sodium-hypochlorite and Mastitis--Bovine

A review of postmilking teat antisepsis in the control of mastitis is presented. History, development, and evaluation of teat dipping are summarized. General usage procedures are discussed, and limitations and hazards are described. Current recommendations for development of efficacy data on teat dips are outlined. Results of efficacy studies of several classes and formulations of teat dips are compiled.

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Benzenesulfonates; Cattle; Chlorhexidine; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Female; History, 20th Century; Iodophors; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sodium Hypochlorite; Species Specificity; Sterilization

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate (1) the capacity of the microalga Prototheca zopfii isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis cases to form biofilms; and (2) the resistance of these isolates to sanitizing agents. Ten isolates of P. zopfii from cows with subclinical mastitis (somatic cell count>200×10(3) cells/mL), distributed in 5 dairy farms, were evaluated for their capacity to form biofilms in polystyrene microplate assays and stainless steel coupons, at 25°C and 37°C±1°C. Prototheca zopfii were isolated from milk samples via microbiological culture and analyzed by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Biofilm formation on the coupons was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The resistance to sanitizing agents was assessed using the biofilm-forming P. zopfii isolates in stainless steel coupon assays, which were subjected to 3 sanitizers: peracetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and iodine solution. To evaluate resistance to the sanitizers, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) technique was performed using decreasing concentrations of the sanitizing agents (20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.312, 0.156, 0.078, 0.039, and 0.019 g/L). After inoculating the isolates, all concentrations were evaluated at 3 distinct incubation periods (24, 48, and 72 h) to assess the effect of incubation time on the MIC. Using the polystyrene microplate assays, 1 isolate showed weak biofilm production, 5 moderate, and 4 strong, when incubated at 25°C±1. For isolates incubated at 37°C±1, 6 showed weak biofilm production and 4 moderate. All P. zopfii isolates (n=10) had the capacity to form biofilms on stainless steel coupons. The longer the incubation period of the P. zopfii isolates at different dilutions, the greater the concentrations of sanitizer needed to prevent growth of the microalgae under the tested conditions. We detected a significant effect of sanitizer and time of incubation (24, 48, and 72 h) on MIC values against P. zopfii isolates. The isolates were sensitive in vitro to peracetic acid (MIC90≥0.019 g/L), sodium hypochlorite (MIC90≥0.312 g/L), and iodine solution (MIC90≥0.625 g/L), after 24 h of incubation (where MIC90=concentration needed to inhibit 90% of isolates). Of the tested sanitizers, peracetic acid had the greatest efficiency against P. zopfii. We conclude that P. zopfii isolates are capable of biofilm production, which may contribute to their persistence in a milking and dairy environment.

Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Cattle; Disinfectants; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Milk; Prototheca; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Sodium Hypochlorite

Prototheca zopfii has been considered one of the most important causes of environmental mastitis in Brazil. These algae are refractory to conventional therapy and cause great damage to the mammary gland. The present study evaluated the in vitro algaecide effect of sodium hypochlorite and iodine based antiseptics on 27 P. zopfii strains isolated from the milk of cattle. Low concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (0.0390625-0.15625%) and iodine (0.15625-0.625%) were effective against the isolates. These antiseptics may be recommended for hygiene routines, pre and postdipping and cauterization of bovine mammary glands infected by P. zopfii.

Topics: Animals; Brazil; Cattle; Disinfectants; Female; Infections; Iodine; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Prototheca; Sodium Hypochlorite

An effort was made to present the historical development of postmilking teat sanitizers, to discuss advantages and limitations of postmilking teat sanitization relative to specific mastitis pathogens, regulatory requirements, and the generic types of teat sanitizers. Methodologies used to evaluate the potential of teat sanitizers in reducing incidence of new IMI were discussed. Efficacy data from numerous controlled studies were discussed briefly. Teat-dip manufacturers advertise differences in efficacy values that were obtained under controlled research conditions. We are led to believe that relatively small differences in efficacy should prompt the use of one product over another. These efficacy differences have little comparative value, because the products, in most instances, were studied independently and the commercial extrapolations leave much to be desired for factual purposes. Management practices on individual dairy farms have more effect on reduction of rate of infections than do small differences in product efficacy. Also, some companies advertise about effective, in vitro germicidal activity. Such data do not relate to reduction in rate of udder infections and should not be considered evidence of efficacy in prevention of mastitis. A startling realization should become evident from this review; a paucity of information is available on some vital parameters relative to prevention of IMI. Many important areas of mastitis control related to postmilking teat antisepsis need an increased research commitment. Some of these areas include: effects of temperature on germicidal activity of teat dips; effects of climatic conditions on teat microflora; epidemiology of IMI with environmental pathogens; relationship between teat skin condition and incidence of IMI; and alternative control methods to reduce incidence of IMI. This question is asked often: "What is the best teat dip?" In my opinion, the best teat dip is the one that is dripping from teats when the cow leaves the parlor. In the words, most of the products sold today effectively prevent IMI when used properly.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antisepsis; Bacterial Infections; Benzenesulfonates; Cattle; Chlorhexidine; Dairying; Drug Storage; Female; Iodophors; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sodium Hypochlorite

Nine postmilking teat dips were evaluated by an experimental challenge model against either Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, or both. Formulations containing .9 and .6% sodium hypochlorite, 1% sodium dichloro-s-triazene-trione, .55% chlorhexidine gluconate, and .35% povidone iodine reduced incidence of Staphylococcus aureus infections 56.8, 28.3, 75.9, 92.5, and 77.9%. Incidence of infections with Streptococcus agalactiae was reduced 48.1 and 63.2% by 1.7 and 1% sodium dichloro-s-triazene-trione formulations. The 1% chlorhexidine gluconate and .35% povidone iodine products reduced Streptococcus agalactiae infections 71.0 and 67.0%. Three experimental 1% iodophor formulations reduced Streptococcus agalactiae infections 28.9, 44.8, and 50.7%. The experimental challenge model was refined further and provided an efficient method to determine efficacy of postmilking teat dips.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Cattle; Chlorhexidine; Disinfectants; Drug Evaluation; Female; Iodophors; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Povidone-Iodine; Sodium Hypochlorite; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae; Triazines

Three trials of teat dips were conducted with experimental exposure to mastitis pathogens. A control group of animals and a group treated with a hypochlorite preparation were included in all trials while a third group was dipped with a different iodophor preparation in each trial. Four teat dips were highly effective in reducing the incidence of udder infection. Some teat irritation was transitory during each trial; most occurred in the hypochlorite group.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cattle; Female; Iodine; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Pregnancy; Sodium Hypochlorite; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Chronic Disease; Cloxacillin; Costs and Cost Analysis; Environmental Health; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Sodium Hypochlorite; United Kingdom

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Hexachlorophene; Iodine; Mastitis, Bovine; Sodium Hypochlorite; Surface-Active Agents