sodium-morrhuate and Staphylococcal-Infections

Hematogenous osteomyelitis was produced in the tibia or the mandible of rats by drilling a hole into the bone, injecting sodium morrhuate, and inoculating Staphylococcus aureus Phillips into the femoral vein. Animals were sacrificed after 2 weeks and examined. The infection was characterized grossly and radiographically by bone deformation, histopathologically by a characteristic suppurative reaction, and microbiologically by the recovery of S. aureus Phillips from the infected tissue. These findings indicate that the model mimics human osteomyelitis with respect to its inflammatory bone changes. In contrast to earlier rat models in which bacteria were injected directly into the bone, this new experimental model allows study of the initiating events of osteomyelitis such as bacterial attachment and might assist as a model for both prophylactic and therapeutic trials.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Liver; Mandible; Osteomyelitis; Radiography; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium Morrhuate; Spleen; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tibia

The rabbit model of osteomyelitis introduced by C.W. Norden, based on injection of an infecting solution (Staphylococcus aureus, sodium morrhuate) into the tibia, was studied at 4.7 Tesla with a time-efficient chemical shift selective imaging technique, Chemical Shift Specific Slice Selection (C4S). The evolution of the disease over several weeks was followed on water-selective, fat-selective, and sum images obtained simultaneously with this imaging sequence. Experiments were performed either on different groups of rabbits at different times after infection with subsequent sacrifice of the animal and microbiological analysis of the infected tibia or on the same group of animals imaged several times after infection. Associated analysis of the water and fat selective images revealed marrow modifications very early (Day 5 after inoculation) demonstrating the high sensitivity of the employed imaging technique. Later on, bone modifications were best identified on the sum images. Additional experiments performed on animals injected with a noninfecting solution containing only sodium morrhuate showed however that the sclerosing agent alone can yield images similar to those produced by infection at early stages after inoculation. Therefore, the Norden model would not be suitable for monitoring quantitatively outcome of therapy by magnetic resonance imaging. It is however well adapted for the evaluation and optimization of MRI techniques or protocols intended to detect early changes of bone marrow produced by septic or aseptic infarct.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Body Water; Bone Marrow; Disease Models, Animal; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Image Enhancement; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Infarction; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Muscle, Skeletal; Osteomyelitis; Rabbits; Reproducibility of Results; Sodium Morrhuate; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Thrombosis; Tibia; Time Factors

Ampicillin/sulbactam was used for the treatment of experimental osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits. Treatment with 200 mg/kg (ampicillin) three times a day sterilized 40% of infected rabbit bones. The results of 4 weeks of treatment with ampicillin/sulbactam for chronic experimental staphylococcal osteomyelitis were comparable to those obtained previously with cephalothin and with oxacillin in previous studies and were not as good as those with clindamycin alone or combination therapy that included rifampin.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Chronic Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Osteomyelitis; Rabbits; Sodium Morrhuate; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulbactam

Arachidonic acid was used as a facilitating agent in experimental rat Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis and compared with the more commonly used agent, sodium morrhuate. The injection of arachidonic acid or sodium morrhuate and S. aureus into rat tibiae caused increased quantitative bacterial bone counts, gross bone pathology, roentgenographic changes, and weight loss. The doses required to produce these changes appeared to be lower for arachidonic acid.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Culture Techniques; Disease Models, Animal; Osteomyelitis; Radiography; Rats; Sodium Morrhuate; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus

The authors evaluated whether depth of needle insertion as determined by needle length is an important factor in sclerotherapy-associated bacteremia. In 18 consecutive sclerotherapy sessions in which sodium morrhuate was used, blood cultures were positive in 11% when using an injector with only 3 to 4 mm of needle protruding beyond the sheath, compared with the 39% incidence of bacteremia previously observed when an injector was used which permitted 6 to 8 mm of needle to protrude (0.01 less than p less than 0.05). Twenty-five additional sclerotherapy sessions in which the shorter needle was used were performed with a different sclerosant, 1% sodium tetradecyl sulfate; only 8% of blood cultures were positive. No correlation was found between fever and bacteremia. The authors conclude that the exposed needle length of the injector must be specified in any report of endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy with the flexible endoscope since this length is critical in the incidence of associated bacteremia and possibly other complications.

Topics: Endoscopes; Esophageal and Gastric Varices; Female; Fiber Optic Technology; Humans; Male; Needles; Sclerosing Solutions; Sepsis; Sodium Morrhuate; Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections

A surgical procedure allowed the placement of a silicone rubber catheter in the marrow cavity of the tibia of a rabbit and also allowed the introduction of a sclerosing agent (sodium morrhuate) and cells of Staphylococcus aureus. Osteomyelitis developed in 60% of the animals so treated, and the infecting microorganism was recovered from the infected tibias of the animals that developed this disease. All blood cultures taken 24 h after the infection were negative for S. aureus. Radiological findings consisted of osteolytic changes, the occurrence of sequestration and periosteal reactions, and sclerosis in the infected bones. Sections of bone prepared for histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of osteomyelitis. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of samples of bone marrow, bone chips, and the catheters taken from the infected tibiae revealed gram-positive cocci embedded in a very extensive matrix of ruthenium red-staining glycocalyx adhering to the bone and the implanted catheter. It is proposed that this extensive glycocalyx served a protective function for the bacteria and was important in bacterial adherence and thus played an important role in bacterial persistence and the development of osteomyelitis in these rabbits.

Topics: Adhesiveness; Animals; Bone Marrow; Catheterization; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Osteomyelitis; Rabbits; Ruthenium Red; Sodium Morrhuate; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tibia

Six Macaca nemestrina were used for induction of ankylosis by different methods. One TMJ capsule was either (a) mechanically damaged, (b) injected with sodium morrhuate, or (c) injected with a strain of Staphylococcus aureus. The other capsule served as a control. Facial asymmetry of varying degrees was evident from dry-skull preparations and histologically. Sodium morrhuate caused the least degree of alteration; mechanical damage, the most. The effects of Staph. aureus injection into the TMJ seemed to depend upon the length of time elapsed since injection. In one animal there was no change at autopsy after two injections several weeks apart, once on each side; in the other, the capsule injected initially showed no change at autopsy, whereas that injected several weeks prior to autopsy was considerably altered. Induction of ankylosis was achieved with varying degrees of success, causing differing degrees of facial asymmetry.

Topics: Animals; Ankylosis; Facial Asymmetry; Macaca nemestrina; Mandibular Condyle; Sodium Morrhuate; Staphylococcal Infections; Temporomandibular Joint; Time Factors