sodium-ethylxanthate and Neoplasms

For over a century, the paradigm has been that sex invariably increases genetic variation, despite many renowned biologists asserting that sex decreases most genetic variation. Sex is usually perceived as the source of additive genetic variance that drives eukaryotic evolution vis-à-vis adaptation and Fisher's fundamental theorem. However, evidence for sex decreasing genetic variation appears in ecology, paleontology, population genetics, and cancer biology. The common thread among many of these disciplines is that sex acts like a coarse filter, weeding out major changes, such as chromosomal rearrangements (that are almost always deleterious), but letting minor variation, such as changes at the nucleotide or gene level (that are often neutral), flow through the sexual sieve. Sex acts as a constraint on genomic and epigenetic variation, thereby limiting adaptive evolution. The diverse reasons for sex reducing genetic variation (especially at the genome level) and slowing down evolution may provide a sufficient benefit to offset the famed costs of sex.

Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Biological Evolution; Epigenesis, Genetic; Genetic Variation; Genetics, Population; Meiosis; Models, Biological; Neoplasms; Sex

Energy is the motor of life. Energy ensures the organism's survival and competitive advantage for reproductive success. For almost 3 billion years, unicellular organisms were the only life form on earth. Competition for limited energy resources and raw materials exerted an incessant selective pressure on organisms. In the adverse environment and due to their 'feast and famine' life style, hardiness to a variety of stressors, particularly to nutrient deprivation, was the selection principle. Both resistance and mutagenic adaptation to stressors were established as survival strategies by means of context-specific processes creating stability or variability of DNA sequence. The conservation of transduction pathways and functional homology of effector molecules clearly bear witness that the principles of life established during prokaryotic and eukaryotic unicellular evolution, although later diversified, have been unshakably cast to persist during metazoan phylogenesis. A wealth of evidence suggests that unicellular organisms evolved the phenomena of differentiation and apoptosis, sexual reproduction, and even aging, as responses to environmental challenges. These evolutionary accomplishments were elaborated from the dichotomous resistance/mutagenesis response and sophisticated the capacity of cells to tune their genetic information to changing environmental conditions. Notably, the social deprivation responses, differentiation and apoptosis, evolved as intercellularly coordinated events: a multitude of differentiation processes were elaborated from sporulation, the prototypic stress resistance response, while apoptosis, contrary to current concepts, is no altruistic cell suicide but was programmed as a mutagenic survival response; this response, however, is socially thwarted leading into mutagenic error catastrophe. In the hybrid differentiation-apoptosis process, cytocide and cannibalism of apoptotic cells thus serve the purpose of fueling the survival of the selfish genes in the differentiating cells. However, successful mutagenesis, although repressed, persisted in the asocial stress response of carcinogenesis as a regression to primitive unicellular behavior following failure of intercellular communication. While somatic mutagenesis was largely prevented, Metazoa elaborated germ cell mutagenesis as an evolutionary vehicle. Genetic competence, a primitive, stress-induced mating behavior, evolved into sexual reproduction which harnessed mutagenesis by subj

Topics: Aging; Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Communication; Cell Differentiation; Energy Metabolism; General Adaptation Syndrome; Homeostasis; Mitochondria; Mutagenesis; Neoplasms; Phylogeny; Prokaryotic Cells; Sex; Signal Transduction; Stress, Physiological

Topics: Anxiety; Attitude to Health; Cognition Disorders; Depression; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Sex

Topics: Accidents, Home; Activities of Daily Living; Aged; Aging; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Dementia; Depressive Disorder; Drug Therapy; Endocrine Glands; Female; Humans; Immune System; Kidney; Lung; Male; Neoplasms; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Osteoporosis; Physical Examination; Postoperative Complications; Sex; Socioeconomic Factors; Urinary Incontinence

Among the neurological side-effects, peripheral neuropathy is a result of therapy with vindesine and above all vincristine. Although in most cases it is responsible only for paresthesias, it may cause extensive paralysis and requires that the drug be discontinued. These drugs may also affect the neurovegetative system. Ototoxicity may be seen with cis-platinum and vigilance disturbances with L-asparaginase. Genetic consequences are mainly due to alkylating agents. These agents almost constantly impair male and female fertility but recovery is possible. Libido is also affected with the attendant psychological consequences. The offspring of patients previously treated by chemotherapeutic agents are normal. Development of secondary carcinoma or leukemia is currently a major concern. Secondary malignant disease may develop after the treatment of any cancer, especially if radiotherapy was associated with alkylating agents. Leukemias are of the acute myeloid type and usually follow a preleukemic phase. A table summarizes the main toxicities of the most usual drugs.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Brain Diseases; Fertility; Humans; Leukemia; Neoplasms; Sex

Topics: Aneuploidy; Animals; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosome Mapping; Chromosomes; Clone Cells; Crossing Over, Genetic; DNA, Neoplasm; Female; Genetic Complementation Test; Genetic Linkage; Humans; Hybrid Cells; Neoplasms; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Phenotype; Pregnancy; Prenatal Diagnosis; Recombination, Genetic; Sex; Translocation, Genetic

Topics: Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Neoplasms; Pathology; Prognosis; Radiotherapy, High-Energy; Sex

Topics: Carcinogenesis; Chromosomes; Leukemia; Leukemia, Radiation-Induced; Mice; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; Oncogenic Viruses; Physiology; Radiation, Ionizing; Rats; Research; Sex; Toxicology

Topics: Adolescent; Brain Neoplasms; Central Nervous System; Child; Hormones; Humans; Infant; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; Sex

The predominance of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes remains paradoxical in evolutionary theory. Of the hypotheses proposed to resolve this paradox, the 'Red Queen hypothesis' emphasises the potential of antagonistic interactions to cause fluctuating selection, which favours the evolution and maintenance of sex. Whereas empirical and theoretical developments have focused on host-parasite interactions, the premises of the Red Queen theory apply equally well to any type of antagonistic interactions. Recently, it has been suggested that early multicellular organisms with basic anticancer defences were presumably plagued by antagonistic interactions with transmissible cancers and that this could have played a pivotal role in the evolution of sex. Here, we dissect this argument using a population genetic model. One fundamental aspect distinguishing transmissible cancers from other parasites is the continual production of cancerous cell lines from hosts' own tissues. We show that this influx dampens fluctuating selection and therefore makes the evolution of sex more difficult than in standard Red Queen models. Although coevolutionary cycling can remain sufficient to select for sex under some parameter regions of our model, we show that the size of those regions shrinks once we account for epidemiological constraints. Altogether, our results suggest that horizontal transmission of cancerous cells is unlikely to cause fluctuating selection favouring sexual reproduction. Nonetheless, we confirm that vertical transmission of cancerous cells can promote the evolution of sex through a separate mechanism, known as similarity selection, that does not depend on coevolutionary fluctuations.

Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Genetics, Population; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Models, Biological; Models, Genetic; Neoplasms; Parasites; Reproduction; Selection, Genetic; Sex

To assess whether timing of initial post-diagnosis cancer care differs between American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients, we accessed SEER-Medicare data for breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancers (2001-2007). Medicare claims data were examined for initiation of cancer-directed treatment. Overall, AI/ANs experienced longer median times to starting treatment than NHWs (45 and 39 days, p < .001) and lower rates of treatment initiation (HR[95%CI]: 0.86[0.79-0.93]). Differences were largest for prostate (HR: 0.80[0.71-0.89]) and smallest for breast cancer (HR: 0.96[0.83-1.11]). American Indians / Alaska Natives also had elevated odds of greater than 10 weeks between diagnosis and treatment compared with NHWs (OR[95% CI]: 1.37[1.16-1.63]), especially for prostate cancer (OR: 1.41[1.14-1.76]). Adjustment for comorbidity and socio-demographic factors attenuated associations except for prostate cancer. In this insured population, we observed evidence that AI/ANs start cancer therapy later than NHWs. The modest magnitude of delays suggests that they are unlikely to be a determinant of survival disparities.

Topics: Age Factors; Age of Onset; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Alaskan Natives; Breast Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms; Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Medicare; Neoplasm Grading; Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Residence Characteristics; SEER Program; Sex; Socioeconomic Factors; Time-to-Treatment; United States; United States Indian Health Service; White People

We examined sexual orientation disparities in cancer-related risk behaviors among adolescents.. We pooled data from the 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys. We classified youths with any same-sex orientation as sexual minority and the remainder as heterosexual. We compared the groups on risk behaviors and stratified by gender, age (< 15 years and > 14 years), and race/ethnicity.. Sexual minorities (7.6% of the sample) reported more risk behaviors than heterosexuals for all 12 behaviors (mean = 5.3 vs 3.8; P < .001) and for each risk behavior: odds ratios (ORs) ranged from 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 1.4) to 4.0 (95% CI = 3.6, 4.7), except for a diet low in fruit and vegetables (OR = 0.7; 95% CI = 0.5, 0.8). We found sexual orientation disparities in analyses by gender, followed by age, and then race/ethnicity; they persisted in analyses by gender, age, and race/ethnicity, although findings were nuanced.. Data on cancer risk, morbidity, and mortality by sexual orientation are needed to track the potential but unknown burden of cancer among sexual minorities.

Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Age Factors; Binge Drinking; Diet; Exercise; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Risk-Taking; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Sexuality; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; United States

This article is based on the findings from a qualitative study involving a collection of narratives written by the parents of young adults with cancer. It examines the effects of the illness on parents and family and illustrates that young people aged 18-25 years face particular difficulties when diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. The article focuses on how these difficulties are experienced by the parents of young adults who are attempting to maintain 'normality' and perhaps also manage newly established sexual relationships. The article considers the problems for parents, e.g. the ownership of medical information when the young adult is of age but dependent on his/her parents, the effect on siblings and the financial implications of the illness for the family. A gap in the knowledge of professionals and families relating to these effects may result in families believing that the acute problems they face are caused by their particular family dynamics rather than the life-stage of their young adult children.

Topics: Adult; Death; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Parent-Child Relations; Parents; Sex; Stress, Psychological

To explore gender differences and similarities in the dimensions of quality of life (QOL).. Secondary analysis of the Multidimensional Quality of Life Scale--Cancer Version (MQOLS--CA) data from two different research studies.. Multiple outpatient oncology sites.. The typical female participant (n = 254) was 58 years old (SD +/- 11.3) with 14 years of education, married/partnered (64%), Caucasian (88%), and diagnosed with breast (47%) or colorectal (16%) cancer. The typical male participant (n = 222) was 60 years old (SD +/- 14) with 14.3 years of education, married/partnered (69%), Caucasian (85%), and diagnosed with colorectal (31%) or prostate (13%) cancer.. Factor analytic procedures and reliability testing.. QOL as measured by the MQOLS-CA, gender.. For women, two factors emerged from the analysis procedures-psychosocial well-being (7 items) and physical competence (6 items). For the men, two different factors emerged--vitality (8 items) and personal resources (4 items). None of the cancer-specific items from the MQOLS-CA loaded on any of the factors for either gender.. Measurement of QOL requires gender-specific questions to accurately address the dimensions of the concept of QOL in females and males.. Additional research is warranted to replicate these findings. Gender-specific interventions could then be developed and tested to maximize the QOL of all patients.

Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Breast Neoplasms; California; Colorectal Neoplasms; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Pain; Prostatic Neoplasms; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Sex; Surveys and Questionnaires

We reviewed laboratory, clinical, and epidemiologic data on 35 patients from whom organisms belonging to the genus Roseomonas, a pink-pigmented gram-negative coccobacillus, were isolated over a 22-year period (1972-1994). Roseomonas strains were most commonly isolated from middle-aged women with one of several underlying conditions, including cancer and diabetes. Roseomonas was most commonly isolated from the blood, in association with clinical signs of sepsis. Approximately 60% of all isolates were judged to be of possible clinical significance, either as primary or secondary pathogens; 75% of all strains were recovered in pure culture. Roseomonas gilardii was the most frequently isolated species and was significantly associated with septicemia and underlying immunocompromised conditions; the species of 29% of all Roseomonas isolates could not be unequivocally identified with presently available differential tests. Genomospecies 5, currently an unnamed taxon within the genus Roseomonas, was primarily recovered as a commensal from young adults attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. The findings suggest that although this genus appears to have an overall low pathogenic potential for humans, Roseomonas species-in particular, R. gilardii-may be significant pathogens in persons with underlying medical complications.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bacteriological Techniques; Child; Child, Preschool; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Sepsis; Sex

This study investigated gender differences in spousal caregiving in a sample of 353 currently married people with cancer who were undergoing outpatient treatment. Results indicate that husbands were less likely than wives to help their sick spouses with household tasks, and husbands who helped were more likely to have other helpers, whereas wives tended to be sole caregivers. Wives provided approximately twice the hours of care that husbands provided. Women undergoing treatment who experienced high levels of morbidity received more hours of help with household tasks from nonspousal sources than men with comparable levels of morbidity, thus compensating for the deficit in hours of care provided by their husbands. At lower levels of morbidity, however, compensatory help to women was not sufficient to fill the gap in care. Women were more likely than men to report unmet need for assistance with household tasks, although not with personal care.

Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Aged; Ambulatory Care; Caregivers; Educational Status; Employment; Female; Frail Elderly; Health Services Needs and Demand; Home Care Services; Home Nursing; Homemaker Services; Humans; Male; Marriage; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Role; Sex; Social Support

Topics: Erectile Dysfunction; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Penis; Sex; Wounds, Nonpenetrating

The purpose of this study was to consider gender differences in laypeople's beliefs about and explanations of cancer. Over 700 adults answered a questionnaire about their perceptions and explanations of the disease. The majority of respondents identified cancer as the most fearful disease. Women were more frightened of cancer than were men, whereas men were more frightened of heart disease than were women. The greatest fear of cancer was its perceived incurability and the associated suffering, whereas the greatest fear of heart disease was perceived susceptibility. Men were more likely than women to hold a more negative attitude toward cancer information. Factor analysis of the perceived causes of cancer identified four causal factors, which were labelled Stress, Environmental, Health-related, and Behavioural. Men were more likely to identify behavioural items as important whereas women were more likely to rate heredity as important. Fear of cancer was highly correlated with the health beliefs but not with the perceived causes of cancer. However, a regression analysis found that these health beliefs explained only a small proportion of the variance in cancer fear. The findings are discussed with reference to cancer education.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Attitude to Health; Fear; Female; Health Behavior; Health Education; Heart Diseases; Humans; Ireland; Male; Men; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Risk Factors; Sex; Women

