sodium-ethylxanthate and Pain

A brief historical introduction traces the evolution of the concept of hypochondriasis. It is suggested that the term should now be used only as a descriptive adjective when there is a morbid preoccupation with health or body. Social and cultural factors are outlined, as well as problems of measurement. The psychopathology, as formulated by Freud and others, is also described. Clinical aspects are discussed under the headings of general symptoms, pain, smell, bodily appearance, sexual, gastro-intestinal, cardio-respiratory, eyes, and ears, nose and throat. Psychiatric syndromes mentioned are: hypochondria as a possible primary state, personality disorders, phobic-anxiety state, neurashthenia, obsessional neurosis, hysteria, depression, paranoid psychosis and organic. In general, hypochondriacal symptoms seem to make the prognosis rather worse. Treatment is to be aimed at the primary condition, which is most commonly depression, anxiety state or conversion reaction.

Topics: Anxiety; Body Image; Delusions; Depression; Fatigue; Humans; Hypochondriasis; Hysteria; MMPI; Neurasthenia; Neurocognitive Disorders; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Pain; Paranoid Disorders; Personality Disorders; Phobic Disorders; Prognosis; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Schizophrenia; Sex

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of perineal massage performed during pregnancy on perineal symptoms 3 months after delivery.. Pregnant women from 5 hospitals in the province of Quebec, Canada, participated in this single-blind, randomized, controlled trial. All participants received oral and written information on the prevention of perineal trauma. Women in the experimental group were taught the perineal massage technique and were asked to perform a 10-minute perineal massage daily from the 34th through 35th weeks of pregnancy until delivery. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire on perineal pain, dyspareunia, sexual satisfaction, and incontinence of urine, flatus, and stool at the time of enrollment and 3 months after delivery.. Among participants without a previous vaginal birth there were no differences between the massage (n = 283) and the control (n = 289) groups with respect to perineal pain, dyspareunia, sexual satisfaction, and incontinence of urine, gas, or stool 3 months post partum. Among women with a previous vaginal birth more women in the massage group (n = 187) than in the control group (n = 190) were free of perineal pain (93.6% vs 85.8%; P =.01) but the frequencies of dyspareunia and incontinence of urine, gas, or stool were similar in the 2 groups.. Perineal massage during pregnancy neither impairs nor substantially protects perineal function at 3 months post partum.

Topics: Delivery, Obstetric; Dyspareunia; Feces; Female; Flatulence; Gestational Age; Humans; Massage; Pain; Perineum; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Quebec; Sex; Urinary Incontinence

Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Models, Animal; Pain; Rats; Sex

To explore gender differences and similarities in the dimensions of quality of life (QOL).. Secondary analysis of the Multidimensional Quality of Life Scale--Cancer Version (MQOLS--CA) data from two different research studies.. Multiple outpatient oncology sites.. The typical female participant (n = 254) was 58 years old (SD +/- 11.3) with 14 years of education, married/partnered (64%), Caucasian (88%), and diagnosed with breast (47%) or colorectal (16%) cancer. The typical male participant (n = 222) was 60 years old (SD +/- 14) with 14.3 years of education, married/partnered (69%), Caucasian (85%), and diagnosed with colorectal (31%) or prostate (13%) cancer.. Factor analytic procedures and reliability testing.. QOL as measured by the MQOLS-CA, gender.. For women, two factors emerged from the analysis procedures-psychosocial well-being (7 items) and physical competence (6 items). For the men, two different factors emerged--vitality (8 items) and personal resources (4 items). None of the cancer-specific items from the MQOLS-CA loaded on any of the factors for either gender.. Measurement of QOL requires gender-specific questions to accurately address the dimensions of the concept of QOL in females and males.. Additional research is warranted to replicate these findings. Gender-specific interventions could then be developed and tested to maximize the QOL of all patients.

Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Breast Neoplasms; California; Colorectal Neoplasms; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Pain; Prostatic Neoplasms; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Sex; Surveys and Questionnaires

It has been suggested that musculoskeletal symptoms develop from early age and can be regarded as a lifespan phenomenon. The study of childhood pain might provide a better understanding of the origin of chronic pain in adults. In a study of 569 schoolchildren, aged 10-15 years, in a local community close to Oslo, 75% reported that they usually experience bodily pain. Girls reported more pain than boys. 25% of those reporting pain experience symptoms several days a week. Knee symptoms and back pain were most frequently reported. Thirty-seven % of the girls reported headache, only 20% of the boys. Girls also reported more neck and shoulder pain than boys. The oldest respondents reported symptoms from more body parts. Symptoms from several body parts were more frequent among girls. Thirty-eight % of the respondents reported that it sometimes is hard to concentrate because of the pain, and 26% reported that they sometimes have to use medication. The consequences of pain increased with increasing age and increasing number of body parts affected. The results are consistent with findings in the adult population.

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Musculoskeletal System; Pain; Sex; Surveys and Questionnaires

Topics: Egypt, Ancient; Gynecology; History, Ancient; Medicine; Pain; Sex

Nine young women who had clitoral recession for clitoromegaly as infants have been evaluated for anatomical appearance, psychosocial adjustment, and sexual function. Highly satisfactory anatomic results were obtained, although two patients required subsequent revision. The tested psychological parameters were essentially normal. Virtually all patients were sexually active and all but one have achieved regular painless orgasm. Surgical reconstruction has been accomplished by recessing the entire disfigured clitoris, thereby conserving all erectile tissue and preserving sensation. In addition to assessment of anatomical appearance, long-term follow-up of children with ambiguous genitalia requires regular evaluation of social, psychological, and sexual parameters.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child, Preschool; Clitoris; Female; Humans; Infant; Methods; Orgasm; Pain; Reoperation; Self Concept; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Treatment Outcome; Vulvar Diseases

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anthropology, Cultural; Coitus; Female; Humans; Hymen; Middle Aged; Pain; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Sweden; Uterine Hemorrhage

Female rats demonstrate more considerable increasing of corticosterone synthesis and secretion in comparison with male ones under the conditions of emotional and emotion-pain stress. These differences are not disappeared after castration. The sexual differences in stress reactions of infants are accompanied by lower sensitivity of their adaptation system in relation to stressors. The adult neonatal androgenized females show the same reactivity as normal females under the condition of emotion-pain stress. It is concluded that the sexual differences in stress reactions are genetically determined.

Topics: Age Factors; Androgens; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Castration; Corticosterone; Female; Male; Pain; Sex; Stress, Psychological

Topics: Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Male; Pain; Sex

Topics: Colic; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Maternal Behavior; Mother-Child Relations; Mothers; Object Attachment; Pain; Sex

Topics: England; Europe; Female; Historiography; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Magic; Male; Mental Disorders; Pain; Psychiatry; Sex; United States

Topics: Adult; Aging; Emotions; Female; Hallucinations; Hearing; Humans; Male; Pain; Personality; Schizophrenia; Sex; Smell; Thalamus; Vision, Ocular

Topics: Abdomen; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Culture; Diagnosis; Education; Female; Head; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pain; Sex; Thorax; Verbal Behavior

Topics: Adult; Aging; Attitude; Body Temperature; Electric Stimulation; Fatigue; Female; Humans; Male; Neurologic Examination; Pain; Perception; Sex; Skin

Topics: Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Chronic Pain; Conversion Disorder; Depression; Electroshock; Headache; Humans; Hypochondriasis; Hysteria; Neurotic Disorders; Pain; Psychological Tests; Psychophysiology; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Contusions; Cysts; Ethnology; Eyebrows; Eyelids; Geriatrics; Hair Diseases; Hemorrhage; Histology; Humans; Infant; Pain; Pathology; Pediatrics; Pilomatrixoma; Prognosis; Pruritus; Sex; Skin Neoplasms; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Aging; Arm; Arthritis; Cervical Vertebrae; Geriatrics; Humans; Intervertebral Disc; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration; Neck; Osteoarthritis; Pain; Radiography; Sex