sodium-ethylxanthate and Neoplasm-Metastasis

The matter of sex differences in survival from melanoma is more complex than generally recognized, and at least 6 factors, some of which appear to be interrelated, must be conisdered: location of the primary melanoma; stage of disease at presentation; endocrine factors; immunologic factors; pattern of metastatic spread (i.e., lymphogenic versus hematogenic), and environmental and behavioral characteristics. Extremity melanomas have a more favorable prognosis than axial melanomas, but, after allowance for tumor site, women still fare better than men. There appears to be a stage-by-stage difference in favor of women for survival. This applies to clinical stages (stage 1, local disease; stage 2, regional spread; and stage 3, distant metastases), as well as to pathologic microstages. Some authors have inferred that female advantage disappears once the disease has metastasized. No valid explanation for this observation has ever been advanced, and careful review of the literature reveals a female superiority in survival at stage 2 or stage 3 disease as well as stage 1. Many recent studies have confirmed the ancient impression that the incidence of metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis is higher in men. Men tend to have an equal or shorter history before treatment, yet they have more advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. They have an unfavorable outcome irrespective of lesion site, tumor thickness, histogenetic subtype, and clinical stage of disease. These data suggest that the disease develops more rapidly in men. Thus, the aggressiveness and metastatic potential of cutaneous melanoma is more distinct in the male sex. The exacerbation of melanoma during pregnancy may be due to the increase of estrogens or to the elevated androgen levels. The first possibility is unlikely. The elevation of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and MSH levels may play a role. Several case-controlled studies have failed to reveal any overall relationship between prior history of oral contraceptive use and the development of melanoma. Because the role of estrogens (and hormones in general) in the course of melanoma is not yet satisfactorily established, oral contraceptives are best avoided. It is concluded that malignant melanoma may be a hormone-responsive tumor, despite the fact that the exact nature of such endocrine factors remains nebulous.

Topics: Androgens; Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; Estrogens; Family Planning Services; Female; Humans; Male; Melanoma; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic; Sex; Skin Neoplasms; Smoking

Topics: Adult; Aged; Black or African American; Colonic Neoplasms; Ethnology; Female; Humans; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Postoperative Complications; Rectal Neoplasms; Sex; Thiotepa; White People

The i.v. injection of a specified number of cells of either an Ehrlich ascites tumour (ELD) or spontaneous mouse mammary adenocarcinomas (MA) into C3H mice yielded a number of lung colonies which varied significantly with the age or sex of recipient mice. The yield was higher in mice of 71 weeks than in those of 15 weeks, except for MA cells injected into females, when the yield was higher in the younger mice. Sex did not influence very significantly the yield of colonies from ELD cells; in the case of MA cells the direction of sex differences depended on age. A difference in the effect of pre-immunization with age was not observed.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aging; Animals; Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor; Female; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Radiation Effects; Sex; Transplantation, Homologous

Palpable subcutaneous transplants of hepatocellular carcinoma-35 appeared slightly earlier in male animals; however, the number of successful growths was no greater than that in female animals. Castration and administration of testosterone or diethylstilbestrol were performed after the transplants reached 1.0-1.5 cm in size. The carcinoma was less well differentiated histologically, had more bile pigment, grew rapidly, mestastasized sooner and killed the host quickly in castrated females given testosterone propionate. Bile was present in lung metastases. There was little difference in the growth rate in intact or castrated male or female animals. Exogenous diethylstilbestrol slowed the growth of the transplants and cause weight loss in castrated males. The weight loss was felt to be related to extensive necrosis of the carcinoma.

Topics: Animals; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Castration; Cell Differentiation; Diethylstilbestrol; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Rats; Sex; Testosterone

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pneumonectomy; Postoperative Complications; Prognosis; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Bone Neoplasms; Child; Child, Preschool; Czechoslovakia; Female; Ganglia, Autonomic; Humans; Infant; Longevity; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neuroblastoma; Prognosis; Sex

Topics: Carcinoid Tumor; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome; Neoplasm Metastasis; Serotonin; Sex

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Appendectomy; Appendiceal Neoplasms; Appendicitis; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Longevity; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Sex

Topics: Adult; Aging; Appendiceal Neoplasms; Carcinoid Tumor; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Scotland; Sex

Topics: Aged; Carcinoma; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Penile Neoplasms; Phimosis; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus; Vulvar Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteoradionecrosis; Prognosis; Puerto Rico; Radiotherapy; Sex

Topics: Adult; Aged; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Egypt; Female; Fibrosarcoma; Humans; Lip Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis; Palatal Neoplasms; Sex; Tongue Neoplasms

Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Denmark; Fascia; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Melanoma; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous; Prognosis; Sex; Skin Neoplasms

Topics: 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids; 17-Ketosteroids; Adolescent; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Black or African American; Carcinoma; Child; Child, Preschool; Cushing Syndrome; Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Sex; White People

Topics: Adrenalectomy; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Palliative Care; Sex

Topics: Brain; Brain Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Bronchogenic; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Neoplastic Cells, Circulating; Prognosis; Sarcoma; Sex

Topics: Canada; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Geriatrics; Humans; Lip Neoplasms; Lymph Node Excision; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Sex

Topics: Air Pollution; Asphyxia; Bronchitis; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Cough; Craniocerebral Trauma; Electrocardiography; Heart Failure; Humans; Myocardial Infarction; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Occupations; Peptic Ulcer; Pneumonia; Pneumothorax; Polycythemia; Pulmonary Emphysema; Pulmonary Heart Disease; Radiography, Thoracic; Respiratory Function Tests; Sex; Smoking; Suicide

Topics: Aging; Anemia; Blood Sedimentation; Body Temperature; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Genetics, Medical; Hematology; Hemochromatosis; Hepatomegaly; Hypoglycemia; Iron; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Pleural Effusion; Sex; Splenomegaly

Topics: Aging; Carcinoma; Cobalt Isotopes; Esophageal Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Prognosis; Radioisotope Teletherapy; Radiotherapy Dosage; Sex

Topics: Adenoma; Adenoma, Pleomorphic; Black People; Child; Geriatrics; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Parotid Neoplasms; Pathology; Prognosis; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Salivary Glands; Sex; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Bronchial Neoplasms; Bronchoscopy; Female; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Ovarian Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pleural Neoplasms; Radiography, Thoracic; Sex; Thyroid Neoplasms; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Adolescent; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Papillary; Child; Geriatrics; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Neck Dissection; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasms; Sex; Thyroid Neoplasms; Thyroidectomy

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adolescent; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Carcinosarcoma; Child; Ethnology; Geriatrics; Humans; Incidence; Kidney; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Pathology; Sarcoma; Sex; Singapore; Wilms Tumor

Topics: Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Norway; Radium; Sex; Tongue; Tongue Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma, Pleomorphic; Bronchial Neoplasms; Carcinoid Tumor; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Chondroma; Fibroma; Fibrosarcoma; Hemangiosarcoma; Humans; Leiomyoma; Leiomyosarcoma; Liposarcoma; Lung Neoplasms; Mesenchymoma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Osteoma; Prognosis; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Neoplasms; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aging; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Classification; Gastrectomy; Geriatrics; Humans; Japan; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms, Second Primary; Pathology; Sex; Stomach Neoplasms