Topics: Aged; Community Health Nursing; Female; Humans; Male; Marriage; Neoplasms; Sex

This self-directed learning module highlights new approaches to pain management, postmastectomy treatment, and rehabilitation issues in cancers of specific organ systems. It is part of the chapter on cardiovascular, pulmonary, and cancer rehabilitation for the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge Program Study Guide for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This section discusses management of pain, neuromusculoskeletal compromise, paraneoplastic syndromes, and other clinical problems.

Topics: Bibliographies as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Palliative Care; Sex

Many patients with cancer enjoy long-term survival and are cured; others may live for extended periods while receiving specific treatment for cancer. This has been accomplished with increasingly complex and multimodal therapy, along with heightened toxicity and longer treatment. Cancer has become a chronic disease for many patients. Contemporary cancer rehabilitation provides a coordinated approach that addresses the physical, psychosocial, vocational, and economic concerns of the patient. Key components of a cancer rehabilitation program should include initial needs assessment with periodic reassessments, direct provision of specific interventions, and referrals to appropriate community resources. Almost all patients with cancer can benefit from a rehabilitation assessment and intervention. Important rehabilitation issues include the physical toxicity of treatment, psychosocial concerns, sexual dysfunction, diet and nutritional concerns, pain management, and vocational and economic problems. Patient groups with unique rehabilitation problems include patients with head and neck cancer or breast cancer, and patients who have undergone osteotomies or amputations. Long-term cancer survivors also have special rehabilitation needs that relate to the delayed effects of treatment on normal tissues, gonadal dysfunction, second neoplasms, employment discrimination, and difficulties obtaining health and life insurance coverage. Rehabilitation assessment and intervention should be incorporated into the routine health care of patients with cancer.

Topics: Chronic Disease; Employment; Humans; Long-Term Care; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasms; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Patient Care Planning; Sex; Socioeconomic Factors

This self-directed learning module highlights advances in alternative treatment settings, nutrition, and sexuality in cancer rehabilitation. It is part of the chapter on cardiovascular, pulmonary, and cancer rehabilitation for the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge Program Study Guide for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This section discusses principles of clinical oncology for rehabilitation, and psychosocial aspects of cancer rehabilitation management.

Topics: Bibliographies as Topic; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Medical Oncology; Neoplasms; Psychosocial Deprivation; Rehabilitation, Vocational; Sex; Social Support

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Deltaretrovirus; Female; Homosexuality; Humans; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Neoplasms; Pregnancy; Sex; Transfusion Reaction

Topics: Air Pollutants; Diet; Environmental Exposure; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; Occupational Diseases; Oncogenic Viruses; Sex; Ultraviolet Rays; Water Supply

Topics: Body Image; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Nurse-Patient Relations; Self Concept; Sex; Surgery, Plastic; Voluntary Health Agencies

Topics: Attitude to Health; Body Image; Ethics, Medical; Euthanasia; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Patient Education as Topic; Quality of Life; Sex; Terminal Care

Topics: Aged; Aging; Attitude; Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Stereotyping

Topics: Adult; Body Image; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Mastectomy; Neoplasms; Self Concept; Sex; Sexual Behavior

Topics: Adult; Aged; Communication; Counseling; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Nurse-Patient Relations; Nursing Assessment; Nursing Process; Self-Assessment; Sex

Topics: Emotions; Female; Humans; Male; Mastectomy; Neoplasms; Physician-Patient Relations; Sex

Topics: Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Cognition; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Nurses; Psychological Tests; Sex

Topics: Body Image; Counseling; Female; Humans; Infertility; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Neoplasms; Sex; Sex Education; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological

Topics: Counseling; Humans; Neoplasms; Sex; Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological

Topics: Adult; Counseling; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Sex; Sexual Behavior

Topics: Counseling; Erectile Dysfunction; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Sex

Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Aged; Body Image; Family; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Self Concept; Sex; Social Support

Topics: Adolescent; Aged; Attitude to Death; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Female; Humans; Hymen; Male; Masturbation; Neoplasms; Paraplegia; Penis; Pregnancy; Psychology, Adolescent; Sex; Sex Education; Suppositories

Topics: Biological Evolution; Cell Fusion; Cell Movement; Diploidy; Genes; Lymphocytes; Models, Biological; Mutation; Neoplasms; Recombination, Genetic; Sex

Skin was transplanted from male to female C57BL/6JRC mice. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was administered once subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intraperitoneally either 14 days prior to grafting or on the day of grafting in a dose of 5 X 10(5), 5 X 10(6), or 5 X 10(7) microorganisms. Serum antibody to BCG was assayed using complement fixation. There was a linear inverse relation between skin graft rejection and dose of BCG (p less than .01) such that the lowest dose of BCG was the most effective. The IM and SQ routes were more effective than the IP route. Schedule did not have significant effect on skin graft survival. Time to appearance of antibody correlated directly with dose. The prolonged survival of skin grafts combined with early appearance of antibody to BCG suggested that high doses of BCG could result in antigenic competition.

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; BCG Vaccine; Female; Graft Rejection; Histocompatibility Antigens; Immunotherapy; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mycobacterium bovis; Neoplasms; Sex; Skin Transplantation; Time Factors; Transplantation, Isogeneic

Topics: Antigens; Bacillus cereus; Chromosomes; Genetics, Microbial; Neoplasms; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Transformation, Genetic

Topics: Anxiety; Breast Neoplasms; Depression; Ego; Female; Frustration; Guilt; Humans; Neoplasms; Neurotic Disorders; Ovarian Neoplasms; Psychological Tests; Psychometrics; Psychophysiologic Disorders; Self Concept; Sex; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Birth Order; Birth Weight; Communicable Diseases; Diseases in Twins; Humans; Neoplasms; Sex

Topics: Adult; Aging; Air Pollution; Benzopyrenes; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Sex; Smoking; United States

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Child; Child, Preschool; England; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Neuroblastoma; Seasons; Sex; Wales

Topics: Animals; Female; Gonads; Male; Mice; Mineral Oil; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Plasma Cells; Progesterone; Sex; Testosterone

Topics: Asian People; Birth Rate; Black or African American; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Indians, North American; Male; Neoplasms; Sex; Statistics as Topic; United States

Topics: Adult; Aged; Canada; Female; Heart Diseases; Humans; Lung Diseases; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Pulmonary Embolism; Sex; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aging; Carcinogens; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Retrospective Studies; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tuberculosis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Biometry; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Organ Size; Pineal Gland; Puberty; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Attitude; Black or African American; Black People; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Population; Sex; Social Conditions; Transients and Migrants; Zimbabwe

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Neoplasms; Sex; Sweden

Topics: Aged; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Blood Sedimentation; Female; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Male; Minnesota; Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Bronchopneumonia; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Muscular Diseases; Neoplasms; Parkinson Disease; Sex; Tremor; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Bone Neoplasms; Burkitt Lymphoma; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Male; Melanoma; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Connective Tissue; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial; Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue; Sarcoma; Sex; Uganda; United States

Topics: Aging; Animals; Breeding; Female; Hemangioma; Male; Multiple Myeloma; Neoplasms; Poultry; Sex; Wilms Tumor

Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Sex

The incidence of asbestos bodies in the lungs of adult patients selected at random, who died in four Montreal hospitals, was studied by examining fresh unstained smears of lungs obtained at necropsy. Two techniques were used for preparation of the smears and an arbitrary grading system was developed to estimate the degree of contamination of the lungs by asbestos bodies.Asbestos bodies were present in 48 out of 100 necropsies; they were found in 32 of 56 men (57%) and in 16 of 44 women (34%). Men were more heavily contaminated. The proportion of positive smears depended on the technique used and the amount of lung sampled. No particular association was noted between asbestos bodies in the lungs and the presence of cancer in the 33 patients in this series with malignant disease. The high incidence in this random series suggests that asbestos is a significant air contaminant in Montreal.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Air Pollution; Asbestosis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Quebec; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Asian People; Borneo; Child; Child, Preschool; Ethnology; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Sex; White People

Topics: Biliary Tract; Bronchial Neoplasms; Esophageal Neoplasms; Ethnology; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Intestinal Neoplasms; Leukemia; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectal Neoplasms; Sex; Stomach Neoplasms

Topics: Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Genetics, Medical; Humans; Neoplasms; Pigmentation; Sex; Skin Neoplasms; White People

The lifetime of the lymphocyte in hematologically normal women is 530 +/- 64 days. This estimate, made from studies on 25 women who had received radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma, is based on the rate of disappearance of lymphocytes with acentric chromosome fragments.

Topics: Female; Humans; Lymphocytes; Neoplasms; Sex; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Asian People; Black People; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Chordoma; Ethnology; Geriatrics; Lymphatic Metastasis; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Neoplasms; New York; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Sarcoma; Sex; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adolescent; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Ethnology; Fibrosarcoma; Geriatrics; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Lymphoma; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Plasmacytoma; Radiotherapy Dosage; Sex; Texas

Topics: Aged; Geriatrics; Humans; Neoplasms; Sex

Topics: Bronchial Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Bronchogenic; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Female; Germany; Germany, West; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Sex; Smoking

Study of the death certificates of 876 spouses of widows and widowers who died of leukemia revealed that seven of the spouses also died of leukemia. However, five cases of leukemia were identified among matched controls of the spouses. The incidence of leukemia in husbands and wives of individuals who die of leukemia is not significantly greater than that of a control group. This is consistent with the hypothesis that adult leukemia is not contagious in the usual sense.

Topics: Adult; Communicable Diseases; Ethnology; Female; Humans; Incidence; Leukemia; Male; Marriage; Neoplasms; New York; Sex; Spouses

Topics: Abdomen; Adolescent; Back; Geriatrics; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Lymphatic Metastasis; Melanoma; Neoplasms; Sex; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Thorax

Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Chondroma; Chondrosarcoma; Humans; Neoplasms; Sex; Sex Chromatin

Topics: Aging; Autopsy; Cardiovascular Diseases; Demography; Family Characteristics; Hospitalization; Humans; Neoplasms; New York; Religion; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Aging; Humans; Japan; Longevity; Morbidity; Mortality; Neoplasms; Nuclear Warfare; Radiation Injuries; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Survivors

Topics: Carcinoma; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Mortality; Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pathology; Sex; Smoking

Topics: Aortic Diseases; Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Coronary Disease; Geriatrics; Neoplasms; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Syndrome

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Bone Neoplasms; Brain Neoplasms; Child; Ethnology; Geography; Humans; Infant; Kidney Neoplasms; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Mortality; Neoplasms; Sex; United States

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Brain; Brain Damage, Chronic; Classification; Female; Humans; Infections; Intellectual Disability; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Neoplasms; Nervous System Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Sex; Skull; Statistics as Topic; Toxicology

Topics: Animals; Carcinogenesis; Croton Oil; Female; Genetics; Lung Neoplasms; Maleates; Maleic Anhydrides; Mice; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Pharmacology; Research; Sex; Skin Neoplasms

Topics: ABO Blood-Group System; Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous; Blood Group Antigens; Carcinoma; Genetics, Medical; Geriatrics; Neoplasms; Sex; Stomach Neoplasms

Topics: Brain; Brain Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Bronchogenic; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Neoplastic Cells, Circulating; Prognosis; Sarcoma; Sex

Topics: Aging; Biometry; Drug Therapy; Geriatrics; Hodgkin Disease; Neoplasms; Pathology; Prognosis; Sex

Topics: Aging; Cerebrovascular Disorders; England; Heart Diseases; Humans; Mortality; Neoplasms; Sex; Stroke; Sweden; United States; Wales

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Bone Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Giant Cells; Granuloma; Granuloma, Giant Cell; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Mandibular Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Pathology; Prognosis; Radiography; Sex; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tooth Extraction

Topics: Adolescent; Antineoplastic Agents; Child; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Neoplasms; Palliative Care; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; New York; Pennsylvania; Sex

Topics: Aging; Female; Humans; Male; Mortality; Neoplasms; Sex; Switzerland

Topics: Aging; Female; Humans; Male; Mortality; Neoplasms; Sex; Switzerland

Topics: Aging; Burkitt Lymphoma; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphoma; Male; Mozambique; Neoplasms; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms; Penile Neoplasms; Sex; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Adult; Female; Fetus; Finland; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Male; Maternal Age; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Pregnancy; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Transplantation Immunology; Twins

Topics: Aging; Arteriosclerosis; Asthma; Blindness; Dementia; Emphysema; Geriatrics; Hexosamines; Humans; Hypertension; Leukemia; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphogranuloma Venereum; Male; Neoplasms; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Psychotic Disorders; Scoliosis; Sex; Stomach Neoplasms; Stomach Ulcer; Urine

Topics: Canada; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Geriatrics; Humans; Lip Neoplasms; Lymph Node Excision; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Sex

Topics: Air Pollution; Asphyxia; Bronchitis; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Cough; Craniocerebral Trauma; Electrocardiography; Heart Failure; Humans; Myocardial Infarction; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Occupations; Peptic Ulcer; Pneumonia; Pneumothorax; Polycythemia; Pulmonary Emphysema; Pulmonary Heart Disease; Radiography, Thoracic; Respiratory Function Tests; Sex; Smoking; Suicide

Topics: Aging; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Morbidity; Mortality; Neoplasms; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Altitude; Female; Geriatrics; Humans; Leukemia; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphoma; Neoplasms; Peru; Sex; Stomach Neoplasms; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Aging; Anemia; Blood Sedimentation; Body Temperature; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Genetics, Medical; Hematology; Hemochromatosis; Hepatomegaly; Hypoglycemia; Iron; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Pleural Effusion; Sex; Splenomegaly

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aging; Air Pollution; Bronchial Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Bronchogenic; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Germany; Germany, West; Humans; Neoplasms; Occupations; Sex; Smoking

Topics: Androgens; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Rats; Research; Sex

Topics: Abdominal Neoplasms; Adolescent; Aging; Brain Neoplasms; Child; Classification; Eye Neoplasms; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Leukemia; Liver Neoplasms; Lymphoma; Mediastinal Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Retroperitoneal Neoplasms; Sex

Topics: Aging; Carcinoma; Cobalt Isotopes; Esophageal Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Prognosis; Radioisotope Teletherapy; Radiotherapy Dosage; Sex

Topics: Aging; Gastrectomy; Gastroscopy; Japan; Neoplasms; Pathology; Photography; Polyps; Prognosis; Sex; Stomach Neoplasms

Topics: Aging; Gastrectomy; Gastroscopy; Japan; Neoplasms; Pathology; Photography; Polyps; Prognosis; Sex; Stomach Neoplasms

Topics: Aging; Anxiety; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Lichen Planus; Mucous Membrane; Nails; Neoplasms; Psychology; Sex; Skin Neoplasms; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Biometry; Humans; Neoplasms; Norway; Population Groups; Sex; Sweden

Topics: Aging; Animals; Brain Abscess; Brain Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Glioblastoma; Glioma; Methylcholanthrene; Mice; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Research; Sarcoma; Sarcoma, Experimental; Sex; Sex Factors; Toxicology

Topics: Adolescent; Antineoplastic Agents; Brain Neoplasms; Child; Head; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Infant; Lymphoma; Neoplasms; Palliative Care; Prognosis; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Sarcoma; Sex; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Thyroid Neoplasms

Topics: Classification; Genetics, Medical; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Nephrectomy; North Carolina; Sex

Topics: Aging; Female; Humans; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; Parturition; Seasons; Sex

Topics: Aging; Child; Cohort Studies; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; New York; Radiotherapy; Sex; Thymus Hyperplasia; Thyroid Neoplasms

Topics: Africa; Africa, Northern; Black People; Ethnology; Humans; Neoplasms; Sex

Topics: Adenoma; Adenoma, Pleomorphic; Black People; Child; Geriatrics; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Parotid Neoplasms; Pathology; Prognosis; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Salivary Glands; Sex; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Alaska; Carcinoma; Esophageal Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Inuit; Neoplasms; Sex

Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Bronchial Neoplasms; Bronchoscopy; Female; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Ovarian Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pleural Neoplasms; Radiography, Thoracic; Sex; Thyroid Neoplasms; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Adolescent; Biomedical Research; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Child; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Gallbladder Diseases; Genes; Genetics, Medical; Geriatrics; Heredity; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Myocardial Infarction; Neoplasms; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Sweden; Tuberculosis; Ulcer

Topics: Adolescent; Brain Neoplasms; Child; Classification; Humans; Infant; Michigan; Neoplasms; Sex

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Antigens; Immune Sera; Immunization; Isoantibodies; Isoantigens; Lymph Nodes; Lymphocytes; Metabolism; Mice; Neoplasms; Nephrectomy; Research; Sex; Shock, Surgical; Splenectomy

Topics: Blood Sedimentation; Cardiovascular Diseases; Collagen Diseases; Fever; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Geriatrics; Humans; Neoplasms; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Tuberculosis; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Aging; Dimethylnitrosamine; Kidney Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Nitrosamines; Rats; Research; Sex; Toxicology

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Amputation, Surgical; Child; Congenital Abnormalities; Geriatrics; Infant; Infections; Mortality; Neoplasms; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Vascular Diseases; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Breast Neoplasms; Bronchial Neoplasms; Child; Connecticut; Geriatrics; Humans; Incidence; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasms; New York; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rectal Neoplasms; Sex; Skin Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Antineoplastic Agents; Bronchi; Bronchial Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Bronchogenic; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Connecticut; Geriatrics; Lung Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Sex; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Animals; Avian Leukosis; Chickens; Coloring Agents; Disease Susceptibility; Meat; Neoplasms; Poultry; Research; Sarcoma; Sarcoma, Avian; Sarcoma, Experimental; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Papillary; Child; Geriatrics; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Neck Dissection; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasms; Sex; Thyroid Neoplasms; Thyroidectomy

Topics: Aging; Carcinoma; Geriatrics; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Palliative Care; Radiotherapy Dosage; Sex; Technology, Radiologic

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Antigens; Chromosomes; Genetics; Hemagglutination; Histocompatibility Antigens; Leukemia; Leukemia, Experimental; Mice; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms; Research; Sex; Transplantation Immunology

Topics: Adolescent; Biometry; Child; England; Geriatrics; Humans; Infant; Leukemia; Mortality; Neoplasms; Sex; United States; Wales

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immune Sera; Immunization; Methylcholanthrene; Mice; Neoplasms; Research; Sarcoma; Sarcoma, Experimental; Sex; Toxicology

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adolescent; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Carcinosarcoma; Child; Ethnology; Geriatrics; Humans; Incidence; Kidney; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Pathology; Sarcoma; Sex; Singapore; Wilms Tumor

Topics: Air Pollution; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Mortality; Neoplasms; New Zealand; Pathology; Sex; Smoking

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Alpha-Globulins; Animals; Blood Protein Disorders; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Blood Proteins; Female; Immune Sera; Immunodiffusion; Liver Extracts; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Mice; Neoplasms; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Rabbits; Research; Sex

Topics: Denmark; Finland; France; Melanoma; Neoplasms; Norway; Sex; Skin Neoplasms; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Survival Rate; United Kingdom; United States

Topics: England; Finland; France; Geriatrics; Neoplasms; Norway; Sex; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tongue; Tongue Neoplasms; United States

Topics: Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Norway; Radium; Sex; Tongue; Tongue Neoplasms

Topics: Biometry; England; Esophageal Neoplasms; Finland; France; Neoplasms; Norway; Sex; Surgical Procedures, Operative; United States; Wales

Topics: Connecticut; Denmark; England; Finland; France; Geriatrics; Neoplasms; Norway; Sex; Stomach Neoplasms; Surgical Procedures, Operative; United States; Wales

Topics: Colonic Neoplasms; Connecticut; Denmark; England; Finland; Neoplasms; Norway; Rectal Neoplasms; Rectum; Sex; Surgical Procedures, Operative; United States; Wales

Topics: Adolescent; Antineoplastic Agents; Child; Denmark; Drug Therapy; Finland; France; Geriatrics; Hormones; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Neoplasms; Norway; Sex; Survival Rate; United States

Topics: Geriatrics; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Blood; Child; Drug Therapy; Humans; Neoplasms; Physiological Phenomena; Plants; Research; Sex

Topics: Aging; Colonic Neoplasms; Italy; Neoplasms; Pathology; Rectal Neoplasms; Rectum; Sex; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Aging; Esophageal Neoplasms; Geriatrics; Hyperplasia; Keratosis; Keratosis, Actinic; Larynx; Neoplasms; Pathology; Sex

Topics: Adenolymphoma; Adenoma, Pleomorphic; Egypt; Humans; Neoplasms; Palatal Neoplasms; Parotid Neoplasms; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Sex; Submandibular Gland

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aging; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Sex; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma, Pleomorphic; Bronchial Neoplasms; Carcinoid Tumor; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Chondroma; Fibroma; Fibrosarcoma; Hemangiosarcoma; Humans; Leiomyoma; Leiomyosarcoma; Liposarcoma; Lung Neoplasms; Mesenchymoma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Osteoma; Prognosis; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Neoplasms; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Kynurenine; Liver; Mice; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Oxidation-Reduction; Peroxidases; Research; Sex; Spectrophotometry; Tryptophan; Tryptophan Oxygenase

Topics: Classification; Lymphatic Metastasis; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Pathology; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Sex; Surgical Procedures, Operative; United States

Topics: Coloring Agents; Cystitis; Epidemiology; Ethnology; Geriatrics; Humans; Neoplasms; New York; Occupational Diseases; Occupations; Schistosomiasis; Sex; Smoking; Statistics as Topic; Urinary Bladder Calculi; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Aging; Neoplasms; Pathology; Peptic Ulcer; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Stomach Neoplasms; Stomach Ulcer

Topics: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Geriatrics; Hemochromatosis; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Sex

Topics: Animals; Breast Neoplasms; Coitus; Humans; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; Research; Sex

Topics: Aging; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Humans; Japan; Neoplasms; Pathology; Sex; Skin Neoplasms; Sunlight

Topics: Aging; Astrocytoma; Cerebellar Neoplasms; Glioma; Humans; Medulloblastoma; Neoplasms; Neurosurgery; Sarcoma; Sex

Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Aging; Chromatography; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasms; Peptic Ulcer; Sex; Urine

Topics: Aging; Humans; Neoplasms; Sex

Topics: Chromosomes; Neoplasms; Sex; Sex Chromatin

Topics: Chromosomes; Neoplasms; Sex; Sex Chromatin

Topics: Biological Products; Carcinoma; Female; Humans; Neoplasms; Parturition; Sex

Topics: Bisexuality; Humans; Neoplasms; Sex

Topics: Female; Humans; Lipids; Neoplasms; Ovary; Sex; Virilism

Topics: Humans; Leiomyoma; Neoplasms; Reproduction; Sex

Topics: Female; Humans; Neoplasms; Ovarian Neoplasms; Ovary; Sex; Sex Characteristics