sodium-ethylxanthate and Sexually-Transmitted-Diseases

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child Health Services; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Employment; Female; Health Status; Humans; India; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mortality; Nutrition Disorders; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Prejudice; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Violence; Women's Health

Population demographics, risk behaviors, and compliance rates for the management of an ASCUS (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance) diagnosis are not well studied in the adolescent population. From June 1994 to December 1996, 1,175 Papanicalou (pap) smears were performed in an urban adolescent clinic on patients age 12 to 18. Of these, 124 (10.5%) were diagnosed with ASCUS or ASCUS with a qualifying statement. A retrospective chart review (n=83) and telephone interview was performed on patients with ASCUS. Ninety-nine percent of enrollees were African American. Comparisons were made between those patients with normal pap smears and those with ASCUS. No statistically significant difference existed pertaining to age at pap smear, age at menarche, age at first coitus, and education level. A positive association was found in the ASCUS group for the presence of sexually transmitted diseases (P < 0.001), number of sexual partners (P < 0.0007), and pregnancy (P < 0.001). Of the 80% of patients who had an ASCUS diagnosis and were referred for colposcopy (n = 62), only 61% attended their appointment (n = 38). Thirty-nine percent of these patients were aware of an abnormal diagnosis after colposcopy. For those that attended colposcopy, 56% were accompanied by a parent. For those who were not compliant with attendance, none cited parental consent for the procedure as a barrier to obtaining treatment. Adolescent females in an urban setting with multiple sexual partners, history of sexually transmitted diseases, and prior pregnancy are at a greater risk for ASCUS on cervicovaginal smear when compared to their age-matched controls. In addition, the adolescent compliance rate for colposcopy is low. We, therefore, recommend that these adolescent females be observed diligently.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Child; Colposcopy; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Risk Factors; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Treatment Refusal; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia; Vaginal Smears

There is a growing awareness of the burden and implications of reproductive ill health as contributed by unsafe motherhood (during pregnancy, childbirth, abortion), reproductive tract infection (RTIs) and cancer, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), poorly regulated fertility, infertility, unwanted pregnancy and adolescent/teenage sexuality and pregnancy. Sexual health further entails a state of well-being in expression of sexuality, prevention of unwanted pregnancies, prevention of STIs and AIDS and freedom from sexual abuse and violence. Reproductive health is increasingly being recognized as one of the corner stones of health and a major determinant and indicator of human social development. It is central to general health as it reflects health in childhood and adolescence and sets the stage for health and life expectancy beyond the reproductive years. It is affected by other health aspects such as nutrition and environment, low birth weight, neonatal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. According to the WHO, reproductive health problems account for more than one third of the total burden of disease in women and more than 10 pc of that in men. The challenges posed by the subordinate status of women, the exclusion of men in reproductive health programmes and the need for shaping adolescents' sexual knowledge and behaviour are viewed against today's poor reproductive and sexual health outcomes in the context of Africa. Education systems, employers and policy makers are challenged to provide adequate STI/HIV education and on-site (school, work, satellite, drop in) control services. Prevention interventions, disease and health trends and their outcome require systematic research in order to impact on policy. Reproductive health education should be universal, especially for adolescents, and its impact assessed against appropriate monitoring criteria such as reproductive morbidity, STI prevalence and abortion complications.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Global Health; Health Education; Health Priorities; Humans; Male; Maternal Welfare; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Reproduction; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Women's Health

Owing both to the changing behavior of our society and to the growing awareness of the medical community, sexually transmitted diseases have become more common or more complex over the past 10 years. This article discusses the presentation and management of sexually transmitted disease emergencies and other sexually transmitted disease syndromes with which the emergency room physician is frequently confronted.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Emergencies; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Uterine Cervicitis; Vaginitis

A sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnosis may profoundly change the meaning of adolescent women's relationships, particularly when the relationship involves a shared child. This study explored the sexual, contraceptive, and emotional characteristics of sexual partners with whom adolescent women had and did not have children in the 3 months after the first STI diagnosis.. Adolescent women (n = 387; age: 14-17 years at enrollment) were tested quarterly for STI and completed partner-specific items on emotional and sexual relationship content. We used nonparametric statistics (SPSS/18.0) to compare these characteristics between partners with whom these adolescent women did (n = 20) or did not (n = 118) share a child.. Rates of condom use at last sex, overall condom use, and condom insistence were lower with sexual partners involving shared children as compared with childless sexual partners. Relationship status, commitment to partner, and using no method of contraception were more common in parous sexual relationships as compared with nulliparous sexual relationships after an STI.. After an STI, adolescent women have different sexual risk behaviors with the fathers of their children, even after a signal event such as a recent STI diagnosis. Tailored counseling may specifically address the challenges of STI prevention with partners who have the unique status of being the "father of the baby."

Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Condoms; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Female; Humans; Male; Mothers; Sex; Sex Education; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Partners; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

The study explores the meanings of sex among migrant coal miners in Vietnam and identifies contextual factors influencing engagement in unsafe sexual practices. Findings reveal that sex carries a number of social meanings in the lives of migrant miners: sex is relaxation and reward for their risk and hard work; access to sex is an incentive for miners to continue working in the mine; sex strengthens identity and social networks; sex helps miners to affirm manhood, group membership and masculinity; and sex workers are confidants with whom they can share their problems. Facing accidents at work on a daily basis, miners are less inclined to worry about the long-term risks of HIV infection. In addition, being excluded from access to relevant information, miners feel distant from HIV infection. Findings suggest that interventions on sexual behaviour and practices should be sensitive to the concepts of risk and meanings of sex among migrant groups such as coal miners.

Topics: Attitude; Coal Mining; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Developing Countries; Gender Identity; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Motivation; Sex; Sex Work; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Social Identification; Social Values; Transients and Migrants; Unsafe Sex; Vietnam

The present study examined factors that promote parent-child discussions about sex topics. A sample of 1,066 dyads of African American mothers and their 9-12-year-old children participated completing computer-administered surveys. After controlling for all other covariates, mother's sexual communication responsiveness (i.e., knowledge, comfort, skills, and confidence) was the most consistent predictor of discussions. Mothers with higher responsiveness had significantly increased odds of discussions about abstinence, puberty, and reproduction, based on both mother and child reports. In addition, child's age, pubertal development, readiness to learn about sex, and being female were positively associated with an increase in the odds of discussions in most models. Findings indicate that encouraging parents to talk with their children early may not be sufficient to promote parent-child sex discussions. Parents also need the knowledge, comfort, skills, and confidence to communicate effectively and keep them from avoiding these often difficult and emotional conversations with their children.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Black or African American; Child; Communication; Contraception Behavior; Demography; Female; Health Education; Humans; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Mother-Child Relations; Mothers; Parent-Child Relations; Risk Factors; Sex; Sex Factors; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Young Adult

Understanding predisposing factors for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in young adults may identify targets for public health interventions. We conducted a cross-sectional web-based survey of university students' sexual attitudes, behaviours and lifestyles and self-reported rates of STI. A total of 827 students responded, 22.4% had two or more sexual partners in the previous year with inconsistent condom use and the lifetime prevalence of STIs was 9.6%. Factors associated with a diagnosis of STI were increasing age and number of sexual partners ever, female gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31, 5.56) and use of crack (AOR 10.45, 95% CI 1.46, 75.16). For female students, these were increasing age and number of partners ever, whereas for male students having sex with other men (bisexual AOR 4.8, 95% CI 1.02, 22.595, homosexual AOR 17.66, 95% CI 3.03, 103.04) and use of crack (AOR 32.24, 95% CI 3.33, 312.08). Multiple partners and recreational drug use may predict incidence of STI. Prevention strategies need to aim at reducing risk behaviour across various activities.

Topics: Adult; Condoms; Crack Cocaine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Risk-Taking; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Partners; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; White People

Bathhouses and sex clubs were identified as primary venues for HIV transmission during the original HIV epidemic. Because HIV incidence is increasing in some high-risk groups, their potential role in HIV transmission is being examined again. We present an extension of the Bernoulli process model of HIV transmission to incorporate subpopulations with different behaviors in sex acts, condom use, and choice of partners in a single period of time. With this model, we study the role that bathhouses and sex clubs play in HIV transmission using data from the 1997 Urban Men's Health Study. If sexual activity remains the same, we find that bathhouse closures would likely lead to a small increase in HIV transmission in the period examined by this study, although this impact is less than that which would be achieved through a 1% change in current condom use rates. If, conversely, bathhouse closure leads to a reduction of the sexual activity that was in the bathhouse by at least 2%, HIV transmission would be lowered.

Topics: Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Models, Biological; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

The prevalence of gonorrhea of the pharynx among select samples of men who have sex with men (MSM) ranges from 9% to 15%. To our knowledge, there have been no longitudinal studies in a prospective MSM cohort to estimate pharyngeal gonorrhea incidence or predictors of infection. We examined the prevalence, incidence, and sociodemographic and behavioral predictors of pharyngeal gonorrhea in a cohort of sexually active, human immunodeficiency virus-negative MSM.. We conducted a prospective study of pharyngeal gonorrhea among MSM who were enrolled in a behavioral intervention study to prevent human immunodeficiency virus infection (Project EXPLORE). Participants were enrolled in this ancillary study from March 2001 through July 2003. At baseline and every 6 months thereafter until 31 July 2003, participants were tested for pharyngeal gonorrhea and were administered a questionnaire regarding their oral sex practices. Rectal and urethral gonorrhea testing were also performed.. Prevalence of pharyngeal gonorrhea was 5.5% (136 cases diagnosed from 2475 tests). The incidence rate was 11.2 cases per 100 person-years. Pharyngeal gonorrhea was positively associated with younger age and the number of insertive oral sex partners in the past 3 months. Ejaculation did not increase the risk of pharyngeal gonorrhea. Gonorrhea of the pharynx was asymptomatic in 92% of cases.. The pharynx is a common, asymptomatic reservoir for gonorrhea in sexually active MSM.

Topics: Gonorrhea; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Incidence; Male; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Pharyngeal Diseases; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Although it has been widely argued that pre-Enlightenment western medicine ascribed to a one-sex (male) model of the body, this theory has never been evaluated in terms of medical practice. This article seeks to determine the usefulness of such a model for early modern Britain, circa 1600-1740, by examining how medical practitioners responded to three common illnesses that afflicted both male and female patients: venereal disease, smallpox, and malaria. It concludes that, despite a number of similarities, medical treatment of such illnesses was marked by important differences which were based upon the sex of the patient. Due to its unique physiological functions (vaginal discharge, menstruation, pregnancy, and lactation), the female body was considered by practitioners to be capable of manifesting, transmitting, and responding to disease and treatment in ways that the male body could not. This awareness provided practitioners with additional reasons to monitor, and alter, medical treatment in their female patients. In fact, the different constitutions of men and women meant that the patient body was much more complex than the theory of a one-sex model suggests. Furthermore, differences in medical treatment were influenced by age, a variable which was inexorably linked to physiological changes in the 'sexed' body.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Child; Female; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; Humans; Malaria; Male; Menstruation; Models, Biological; Philosophy, Medical; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Pregnancy; Sex; Sex Characteristics; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Smallpox; United Kingdom

This paper reports the main results of a series of interviews conducted among the Yoruba of south-western Nigeria. Fifty men and fifty women differing in socio-demographic backgrounds were studied. The study revealed that during their first sexual experience, Yoruba girls are at risk of contacting sexually transmitted diseases and of having unplanned pregnancies because of the traditional control measures and lack of adequate sex education even among those from non-traditional backgrounds. Choice of marriage partner is influenced by the kin, which encourages early marriage and multiple sexual relationships through polygyny. Yoruba men do not like contraceptives and the women suffer more of the consequences of sexual relationships than men. Sexual decision-making in Yoruba culture is characterised by certain specific problems of structural and cultural origins such as separate lifestyle of men and women, seeing the discussion of sexuality as a taboo, male dominance, and the perceived side effects of contraceptives. There is need for expanded sexual and reproductive health education strategies targeted at both males and females in this community especially among the adolescent group.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cultural Characteristics; Decision Making; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Sex; Sex Education; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Within a social cognitive framework, the present study evaluated condom use behaviour in a sample of students at the Faculties of Social Sciences and Arts, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The study population comprised 262 (62.1%) males and 160 (37.9%) females with a mean age of 24.1 years (SD = 4.5) and mean educational level of 17.36 years (SD = 5.8). Results show that 422 students (representing 55.2%) were sexually active within three months before the study. Seventy seven per cent of students reported ever using a condom, 89% of females reported condom use by a partner, while 70% of males had used condoms during sex with a partner. Regarding the frequency of use, more males (30%) than females (11%) had never used condom. We conclude that the majority of sexually active university students in the study do not use condom. However, the females reported greater consistency of use of condom when compared to the males. Condom use behaviour in this sample did not differ markedly from other college student samples.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Condoms; Female; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Random Allocation; Safe Sex; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Students; Surveys and Questionnaires; Universities

To examine the association between exposure to X-rated movies and teens' contraceptive attitudes and behaviors.. Black females, 14 to 18 years old (n = 522) were recruited from adolescent medicine clinics, health departments, and school health clinics.. Exposure to X-rated movies was reported by 29.7% of adolescents. Exposure to X-rated movies was associated with being more likely to have negative attitudes toward using condoms (odds ratio [OR]: 1.4), to have multiple sex partners (OR: 2.0), to have sex more frequently (OR: 1.8), to not have not used contraception during the last intercourse (OR: 1.5), to have not used contraception in the past 6 months (OR: 2.2), to have a strong desire to conceive (OR: 2.3), and to test positive for chlamydia (OR: 1.7).. Additional research is needed to understand the impact of X-rated movies on adolescents' sexual and contraceptive health.

Topics: Adolescent; Black or African American; Contraception Behavior; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Logistic Models; Motion Pictures; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; United States

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ambulatory Care; Attitude; England; Health Services for the Aged; Humans; Middle Aged; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

We wanted to know what proportion of the US population had spoken with a physician about sex and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In particular, we wanted to know whether patients who were at risk for sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), had had such discussions.. A telephone survey of a US nationwide random probability sample of adults was conducted in the summer of 1991.. The survey was completed by 1350 adults; of these, 1312 were patients, defined as those who reported that they had been to a physician within the last 5 years.. We assessed whether patients reported having had discussions about sex and AIDS with physicians.. Only 259 (20%) of patients in our survey reported that they had talked with a physician about AIDS. Fifty-five (21%) of those who had talked with a physician about AIDS reported that the physician started the discussion. Few patients reported that they had spoken with a physician even when it appeared vital that they do so: 46 (26%) of those who reported that their chances of getting the AIDS virus were "high" or "medium" and 25 (23%) of those who reported being at behavioral risk for AIDS had spoken to a physician about AIDS.. Few patients reported having discussed sex and AIDS with a physician, even if the patients considered themselves to be at risk for contracting HIV or another sexually transmitted disease. More of these discussions must take place to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS and to facilitate testing and early treatment of HIV-infected individuals.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Attitude to Health; Data Collection; Female; Humans; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Occupations; Physician-Patient Relations; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

School-based adolescent pregnancy classes provide the childbirth educator with a unique opportunity to be visible to students. Attitudes about sexuality and pregnancy can be changed within the mainstream population by the presence of prepared childbirth classes at schools. The problems of absenteeism and denial of pregnancy that result in late reporting to health care providers can be minimized. The expectant teen-ager can be encouraged to attend school and given self-confidence in assuming the role of a parent after birth. Support can be engendered from faculty, students, and the teen-ager's support person.. School-based adolescent pregnancy programs have the advantages of providing learning in an environment already organized for education, ensuring that a high risk group receives childbirth education, and changing attitudes of mainstream about sexuality and pregnancy. Pregnant students generally present to a school-based childbirth education program in their 1st trimester, long before their initial appointment with a health care provider. Visits with the teenager's parent or guardian are scheduled as soon as the student gives her permission. Components of such a program may include active learning activities such as role playing, group sessions (open to partners), guest speakers, parents night, audiovisual materials, field trips to hospitals or infant stimulation centers, nutritional segments, coaching on expulsion during labor, and basic information on sexuality. Given the high school drop-out rate among pregnant adolescents, names and addresses of contact persons should be obtained so an outreach worker can do follow-up work. During the immediate postpartum period, the childbirth educator maintains contact with the adolescent and serves as a liaison with the school administration. The availability of free day care at the school is the factor most likely to ensure a return to school after childbirth. Mothers are encouraged to bring their infants to parenting classes on topics such as crying, infant safety, and feeding. Since most of these infants are raised in 3-generational households, grandparents are encouraged to participate in group discussions and role responsibilities are clarified. Counseling of the teen mother is focused on raising self-esteem, teaching decision-making and refusal skills, and substance abuse. For school-based programs to be more than remedial, strategies must be incorporated for interrupting the cycle of poverty, low educational skills, and adolescent pregnancy.

Topics: Adolescent; Contraception; Decision Making; Female; Health Education; Humans; Male; Parents; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Prenatal Care; Self Concept; Sex; Sex Education; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

This study provides additional information on the psychometric properties of the Sexual Aversion Scale (SAS). Results suggest a positive relationship between sexual aversion, generalized anxiety, and history of sexual victimization. Variables such as age and religiosity were unrelated to scores on the SAS, although females reported significantly more sexual anxiety than males. The factor structure of the SAS is described and suggests that sexual aversion is a multifaceted problem with at least three and possibly four different dimensions.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anxiety; Attitude; Child Abuse, Sexual; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Fear; Female; Guilt; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Psychological Tests; Psychometrics; Rape; Reproducibility of Results; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Surveys and Questionnaires

Until recently, the only sustained AIDS activity in India has been alarmist media attention complemented by occasional messages calling for comfort and dignity. Public perception of the AIDS epidemic in India has been effectively shaped by mass media. Press reports have, however, bolstered awareness of the problem among literate elements of urban populations. In the absence of sustained guidance in the campaign against AIDS, responsibility has fallen to voluntary health activists who have become catalysts for community awareness and participation. This voluntary initiative, in effect, seems to be the only immediate avenue for constructive public action, and signals the gradual development of an AIDS network in India. Proceedings from a seminar in Ahmedabad are discussed, and include plans for an information and education program targeting sex workers, health and communication programs for 150 commercial blood donors and their agents, surveillance and awareness programs for safer blood and blood products, and dialogue with the business community and trade unions. Despite the lack of coordination among volunteers and activists, every major city in India now has an AIDS group. A controversial bill on AIDS has ben circulating through government ministries and committees since mid-1989, a national AIDS committee exists with the Secretary of Health as its director, and a 3-year medium-term national plan exists for the reduction of AIDS and HIV infection and morbidity. UNICEF programs target mothers and children for AIDS awareness, and blood testing facilities are expected to be expanded. The article considers the present chaos effectively productive in forcing the Indian population to face up to previously taboo issued of sexuality, sex education, and sexually transmitted disease.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Administrative Personnel; Asia; Attitude; Behavior; Child Welfare; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Communication; Community Participation; Culture; Demography; Developing Countries; Diagnosis; Disease; Economics; Government; Health; Health Planning; Health Services Needs and Demand; Hematologic Tests; HIV Infections; Homosexuality; India; Infections; International Agencies; Legislation as Topic; Mass Media; Maternal Welfare; Morbidity; Organization and Administration; Organizations; Philosophy; Politics; Population; Population Characteristics; Psychology; Public Opinion; Public Policy; Research; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Social Planning; Social Values; United Nations; Urban Population; Virus Diseases; Volunteers; World Health Organization

Eighty-seven men aged 60 years and over who attended the sole genito-urinary clinic in Birmingham during the year 1989 had their records reviewed. Sixty-five (75%) were sexually active and the most frequent complaints were penile soreness and urethral discharge. Nineteen patients had positive serological tests for syphilis (TPHA) and two men, both homosexuals, had positive hepatitis (HBA2) serology. In this age group, compared to a Caucasian, an Afro-Caribbean man had an Odds Ratio of 4.68 of having a positive serological test for syphilis. Two patients had psychosexual problems and one genital ulcer was squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. The men with multiple sexual partners were more likely to have a past history of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (p less than 0.05).

Topics: Age Factors; Aged; England; Hospitals, Special; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Partners; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Topics: Female; Gonorrhea; Herpes Genitalis; Humans; Male; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Syphilis; Urethritis

The relation between major indicators of sexual habits (age at first intercourse and total number of sexual partners), history of selected venereal diseases, and cervical neoplasia was investigated using data from a case-control study of 206 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia compared with 206 age-matched outpatient controls, and of 327 cases of invasive cancer compared with 327 control subjects in hospital for acute conditions unrelated to any of the established or suspected risk factors for cervical cancer. The relative risks increased with decreasing age at first intercourse and increasing number of sexual partners both for intraepithelial and for invasive cancers. The effects of these two variables were independent, since they were only marginally affected by reciprocal adjustment, or by allowance for several other identified potential distorting factors. The negative association with age at first intercourse was particularly strong in the case of invasive cancers, with risk estimates over five-fold elevated for women reporting their first intercourse before age 18 compared with those aged over 22 years. This relation might be discussed in terms of multistage models of carcinogenesis, which predict that the incidence of epithelial carcinomas is a function of duration of exposure. In fact, when age was allowed for, the relative risks of cervical neoplasia were positively and strongly related with the total duration of the interval between age at diagnosis/interview and age at first intercourse. Clinical histories of several sexually transmitted diseases were positively associated with the risk of intraepithelial neoplasia. In particular, genital warts were reported by nine cases but no control subject. No such association, however, emerged for invasive carcinomas. Thus, the current findings confirm that, although intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical cancer appear to share several important epidemiological features, the specific (infectious) agents implicated in dysplastic lesions probably differ to some extent from those causing invasive cancer.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Epidemiologic Methods; Epithelium; Female; Humans; Italy; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Risk; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Puberty; Sex; Sex Education; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Midwifery; Patient Education as Topic; Pregnancy; Sex; Sex Education; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Topics: Attitude; Community Health Services; Education, Medical; Female; Humans; Male; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Venereology

Topics: Contraceptive Devices; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Topics: Arthritis, Reactive; Female; Humans; Male; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Adolescent sexuality is surveyed from three angles: the emergence of adult sexual functions, the participation in sexual behaviors, and the relationship of sexuality to the developmental tasks of adolescence. Common medical problems arising from adolescent sexual activity are also discussed.. In this discussion of adolescent sexuality, focus is on biological, behavioral, and developmental aspects as well as the problematic aspects. The marked hormonal changes that occur in puberty somehow influence the sexual motivation of the adolescent. Such influence operates in a psychosocial context, which in tern determines in crucial ways how the adolescent behaves sexually. Much of what is commonly understood as constituting sexual behavior does not result in orgasm, but orgasm is a convenient measure of sexual activity that can be quantified. Existing statistics regarding sexual behavior in adolescents are generally of questionable reliability, but a few are cited in an effort to provide a general idea of the ranges involved. There is good evidence that the rate of premarital sex among women has increased considerably during the past 10-year period. For members of both sexes, the 1st coitus tends to take place with someone they have known for quite some time, although males tend to be more opportunistic in this regard. Coitus is usually a milestone in the continuum of psychosexual development. Adolescent sexuality needs to be examined in the larger general context of adolescence as a phase of life and more specifically in terms of the particular experience of that phase for a given individual. The relationship of sexuality to 3 key developmental tasks is considered: the formation of personal identity, the maturation of interpersonal relationships, and the enhancement of self-esteem. The 2 most common medical concerns arising from adolescent sexual behavior are pregnancy and venereal disease.

Topics: Adolescent; Androgens; Child; Coitus; Contraception Behavior; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Orgasm; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Psychology, Adolescent; Psychosexual Development; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Maturation; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Testosterone; United States

Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Medical History Taking; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Female; Humans; Infertility; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Pregnancy; Sex; Sex Education; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Topics: Contraception; Family Practice; Female; Humans; Male; Physician-Patient Relations; Psychophysiologic Disorders; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Adolescent; Attitude; Contraception; Female; Humans; Illegitimacy; Male; Marriage; Permissiveness; Pregnancy; Psychology, Adolescent; Self Concept; Sex; Sex Education; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological; Sexual Maturation; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Topics: Curriculum; Education, Medical; Family Planning Services; India; Medicine; Reproduction; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Specialization

Topics: Adjustment Disorders; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Attitude to Health; Conflict, Psychological; Family Characteristics; Fear; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Paranoid Disorders; Personality; Phobic Disorders; Propaganda; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Stress, Psychological

Topics: Aged; Carcinoma; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Penile Neoplasms; Phimosis; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus; Vulvar Neoplasms

Topics: Humans; Islam; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Topics: Homosexuality; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Topics: Biomedical Research; Humans; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Topics: Humans; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases