sodium-hypochlorite and Bacterial-Infections

Burn wounds cause high levels of morbidity and mortality worldwide. People with burns are particularly vulnerable to infections; over 75% of all burn deaths (after initial resuscitation) result from infection. Antiseptics are topical agents that act to prevent growth of micro-organisms. A wide range are used with the intention of preventing infection and promoting healing of burn wounds.. To assess the effects and safety of antiseptics for the treatment of burns in any care setting.. In September 2016 we searched the Cochrane Wounds Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE (In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations), Ovid Embase, and EBSCO CINAHL. We also searched three clinical trials registries and references of included studies and relevant systematic reviews. There were no restrictions based on language, date of publication or study setting.. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that enrolled people with any burn wound and assessed the use of a topical treatment with antiseptic properties.. Two review authors independently performed study selection, risk of bias assessment and data extraction.. We included 56 RCTs with 5807 randomised participants. Almost all trials had poorly reported methodology, meaning that it is unclear whether they were at high risk of bias. In many cases the primary review outcomes, wound healing and infection, were not reported, or were reported incompletely.Most trials enrolled people with recent burns, described as second-degree and less than 40% of total body surface area; most participants were adults. Antiseptic agents assessed were: silver-based, honey, Aloe Vera, iodine-based, chlorhexidine or polyhexanide (biguanides), sodium hypochlorite, merbromin, ethacridine lactate, cerium nitrate and Arnebia euchroma. Most studies compared antiseptic with a topical antibiotic, primarily silver sulfadiazine (SSD); others compared antiseptic with a non-antibacterial treatment or another antiseptic. Most evidence was assessed as low or very low certainty, often because of imprecision resulting from few participants, low event rates, or both, often in single studies. Antiseptics versus topical antibioticsCompared with the topical antibiotic, SSD, there is low certainty evidence that, on average, there is no clear difference in the hazard of healing (chance of healing over time), between silver-based antiseptics and SSD (HR 1.25, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.67; I. It was often uncertain whether antiseptics were associated with any difference in healing, infections, or other outcomes. Where there is moderate or high certainty evidence, decision makers need to consider the applicability of the evidence from the comparison to their patients. Reporting was poor, to the extent that we are not confident that most trials are free from risk of bias.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Apitherapy; Bacterial Infections; Bandages; Burns; Chlorhexidine; Disinfectants; Honey; Humans; Merbromin; Plant Preparations; Povidone-Iodine; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Silver Sulfadiazine; Sodium Hypochlorite; Sulfadiazine; Wound Healing

Root canal treatment is carried out on teeth in which irreversible pulpitis has led to necrosis of the dental pulp. As a treatment option it is an alternative to dental extraction. Mechanical preparation and irrigation with antiseptic or antibacterial solutions destroys bacteria and cleans the infected root canal. Irrigants should be effective in deactivating bacteria in the entire root canal space without causing any adverse tissue reactions. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine are commonly used but there is uncertainty as to which solution, concentration or combination is the most effective.. To assess the effects of irrigants used in the non-surgical root canal treatment of mature permanent teeth.. We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (to 5 July 2012), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 4), MEDLINE via Ovid (1950 to 5 July 2012), EMBASE via Ovid (1980 to 5 July 2012), LILACS via BIREME (1980 to 5 July 2012). There were no restrictions regarding language or date of publication.. Randomised controlled trials in single or multi-rooted permanent teeth with pulpal or periapical pathology or both, which require root canal treatment. Irrigants either against each other or against inactive irrigant or placebo. Combinations of irrigants were allowed and if used in conjunction with EDTA (ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid) or similar chelating agents.. Two review authors independently assessed risk of bias of included trials and extracted data.. We included 11 trials involving 851 participants with 879 teeth which had undergone root canal treatment and involved the use of irrigants. Two trials were assessed as being at low risk of bias, with six unclear and three high. Four trials compared sodium hypochlorite versus chlorhexidine, however, no primary outcomes and only one secondary outcome, bacterial growth cultures, was reported for two of these trials (20% and 50% of teeth in the control group had positive bacterial culture). The meta-analysis indicated no strong evidence of a difference in the existence of bacterial growth between the interventions (risk ratio 0.73; 95% confidence interval 0.34 to 1.56; P = 0.41). The seven remaining trials each compared different interventions and only two of these trials included useable data on the primary outcomes of swelling and pain. One trial compared sodium hypochlorite 5.25% alone versus sodium hypochlorite 5.25% combined with hydrogen peroxide 3%, and versus normal saline and reported pain at 3 to 14 days after the procedure. There was no evidence of a difference in pain between the three groups. The other trial compared sodium hypochlorite 5% versus sodium hypochlorite with 'proteolytic enzyme', and there was no evidence of a difference in swelling between the groups. Two further trials reported bacterial growth, and three trials failed to report any data which could be used in the review. None of the included trials reported any data on adverse effects nor radiological changes in periapical radiolucency.. Although root canal irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine appear to be effective at reducing bacterial cultures when compared to saline, most of the studies included in this review failed to adequately report these clinically important and potentially patient-relevant outcomes. There is currently insufficient reliable evidence showing the superiority of any one individual irrigant. The strength and reliability of the supporting evidence was variable and clinicians should be aware that changes in bacterial counts or pain in the early postoperative period may not be accurate indicators of long-term success. Future trials should report both clinician-relevant and patient-preferred outcomes at clearly defined perioperative, as well as long-term, time points.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chlorhexidine; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Root Canal Irrigants; Root Canal Preparation; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Hypochlorite; Therapeutic Irrigation

This paper reviews current concepts of root canal infection and the consequences for endodontic treatment strategies and practices. In particular, root canal disinfection by chemical and mechanical means is discussed, as are the possibilities and limitations of proposed methods to reduce the time necessary to obtain a disinfected canal.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Calcium Hydroxide; Dental Caries; Dental Pulp Diseases; Disinfection; Focal Infection, Dental; Humans; Periapical Periodontitis; Root Canal Irrigants; Root Canal Preparation; Sodium Hypochlorite; Time Factors

Periradicular lesions are diseases either primarily or secondarily caused by microorganisms and therefore they must be prevented or treated accordingly. If the professional is well-versed in both preventing and eliminating the root canal infection, the success rate of endodontic therapy may exceed 90 percent. The present paper discusses theoretical and practical aspects of effective antimicrobial endodontic therapy and delineates strategies to effectively control root canal infections.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Calcium Hydroxide; Dental Pulp Diseases; Humans; Laser Therapy; Periapical Periodontitis; Root Canal Irrigants; Root Canal Obturation; Root Canal Preparation; Root Canal Therapy; Sodium Hypochlorite

Sternal wound infection is an infrequent yet potentially devastating complication following sternotomy. Among the standard practices used as preventive measures are the use of prophylactic antibiotics and povidone-iodine as an irrigation agent. A new antiseptic agent, Dermacyn super-oxidized water (Oculus Innovative Sciences), has recently been used as a wound-irrigation agent before the closure of sternotomy wounds.. This prospective, randomized clinical trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of Dermacyn and povidone-iodine in reducing sternotomy wound infection in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Upon chest closure and after insertion of sternal wires, wounds were soaked for 15 minutes with either Dermacyn or povidone-iodine. Subcutaneous tissue and skin were then closed routinely. Patients were followed up, and any wound infection was analyzed.. Of the 178 patients, 88 patients were in the Dermacyn group, and 90 were in the povidone-iodine group. The mean (+/-SD) age of the patients was 61.1 +/- 7.6 years. The incidence of sternotomy wound infection was 19 cases (10.7%). Five (5.7%) of these cases were from the Dermacyn group, and 14 (15.6%) were from the povidone-iodine group (P = .033). No Dermacyn-related complication was identified.. We found Dermacyn to be safe and more effective as a wound-irrigation agent than povidone-iodine for preventing sternotomy wound infection.

Topics: Aged; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacterial Infections; Comorbidity; Coronary Artery Bypass; Coronary Artery Disease; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Hypochlorous Acid; Incidence; Intensive Care Units; Length of Stay; Male; Middle Aged; Povidone-Iodine; Respiration, Artificial; Smoking; Sodium Hypochlorite; Sternotomy; Sternum; Surgical Wound Infection; Therapeutic Irrigation; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Fasciitis, Necrotizing; Humans; Hypochlorous Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Quality of Life; Sodium Hypochlorite; Soft Tissue Infections; Treatment Outcome

Bacterial biofilms formed on equipment surfaces are potential sources of cross-contamination and can be responsible for the spread of bacteria involved in food spoilage, such as some Enterobacteriaceae family members. In this study, the effect of chlorite-based disinfectants, including sodium hypochlorite (SH), chlorine dioxide (CD), strongly acidic electrolyzed water (StAEW), and neutral electrolyzed water (NEW), on inactivation of mono-biofilms of Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Citrobacter freundii was evaluated separately. All the strains were enumerated by the viable plate-count method after disinfection for 30 min. A comparison of the surviving cells after disinfection indicated that E. cloacae biofilms were more resistant to disinfectants than the biofilms of the other two strains, and treatment with all the disinfectants improved sanitizing. SH (200 mg/L) was the most effective in the reduction of cell number in the biofilms of all strains. Considering the safety of use and environmental protection, electrolyzed oxidizing water, especially StAEW, was a good suggestion for the inactivation of cells in K. oxytoca or C. freundii biofilms. These results suggest that the cells in biofilm of E. cloacae, K. oxytoca, and C. freundii were highly sensitive to chlorite-based disinfectants and provide insights into the efficacy of disinfectants in killing bacteria.. The Enterobacteriaceae biofilms formed on equipment surfaces, which can cause cross-contamination and food spoilage, are greatly challenging bacterial contaminants of food products. Electrolyzed oxidizing water is a novel, environmentally friendly disinfectant that can effectively treat Enterobacteriaceae biofilms. The results of this study may be used to design effective measures to disinfect biofilms on equipment contact surfaces.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Biofilms; Chlorides; Chlorine; Chlorine Compounds; Citrobacter freundii; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Electrolysis; Enterobacter cloacae; Equipment and Supplies; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Klebsiella oxytoca; Oxides; Sodium Hypochlorite

Bacterial contamination of tissues retrieved from cadaveric donors is a common feature worldwide, and every tissue bank, albeit using different methods, conducts decontamination to guarantee safe tissues suitable for clinical use. The effectiveness of the methods used to eradicate pathogens differs. In order to reduce the tissue bioburden at retrieval, we have introduced a new method involving rinsing tissues in a sodium hypochlorite solution. To test its effectiveness we analyzed two comparable groups of tissues: Group A: 1881 tissues, all rinsed with isotonic saline solution after retrieval, and Group B: 1968 tissues immersed in an isotonic saline solution containing sodium hypochlorite (final concentration 0.1 %) for different lengths of time and subsequently rinsed with isotonic saline. The rinsing solution of each tissue was then sampled for microbiological cultures in both groups. The resultant overall contamination rate was 40.5 % for Group A and 6.7 % for Group B, with an 82.8 % difference in the reduction of contamination between the two groups. This was especially the case for commensal skin bacteria in musculoskeletal tissue, which accounted for over half the overall contamination. Our data highlighted that decontamination with sodium hypochlorite was helpful in reducing the bacterial bioburden in tissues retrieved from cadaveric donors.

Topics: Adult; Allografts; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Cadaver; Decontamination; Disinfectants; Female; Humans; Male; Sodium Hypochlorite; Sterilization; Tissue Banks; Tissue Donors

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in root canal disinfection by a single-file instrumentation technique.. Seventy human single-rooted mandibular premolars were infected with Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and divided into seven groups (n=10) according to the protocol of disinfection used. Group 1: 1% NaOCl; Group 2: 5.25% NaOCl; Group 3: saline+PDT; Group 4: 1% NaOCl+PDT; Group 5: 5.25% NaOCl+PDT; Group 6: positive control; Group 7: negative control. For PDT, methylene blue (15μg/mL) remained in the root canal for 2min, followed by irradiation with diode laser. Samples were collected before and after instrumentation and plated in specific media cultures, to assess the presence or absence of microbial growth and determine the average reduction of viable microorganisms.. 5.25% NaOCl+PDT resulted in the highest number of specimens with no microbial growth. Also, 1% NaOCl and 1% NaOCl+PDT exhibited similar antimicrobial effects. Saline+PDT was not able to eliminate all microorganisms. There was statistical significant differences between the groups and the microorganisms.. The association of 5.25% NaOCl with PDT was the most effective treatment against microorganisms from endodontic infection in root canals instrumented by a single-file instrumentation technique. This result shows that PDT can be useful to improve the root canal disinfection.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Candidiasis; Dental Pulp Cavity; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Methylene Blue; Microbial Viability; Microbiological Techniques; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Sodium Hypochlorite

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacterial Infections; Calcium Hydroxide; Candida albicans; Chlorhexidine; Dental Pulp Necrosis; Enterococcus faecalis; Humans; Periapical Periodontitis; Root Canal Irrigants; Root Canal Obturation; Root Canal Preparation; Sodium Hypochlorite

The main causative factors of microbial injury of periodontal tissues during endodontic treatment and ways of its prevention we are discussed. The own microbiological investigation results and bibliographic data we are presented. Microbiological investigation of debris extruded during root canal instrumentation using EDTA and sodium hypochlorite was executed by authors.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacterial Infections; Edetic Acid; Humans; Periodontitis; Periodontium; Root Canal Preparation; Root Canal Therapy; Sodium Hypochlorite

The 'Y' set introduced in the clinical practice in the early 80s with the aim of reducing the peritonitis rate in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, successfully revolutioned the philosophy of the connection system catheter-container of dialysate, which was the main way of bacterial contamination of the peritoneal cavity. In fact, while the previous connection systems had focused the attention on the reduction of the possible contaminating acts, the 'Y' system, taking into account the fact that soon or later a failure could occur even with the most skilled and compliant patient, introduced the possibility to kill the bacteria with a disinfectant and to remove it and the killed bacteria together with the bacteria eventually still surviving, by flushing the contaminated area. This goal was achieved thanks to a 'Y' shaped connector, having a third way connected to the discharge bag/container, besides the two connected to the new bag and to the catheter. From the 'Y' set have originated all the currently used continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis connection systems, where the 'Y' is mounted on the bag side (double-bag systems). However in these systems the disinfectant is no longer used, due to the fear of possible untoward effects on the peritoneal membrane. The groundlessness of this position and the possible further advantages of the use of a disinfectant in combination with the 'Y' are discussed and new 'Y' systems preventing every possibility of accidental entry of disinfectant into the peritoneal cavity are presented.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Catheters, Indwelling; Disinfectants; Equipment Contamination; Equipment Design; Humans; Infection Control; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Morbidity; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; Peritonitis; Risk Factors; Sodium Hypochlorite; Surgical Instruments; Uremia

We assessed the efficacy of dish detergent in removing Neisseria gonorrhoeae, HIV-1, herpes simplex virus type 2 and Chlamydia trachomatis organisms from the surface of inoculated female condoms. The reductions achieved in organism counts with dish detergent were compared with those for household bleach and water. New (out-of-package) and pre-washed/re-lubricated female condoms were used. Dish detergent was as efficacious as bleach in reducing organism counts from the surface of inoculated female condoms. Both bleach and dish detergent performed better than water, although >3 log(10) reductions were achieved with water alone. There was little difference in organism reduction between new and pre-washed condoms. Furthermore, 30 seconds of mechanical agitation (washing) had minimal added impact on organism removal. Reduction in organism counts with water alone suggests that dilution effect may have been as important in organism removal as the microbicidal properties of the detergent.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Condoms, Female; Detergents; Herpesvirus 2, Human; HIV-1; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral; Sodium Hypochlorite

By re-examining 10 previously published "universal" PCR assays using the ARB phylogenetic software package and database with 41,000 16S rRNA gene sequences, we found that they differed considerably in their coverage of the domain Bacteria. We evaluated the broadest-range real-time quantitative PCR protocol for its efficacy in measuring the antimicrobial effects of endodontic treatments.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Chlorhexidine; Dental Pulp Cavity; DNA Probes; Endodontics; Humans; Middle Aged; Periapical Diseases; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sodium Hypochlorite; Software

Ozone is known to act as a strong antimicrobial agent against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. In the present study, we examined the effect of ozonated water against Enterococcus faecalis and Streptcoccus mutans infections in vitro in bovine dentin. After irrigation with ozonated water, the viability of E. faecalis and S. mutans invading dentinal tubules significantly decreased. Notably, when the specimen was irrigated with sonication, ozonated water had nearly the same antimicrobial activity as 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). We also compared the cytotoxicity against L-929 mouse fibroblasts between ozonated water and NaOCl. The metabolic activity of fibroblasts was high when the cells were treated with ozonated water, whereas that of fibroblasts significantly decreased when the cells were treated with 2.5% NaOCl. These results suggest that ozonated water application may be useful for endodontic therapy.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Colony Count, Microbial; Dentin; Enterococcus faecalis; L Cells; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxidants, Photochemical; Ozone; Root Canal Irrigants; Sodium Hypochlorite; Streptococcus mutans; Water

The effectiveness of ADA-recommended approaches for reducing dental unit waterline, or DUWL, contamination was investigated using newly installed dental units. Over a 2-month period, the authors studied independent water reservoirs, a sodium hypochlorite disinfection regimen, daily draining and purging of DUWLs and point-of-use filters by assessing microbial contamination and biofilm development using scanning electron microscopy. The findings demonstrate that DUWL contamination can be controlled when dental personnel use available technologies and adhere to recommended maintenance protocols.

Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Biofilms; Colony Count, Microbial; Dental Equipment; Dental High-Speed Equipment; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Equipment Contamination; Equipment Design; Filtration; Humans; Infection Control; Maintenance; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Sodium Hypochlorite; Syringes; Technology, Dental; Water Microbiology

This study investigated the role of infection on the prognosis of endodontic therapy by following-up teeth that had had their canals cleaned and obturated during a single appointment. The root canals of 55 single-rooted teeth with apical periodontitis were thoroughly instrumented and irrigated with sodium hypochlorite solution. Using advanced anaerobic bacteriological techniques, post-instrumentation samples were taken and the teeth were then root-filled during the same appointment. All teeth were initially infected; after instrumentation low numbers of bacteria were detected in 22 of 55 root canals. Periapical healing was followed-up for 5 years. Complete periapical healing occurred in 94% of cases that yielded a negative culture. Where the samples were positive prior to root filling, the success rate of treatment was just 68%--a statistically significant difference. Further investigation of three failures revealed the presence of Actinomyces species in each case; no other specific bacteria were implicated in failure cases. These findings emphasize the importance of completely eliminating bacteria from the root canal system before obturation. This objective cannot be reliably achieved in a one-visit treatment because it is not possible to eradicate all infection from the root canal without the support of an inter-appointment antimicrobial dressing.

Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Biopsy; Dental Disinfectants; Dental Pulp Cavity; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Periapical Periodontitis; Periapical Tissue; Root Canal Obturation; Sodium Hypochlorite; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Cell Separation; Disinfectants; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Islets of Langerhans; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation; Sodium Hypochlorite; Swine

The objective of the present study was to evaluate radiographically and bacteriologically apical and periapical repair in dogs' teeth with induced chronic periapical lesions with the use of two different operative techniques (techniques 1 and 2). The study was conducted on 40 root canals of upper and lower premolars from two dogs aged approximately 12 months. Periapical lesions were induced by leaving the root canals exposed to the oral environment for 5 days and then sealing them with zinc oxide-eugenol for 45 days. After this period, radiographic examination revealed the occurrence of a radiolucent lesion and endodontic treatment was started. The two techniques did not differ in terms of chemomechanical preparation, final filling, or type of cement, but differed in terms of irrigating solution and the presence of an antibacterial dressing. Thus 4% to 6% hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide (10 volumes) were used in technique 1 during chemomechanical preparation and an antibacterial dressing based on calcium hydroxide was applied between sessions, whereas Dakin's fluid (0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution) and a final filling with no antibacterial dressing were used in technique 2. After chemomechanical preparation, the root canals were filled with gutta-percha cones and Sealapex (Sealapex-Sybron, Kerr, Sao Paulo, Brazil), and the animals were killed 270 days after the final filling. Blocks were cut into 6-microns sections and stained by the Brown and Brenn method.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Calcium Hydroxide; Camphor; Chi-Square Distribution; Chlorophenols; Chronic Disease; Dental Cementum; Dental Pulp Cavity; Dentin; Dogs; Drug Combinations; Endotoxins; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Hydrogen Peroxide; Periapical Periodontitis; Radiography; Root Canal Irrigants; Root Canal Therapy; Sodium Hypochlorite

Under observation there were 174 patients with purulent wounds, 54 of them were treated with application of 0.06% solution of sodium hypochlorite, and 20 patients made up a control group and were treated by traditional methods. It was found that the application of the solution of sodium hypochlorite results in sharp elevation of susceptibility of wound microflora to antibiotics and facilitates more rapid debridement of the wounds and makes the treatment at the hospital 3.7 and 2.4 times shorter correspondingly (as compared with the control group).

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Mastitis; Middle Aged; Proctitis; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Sodium Hypochlorite

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacterial Infections; Calcium Hydroxide; Dental Pulp Necrosis; Female; Humans; Periapical Abscess; Sodium Hypochlorite

In an open trial, 1841 patients were treated with mainly 1 g of cefminox twice a day in adults or 20-30 mg/kg three or four times a day in children for up to 14 days. The clinical efficacy was assessed in 1560 patients (1256 adults, 304 children) and the efficacy rates were as follows: 82.3% in respiratory tract infections (n:525), 85.7% in biliary tract infections (n:87), 66.4% in urinary tract infections (n:509), 92.1% in gynaecological infections (n:126), 88.1% in peritonitis (n:84), 74.9% in all infections (n:1560). The overall bacterial response rates in single infections were 81.5% (81.5% for Staphylococcus aureus, 98.4% for Escherichia coli, 98.6% for Haemophilia influenzae and 38.8% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The safety of cefminox was assessed in 1831 patients. Adverse side-effects were reported in 35 patients (1.9%), the most frequent being rash.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Cephamycins; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Sodium Hypochlorite; Tissue Distribution

Despite a wide range of new wound care products, nurses continue to use sodium hypochlorite to treat wounds. This article explores the potential dangers of this practice.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Humans; Microcirculation; Sodium Hypochlorite

Disadvantages of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), such as inconvenience and bulkiness of the apparatus, inflexibility of infusion volume, and predictable peritonitis incidence may be altered by using systems which allow disconnection from the tubing and bag after each exchange. At University of Michigan we have followed 35 patients using the O set with sodium hypochlorite (Baxter Healthcare Corp.) for 15.5 +/- 10 months, 16 patients using the Y configuration Ultraset (Baxter Healthcare Corp.) for 8.1 +/- 5 months, and 6 patients using a universal adapter (Delmed Corp.) for 14.3 +/- 7 months. Failure occurred in 7 cases (18%) at 12 +/- 8 months using the O set (3 elective, 3 related to peritonitis, 1 ultrafiltration difficulty), and 1 (7%) at 3 months using the Ultraset (related to peritonitis). Accidental sodium hypochlorite infusion occurred 8 times in 6 patients, 4 patients still on CAPD without residual effect and 2 in whom infusion contributed to failure but not to ultrafiltration difficulty. Cumulative per-patient-year (episode/months) peritonitis rates of 0.75 (1/16.4), 0.65 (1/18.4) and 0.88 (1/14.3), respectively, compare favorably with the overall center experience of 0.96 (1/12.2) (NIH-CAPD Registry). Peritonitis rates did not differ during use of any of the disconnect systems between patients with prior CAPD experience compared to patients without prior CAPD experience.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Adult; Bacterial Infections; Catheters, Indwelling; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; Peritonitis; Retrospective Studies; Sodium Hypochlorite

The inactivation of Tyzzer's organism (Bacillus piliformis) spore isolated from rats by heat and various chemical disinfectants was studied. The spores were from B. piliformis-infected rat liver tissues. The spore suspension (10(4) 50% of rat liver lesion producing dose with prednisolone treatment/ml) was treated with heart or disinfectants. Inactivation of the spores was examined in experimentally infected rats. Rats were inoculated perorally with a treated spore suspension and injected subcutaneously with prednisolone. On the sixth day after inoculation, rats were examined grossly for liver lesions. Spores were inactivated at 80 degrees C for 15 min but not at 60 degrees C for 30 min. Spores were inactivated by 0.4% peracetic acid, 0.015% sodium hypochrolite, 1% iodophol, 5% phenol. Alcide and 0.37% formaldehyde solution, but not by 0.037% formaldehyde solution, 70% ethanol, 0.3% benzethonium chloride solution, 3% cresol and soap solution, or 4% chlorhexidine digluconate. These findings suggest that B. piliformis spores are relatively sensitive to heat and certain chemical disinfectants.

Topics: Animals; Bacillus; Bacterial Infections; Disinfectants; Hot Temperature; Rodent Diseases; Sodium Hypochlorite; Spores, Bacterial

A method devised by the authors of renovation of capillary dialyzers, after rinsing the blood and the liquid systems of the dialyzers is discussed. After rising the blood and the liquid systems of the dialyzers by water at 2 atm.--water being conditioned by the apparatus for reverse osmosis--in the liquid system overpressure of 2 atm was produced by water, the by 0.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite. After 2-3 minutes sodium hypochlorite was rinsed out and both systems were filled in by 1-2% formaldehyde solution. Immediately before using the dialyzer in the same patient the fluid system was rinsed with conditioned water, and the blood system with 21 of sterile distilled water and with 41 of 0.9% NaCl solution. In order to facilitate the renovation process a semi-automatic apparatus was designed, which makes it possible to renovate two dialyzers at once. This method makes it possible to use 80% capillary dialyzers four times with lateral input of the blood system, and four times 100% ones with central input. Experiments on animals and clinical observations and bacteriological studies shoved that the renovation process was atoxic, apyrogenic and sterile. No damage of capillaries and no reactions in subsequent use in patients under dialysis were observed.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Cellulose; Equipment Contamination; Equipment Safety; Formaldehyde; Humans; Hydrostatic Pressure; Kidneys, Artificial; Mice; Rabbits; Sepsis; Sodium Hypochlorite; Sterilization

An effort was made to present the historical development of postmilking teat sanitizers, to discuss advantages and limitations of postmilking teat sanitization relative to specific mastitis pathogens, regulatory requirements, and the generic types of teat sanitizers. Methodologies used to evaluate the potential of teat sanitizers in reducing incidence of new IMI were discussed. Efficacy data from numerous controlled studies were discussed briefly. Teat-dip manufacturers advertise differences in efficacy values that were obtained under controlled research conditions. We are led to believe that relatively small differences in efficacy should prompt the use of one product over another. These efficacy differences have little comparative value, because the products, in most instances, were studied independently and the commercial extrapolations leave much to be desired for factual purposes. Management practices on individual dairy farms have more effect on reduction of rate of infections than do small differences in product efficacy. Also, some companies advertise about effective, in vitro germicidal activity. Such data do not relate to reduction in rate of udder infections and should not be considered evidence of efficacy in prevention of mastitis. A startling realization should become evident from this review; a paucity of information is available on some vital parameters relative to prevention of IMI. Many important areas of mastitis control related to postmilking teat antisepsis need an increased research commitment. Some of these areas include: effects of temperature on germicidal activity of teat dips; effects of climatic conditions on teat microflora; epidemiology of IMI with environmental pathogens; relationship between teat skin condition and incidence of IMI; and alternative control methods to reduce incidence of IMI. This question is asked often: "What is the best teat dip?" In my opinion, the best teat dip is the one that is dripping from teats when the cow leaves the parlor. In the words, most of the products sold today effectively prevent IMI when used properly.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antisepsis; Bacterial Infections; Benzenesulfonates; Cattle; Chlorhexidine; Dairying; Drug Storage; Female; Iodophors; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sodium Hypochlorite

Because of numerous indigenous microorganisms on excised teats that interfere with enumeration of challenge cultures on nonselective media, a series of experiments used various physical and chemical treatments to reduce overall numbers. Physical treatments of teats included autoclaving at 121 degrees C for 15 min, boiling in distilled water for 10 min, and heating by microwaves for 2 min. Chemical treatments included exposing teats to various concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, iodophor disinfectant, and combinations of the three. All treatments were unsuitable. Selective and differential media were screened for their ability to restrict bacterial contamination from excised teats while maintaining good recovery of Streptococcus agalactiae. Edwards and NPC agars were superior for recovery of S. agalactiae. Four methods for recovery of S. agalactiae from excised teats were evaluated. Hand agitation of teats in neutralizer and stomaching teats in neutralizer were equally superior to swabbing teats and rinsing teats with neutralizer expelled from a syringe. Studies of elapsed time demonstrated that 1 min or less between challenge exposure and teat dip exposure was just as suitable and more expedient than 5 min.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Culture Techniques; Disinfectants; Female; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen Peroxide; Iodophors; Mammary Glands, Animal; Sodium Hypochlorite; Streptococcal Infections

Topics: Acinetobacter Infections; Adolescent; Bacterial Infections; Baths; Burns; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pseudomonas Infections; Skin; Sodium Hypochlorite; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Wound Infection