

Topics: Adolescent; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Child, Preschool; Exostoses; Female; Fibroma; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Male; Maxillary Sinus; Middle Aged; Osteoma, Osteoid; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes

Malignant disease very often spreads to the skeleton. This is particularly true for carcinomas of the breast, the lungs, the prostate, and the thyroid. Knowledge of the state of the skeleton in these disorders is therefore desirable since patient management will largely depend on the early detection of bony deposits. Primary bone disease often spreads to soft tissue (lungs), and the early detection of this may alter significantly the therapeutic approach to the primary lesion. Traditionally, X-ray skeletal surveys and serum enzyme measurements provide indices which can be used in the staging of these disorders. Complementary techniques such as mammography, xeroradiography, thermography, and radionuclide imaging have been used to provide further relevant information. A number of benign bone diseases need early assessment in order to institute the best form of treatment. It is of importance to assess the circulation in localized areas of bone and to predict the appearance of avascular necrosis, to understand the healing mechanisms involved in fractures, and to predict the outcome of bone grafting. In this paper the clinical role of bone scanning is reviewed, particular attention being given to the recent advances brought about by the introduction of the 99mTc compounds. It is important that the non-specialist should be aware of the great improvement in the results obtained and in the help they can give him in deciding on the best management of each patient as an individual.

Topics: Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Fluorine; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteolysis; Phosphates; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Isotopes; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

Osteo-articular diagnosis is too often considered at present to be synonymous with radiological diagnosis. This has come to be almost a sine qua non. Nevertheless a normal X-ray does not mean that the patient is free of disease. On the contrary, there exists the considerable handicap of the latent period between the onset of disease and the appearance of radiological signs. If blind faith in such a notion is allowed to persist, a profitable means of progress is closed both to our discipline and pathology in general. Over the last decade has emerged a new tendency towards the study of the initial phases of disease and an earlier diagnosis during the pre-radiological phase. This tendency, which opens new perspectives, already enjoys highly promising success and deserves wider recognition, encouragement, development and study. It results more from an attitude of mind rather than the development of a technique and for this reason should lead to the suggestion of other methods and solutions. In bringing us closer to the source of the pathological process it will aid in better understanding of its true nature and pathogenesis. In a word, it will help us to understand the starting phases of disease whilst radiology reveals only the active process. Inasmuch as early physiopathological processes are reversible, it should open the door to new therapeutic approaches.

Topics: Bone Diseases; Humans; Joint Diseases; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Thermography

Topics: Angiography; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Fluorides; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Methods; Neoplasm Metastasis; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium; Thermography

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Calcium; Female; Fluorides; Fractures, Bone; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Hydroxyapatites; Ion Exchange; Male; Middle Aged; Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal; Radiation Dosage; Radiography; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

Topics: Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Calcium; Diphosphates; Fluorine; Humans; Methods; Phosphates; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

Topics: Adult; Arthritis; Bone Diseases; Diphosphates; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phosphates; Radionuclide Imaging; Sacroiliac Joint; Spine; Spondylitis, Ankylosing; Sternoclavicular Joint; Sternum; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium; Tomography, X-Ray; Zinc

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Arthritis; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Colonic Neoplasms; Female; Fluorine; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteitis Deformans; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Monitoring; Radiography; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Ribs; Shoulder; Skull Neoplasms; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium; Thoracic Neoplasms

Topics: Bone Diseases; Humans; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Bone Diseases; Female; Femoral Fractures; Femoral Neck Fractures; Fractures, Spontaneous; Humans; Middle Aged; Radionuclide Imaging; Stress, Mechanical; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Chondroma; Female; Fractures, Bone; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Radionuclide Imaging; Sarcoma, Ewing; Spinal Neoplasms; Strontium Radioisotopes; Time Factors

Topics: Bone Diseases; Fluorine; Humans; Radionuclide Imaging; Scintillation Counting; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Bone Diseases; Bone Marrow Diseases; Half-Life; Humans; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Autopsy; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; False Negative Reactions; Fluorine; Half-Life; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Isotopes; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Bone Diseases; Citrates; Female; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Necrosis; Phosphates; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium; Transplantation, Homologous

Topics: Aged; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Calcium; Calcium Radioisotopes; Female; Fluorine; Gallium; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Magnesium; Osteoporosis; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

Topics: Bone Diseases; Cartilage, Articular; Curettage; Humans; Necrosis; Osteotomy; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Tibia

Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Bony Callus; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Fractures, Bone; Half-Life; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Rabbits; Spinal Neoplasms; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Bone Diseases; Calcium; Calcium Metabolism Disorders; Calcium, Dietary; Decalcification, Pathologic; Humans; Models, Biological; Prognosis; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Age Factors; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Calcification, Physiologic; Fluorine; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Infections; Necrosis; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteitis; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Regional Blood Flow; Sclerosis; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium; Time Factors; Whole-Body Counting

Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases; Diphosphates; Dogs; Fluorine; Humans; Phosphates; Rabbits; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Acute Disease; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Chronic Disease; Citrates; Female; Femur Head Necrosis; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteomyelitis; Phosphates; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium; Whole-Body Counting

Topics: Angiography; Bone Diseases; Humans; Methods; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Tomography, X-Ray

Topics: Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

Topics: Adolescent; Biopsy; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Retrospective Studies; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Bone Diseases; Decompression Sickness; Humans; Male; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Adult; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Adult; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Hydroxyproline; Male; Middle Aged; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Barium; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Fluorine; Humans; Radiation Dosage; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium

Topics: Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Diseases; Cortisone; Female; Hip Dislocation, Congenital; Humans; Ischemia; Knee; Leg Length Inequality; Male; Necrosis; Polyneuropathies; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Bone Diseases; Calcium; Humans; Strontium; Strontium Isotopes; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Autoradiography; Bone Diseases; Growth; Pathology; Radiation Injuries; Radiation Injuries, Experimental; Rats; Research; Strontium; Strontium Isotopes; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Plutonium; Radiation Injuries; Radiation Injuries, Experimental; Radium; Strontium Isotopes; Strontium Radioisotopes; Swine

Topics: Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Humans; Radioactivity; Radiometry; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes

Topics: Bone Diseases; Calcium; Humans; Joint Diseases; Kinetics; Radioactivity; Radioisotopes; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes