sodium-hypochlorite and Dermatitis--Allergic-Contact

Topics: Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dermatitis, Occupational; Disinfectants; Facial Dermatoses; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pruritus; Sodium Hypochlorite; Water Purification

Eusol (an abbreviation for Edinburgh University solution), consisting of aqueous boric acid and calcium hypochlorite, is widely used in the management of open wounds left to heal by secondary intention (1).

Topics: Adolescent; Borates; Calcium Compounds; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Diagnosis, Differential; Foot Dermatoses; Foot Ulcer; Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies; Humans; Male; Patch Tests; Sodium Hypochlorite

A new chemical called nonanoyl amido caproylacid oxybenzenesulphonate (NACAOBS) is being developed for use as a bleach activator in laundry detergents. Bleach activators, like NACAOBS, are typically used at levels between 2% and 6% in laundry detergents. NACAOBS is stable in aqueous solutions, but undergoes rapid perhydrolysis when combined with water and peroxygen bleach in laundry detergents. Animal testing demonstrated that NACAOBS, as a raw material, is a weak skin sensitizer. Clinical testing, including extended simulated laundry pretreatment, human repeat insult patch testing and home use testing was then undertaken, following sufficient reassurance of 1) the weak sensitization potential of the substance, 2) its rapid degradation in laundry wash solutions and, consequently, 3) low-to-negligible consumer dermal exposures to the native substance. Results confirmed the skin sensitization safety profile of laundry detergents containing NACAOBS, namely the absence of any reaction suggestive of contact sensitization (even under exaggerated dermal exposure conditions in a detergent matrix), and a skin compatibility profile comparable to that of current detergents. Further confirmation of the skin safety profile was obtained from a successful 12-month market test of a granular detergent containing 3.6% of the new substance, during which not a single adverse skin reaction was reported. In addition, NOBS (an oxybenzenesulphonate structural analogue to NACAOBS) has similar toxicological properties and has been safely marketed in detergents at similar levels for many years. It can be concluded that the likelihood of NACAOBS to induce skin sensitization or even elicit allergic reactions in consumer detergent use scenarios is negligible.

Topics: Animals; Benzenesulfonates; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Detergents; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Mice; Skin Tests; Sodium Hypochlorite

Topics: Ankle; Clothing; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Humans; Irritants; Middle Aged; Patch Tests; Rubber; Sodium Hypochlorite; Ziram

Topics: Adult; Allergens; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Diagnosis, Differential; Disinfectants; Female; Humans; Hydantoins; Patch Tests; Sodium Hypochlorite; Swimming Pools

Total chromium levels were determined in 38 detergents and 12 bleaches on the market in Israel (45 locally produced, 5 imported). The samples were analyzed by Zeeman-corrected graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Chromium levels were higher than 5 ppm in 28 (56%) of the 50 products, from 1 to 5 ppm in 16 (32%), and lower than 1 ppm in only 6 (12%). Among the 5 imported products, only 1 had a chromium level below 1 ppm and the other 4 (1 from Germany, 3 from the USA) had high levels. Since a most 90% of the detergents and bleaches examined contained chromium levels higher than 1 ppm, it is concluded that these consumer products may be the cause of the high incidence of chromium sensitivity in Israel.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chromium; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Detergents; Eczema; Female; Humans; Israel; Oxidants; Patch Tests; Potassium Dichromate; Sodium Hypochlorite