sodium-ethylxanthate and Nutrition-Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child Health Services; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Employment; Female; Health Status; Humans; India; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mortality; Nutrition Disorders; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Prejudice; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Violence; Women's Health

In India, a 12-year-old girl rises before dawn to complete household chores before heading off to work in the fields herding animals or plucking weeds. When this work is unavailable, she migrates to quarries or brick kilns with her landless parents. This scenario is not unusual, as millions of Indian girls are denied schooling so they can contribute to their family's income. Child agricultural laborers are invisible in official statistics, and girls have a harder life than their brothers who have no household duties and are given more to eat. A large number of girls work in factories or homes producing matches, incense, cigarettes, locks, or brassware or polishing gems. There are no statistics describing how many girls are domestic servants in Bombay or rag-pickers, fish-cleaners, or beggars, but an estimated 500,000 girls under age 15 work as prostitutes. Child labor is defined as work that is detrimental to a child's growth and development, and there are 20-100 million child laborers in India. In Bombay, most girl laborers live and work in conditions that threaten their health, and they experience malnutrition and its attendant diseases as well as occupational hazards. Girls also suffer from the son preference that reduces the amount of time girls are breast fed, the amount of health care they receive, their access to education, and their marriage age. Legislation against child labor has proved ineffectual and will continue to be useless until poverty is reduced in India, educational statutes are enforced, and other policy issues are addressed.

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Asia; Behavior; Child; Demography; Developing Countries; Disease; Economics; Educational Status; Emigration and Immigration; Employment; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Health Workforce; India; Interpersonal Relations; Nutrition Disorders; Population; Population Characteristics; Population Dynamics; Poverty; Psychology; Sex; Social Class; Social Values; Socioeconomic Factors; Transients and Migrants; Women's Rights

Deviation from the normative sex-pattern of infant deaths is so large in Egypt that nearly 1/3 of female deaths can be attributed to a sex-specific cause: lesser care of the female child. This article reports on child neglect which may account for the relatively lower survival rate of the female infant, despite its biological advantage over the male. This knowledge is seen as vital in planning interventions. The investigation answers 3 questions relating to the sex-specific factors of death among female infants: do girls display a poorer level of nutrition compared to boys? Is there evidence to show that sickness episodes of female infants are treated more carelessly than those of male infants? Are there reasons to believe that girls are more exposed to life-threatening psychological factors than are boys? A group of 598 families in low-income districts of Cairo was randomly chosen to receive regular monthly visits by a team of trained field invstigators over a 1-year period. The sample is thought to represent life in urban quarters of Egypt, described as pervasively rural in orientations despite urban occupations and living conditions. The study finds no significant sex difference in nutritional status until the 6th month of life. Around this period, 2/5 of the female group but 1/4 of the male show signs of malnutrition as measured by weight. The difference continues to increase and is very statistically significant by the end of the year. Nutritional status of female infants tended to decline with an addition of daughters in the family. Also, at birth orders 2 ot 5 and in large families of 4-5 children, the relative nutritional disadvantage of the female infant is statistically significant. Moreover, a very distinct sex-difference in dietary patterns is observed as no boy was deprived of supplementary feeding during the 2nd 1/2 of the year but only 1/15 girls received food other than breast milk during this period. Despite some evidence highly suggestive of lesser attention to health problems of female infants, the finding is not conclusively tested. Further research is recommended using more objective methods of studying parental behaviour in child sickness. With respect to psychological attitudes, the authors argue that "girl neglect" on the part of mothers is a reflex to the "boy preferance" displayed by fathrs. "Boy preferance" contributes to infant mortality and to increased fertility and should therefore be a common concern to b

Topics: Africa; Africa, Northern; Attitude; Behavior; Birth Order; Child; Child Care; Child Rearing; Child Welfare; Culture; Demography; Developing Countries; Disease; Economics; Egypt; Ethics; Family Characteristics; Family Relations; Health; Health Planning Guidelines; Health Services; Infant Mortality; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Islam; Middle East; Mortality; Nuclear Family; Nutrition Disorders; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Population; Population Characteristics; Population Dynamics; Poverty; Psychology; Sex; Sex Factors; Social Class; Social Values; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Urban Population; Women's Rights

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amino Acids; Anorexia Nervosa; Diet Fads; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Proteins; Female; Humans; Male; Nutrition Disorders; Proteins; Sex

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Eggs; Nutrition Disorders; Poultry; Sex

Topics: Aging; Aortic Diseases; Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Coronary Disease; Geriatrics; Lipid Metabolism; Nutrition Disorders; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Biometry; Cholangitis; Esophageal and Gastric Varices; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Nutrition Disorders; Pathology; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Africa; Africa, Western; Aging; Classification; Climate; Drug Therapy; Epidemiology; Epidermophyton; Griseofulvin; Humans; Microsporum; Nutrition Disorders; Sex; Tinea; Trichophyton

Topics: Aging; Autopsy; Geriatrics; Germany; Germany, East; Humans; Incidence; Morbidity; Nutrition Disorders; Sex; Urinary Calculi; Urolithiasis

Topics: Ethnology; Humans; Malnutrition; New York City; Nutrition Disorders; Nutritional Status; Racial Groups; Sex