sodium-ethylxanthate and Infections

Topics: Coitus; Counseling; Embolism, Air; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Libido; Male; Men; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Risk; Sex; Sexual Behavior

Until recently, the only sustained AIDS activity in India has been alarmist media attention complemented by occasional messages calling for comfort and dignity. Public perception of the AIDS epidemic in India has been effectively shaped by mass media. Press reports have, however, bolstered awareness of the problem among literate elements of urban populations. In the absence of sustained guidance in the campaign against AIDS, responsibility has fallen to voluntary health activists who have become catalysts for community awareness and participation. This voluntary initiative, in effect, seems to be the only immediate avenue for constructive public action, and signals the gradual development of an AIDS network in India. Proceedings from a seminar in Ahmedabad are discussed, and include plans for an information and education program targeting sex workers, health and communication programs for 150 commercial blood donors and their agents, surveillance and awareness programs for safer blood and blood products, and dialogue with the business community and trade unions. Despite the lack of coordination among volunteers and activists, every major city in India now has an AIDS group. A controversial bill on AIDS has ben circulating through government ministries and committees since mid-1989, a national AIDS committee exists with the Secretary of Health as its director, and a 3-year medium-term national plan exists for the reduction of AIDS and HIV infection and morbidity. UNICEF programs target mothers and children for AIDS awareness, and blood testing facilities are expected to be expanded. The article considers the present chaos effectively productive in forcing the Indian population to face up to previously taboo issued of sexuality, sex education, and sexually transmitted disease.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Administrative Personnel; Asia; Attitude; Behavior; Child Welfare; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Communication; Community Participation; Culture; Demography; