sodium-ethylxanthate and Stress-Disorders--Post-Traumatic

Numerous epidemiological studies report increased prevalence rates for women as compared to men for stress-related disorders such as acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and major depressive disorder. Stress disorders disrupt work and home life and pose a high risk for suicide. Multiple factors contribute to the increased vulnerability in women. Physiological differences account for some of the differential. Other factors that make a significant contribution to the overall risk for health problems in response to stressors or trauma include the nature and meaning of the trauma, accessibility of resources, and restrictive diagnostic categories. Increasing our knowledge of the individual impact of each factor as well as the interactions among the factors is central to understanding the development of stress disorders. Comprehensive sex- and gender-sensitive middle-range theory, which explores the role of key factors identified in qualitative and quantitative research, is required. The authors discuss structural equation modelling as one method of theory testing.

Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Depressive Disorder; Family; Female; Humans; Internal-External Control; Life Change Events; Male; Models, Theoretical; Needs Assessment; Power, Psychological; Prevalence; Research; Risk Factors; Sex; Sex Characteristics; Sex Distribution; Sex Factors; Social Support; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Stress Disorders, Traumatic

This randomized trial examines the dissemination and implementation of prolonged exposure (PE) therapy for posttraumatic stress symptoms in U.S. Army medical treatment facilities. The study compares two PE training models: Standard PE training, comprised of a 4-day workshop only, and Extended PE training, comprised of a 4-day workshop plus expert case consultation. Behavioral health providers (N=180) across three medium-to-large Army installations will be randomly assigned to either Standard PE training or Extended PE training. Changes in provider attitudes will be examined across groups. After completing PE training, the use of PE components with patients reporting posttraumatic stress symptoms and clinical outcomes of these participating patients (N=500) will be examined. This article describes the rationale and methods of the study. In addition, a number of methodological issues in conducting a multisite naturalistic study in the U.S. Army are discussed.

Topics: Age Factors; Attitude of Health Personnel; Humans; Implosive Therapy; Military Personnel; Research Design; Sex; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs

Topics: Back Pain; Drive; Female; Humans; Male; Malingering; Muscles; Occupational Diseases; Sex; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic