sodium-hypochlorite and Streptococcal-Infections

This study compared the antibacterial effects of 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) during retreatment of teeth with apical periodontitis.. Root canal-treated teeth with apical periodontitis were randomly distributed into 2 groups. Bacteriological samples were taken from the canals before (S1) and after (S2) preparation using either NaOCl or CHX irrigation and after calcium hydroxide medication (S3); 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to quantify total bacteria, streptococci, and Enterococcus faecalis.. Forty-nine teeth were available for analysis (NaOCl, n = 20; CHX, n = 29). Bacterial DNA occurred in all S1 samples, streptococci in 57% and E. faecalis in 6%. The total bacterial counts decreased from S1 to S2 in both groups (P < .01) but were higher in S3 than S2 (P < .01). Thirty-five percent of the teeth in the NaOCl group were positive in S2, decreasing to 20% in S3. In the CHX group, 41% were positive in S2, decreasing to 31% in S3. The bacterial load in S1 influenced the incidence of bacteria in S2 (P < .01). Streptococci were significantly reduced in both groups, and E. faecalis was found in only 1 S2 sample and not in S3. No significant difference between NaOCl and CHX was found.. NaOCl and CHX both reduced bacterial counts and the number of infected canals. Intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide reduced the number of canals with persistent infection but resulted in overall larger bacterial counts in the cases positive for bacteria. The effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment can be influenced by the initial bacterial load.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Load; Chlorhexidine; Dental Pulp Cavity; Enterococcus faecalis; Female; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Periapical Periodontitis; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Root Canal Irrigants; Sodium Hypochlorite; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Young Adult

This study compared the bacterial reduction of in vitro infected root canals after instrumentation by 3 nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary files with different taper and diameter versus manual stainless steel files.. Sixty-four single-rooted human teeth were infected with a suspension of Streptococcus sanguis measured by optical density. Teeth were divided randomly into 4 groups of 16 and prepared with Flexofiles, GT rotary files, HERO 642, and ProFile. Bacterial samplings were performed before (S1), during (S2-S3), and after (S4) instrumentation.. All techniques significantly reduced the number of bacterial cells in the root canals (P < .05). There was no significant difference between NiTi and manual instrumentation at S2, S3, or S4. Concerning bacterial reduction, the results suggest that a manual stainless steel file preparation is as efficient as a NiTi rotary instrumentation.. Regardless of the root canal preparation technique, its taper, and diameter, the root dentin remained infected and was not bacteria-free at the end of the experiment.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Dental Alloys; Dental Instruments; Dental Pulp Cavity; Dentin; Equipment Design; Humans; Nickel; Root Canal Irrigants; Root Canal Preparation; Sodium Hypochlorite; Stainless Steel; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus sanguis; Titanium

Nine postmilking teat dips were evaluated by an experimental challenge model against either Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, or both. Formulations containing .9 and .6% sodium hypochlorite, 1% sodium dichloro-s-triazene-trione, .55% chlorhexidine gluconate, and .35% povidone iodine reduced incidence of Staphylococcus aureus infections 56.8, 28.3, 75.9, 92.5, and 77.9%. Incidence of infections with Streptococcus agalactiae was reduced 48.1 and 63.2% by 1.7 and 1% sodium dichloro-s-triazene-trione formulations. The 1% chlorhexidine gluconate and .35% povidone iodine products reduced Streptococcus agalactiae infections 71.0 and 67.0%. Three experimental 1% iodophor formulations reduced Streptococcus agalactiae infections 28.9, 44.8, and 50.7%. The experimental challenge model was refined further and provided an efficient method to determine efficacy of postmilking teat dips.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Cattle; Chlorhexidine; Disinfectants; Drug Evaluation; Female; Iodophors; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Povidone-Iodine; Sodium Hypochlorite; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae; Triazines

Because of numerous indigenous microorganisms on excised teats that interfere with enumeration of challenge cultures on nonselective media, a series of experiments used various physical and chemical treatments to reduce overall numbers. Physical treatments of teats included autoclaving at 121 degrees C for 15 min, boiling in distilled water for 10 min, and heating by microwaves for 2 min. Chemical treatments included exposing teats to various concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, iodophor disinfectant, and combinations of the three. All treatments were unsuitable. Selective and differential media were screened for their ability to restrict bacterial contamination from excised teats while maintaining good recovery of Streptococcus agalactiae. Edwards and NPC agars were superior for recovery of S. agalactiae. Four methods for recovery of S. agalactiae from excised teats were evaluated. Hand agitation of teats in neutralizer and stomaching teats in neutralizer were equally superior to swabbing teats and rinsing teats with neutralizer expelled from a syringe. Studies of elapsed time demonstrated that 1 min or less between challenge exposure and teat dip exposure was just as suitable and more expedient than 5 min.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Culture Techniques; Disinfectants; Female; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen Peroxide; Iodophors; Mammary Glands, Animal; Sodium Hypochlorite; Streptococcal Infections

Increased use of after-milking teat dips has resulted in the appearance of many new teat dips and a need for methods of evaluation of efficacy. A method was developed for determining the ability of a disinfectant to kill bacteria on the teat ends. Results from several known efficacious products indicated an approximate 95% reduction in bacterial flora. Additional data are presented on some experimental products. This method will provide a measure of effectiveness of a producton teat-skin disinfection. The effect of some changes in the testing procedure on bacterial reduction is demonstrated: 1) Increased times between inoculation and dipping and between dipping and swabbing tended to decrease recoveries on control teats. 2) Saline dips on controls teats provided increased recoveries of test organisms.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Disinfectants; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Female; Iodophors; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Pregnancy; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sodium Hypochlorite; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Time Factors; Triazines

Three trials of teat dips were conducted with experimental exposure to mastitis pathogens. A control group of animals and a group treated with a hypochlorite preparation were included in all trials while a third group was dipped with a different iodophor preparation in each trial. Four teat dips were highly effective in reducing the incidence of udder infection. Some teat irritation was transitory during each trial; most occurred in the hypochlorite group.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cattle; Female; Iodine; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Pregnancy; Sodium Hypochlorite; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae

Topics: Acinetobacter Infections; Adolescent; Bacterial Infections; Baths; Burns; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pseudomonas Infections; Skin; Sodium Hypochlorite; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Wound Infection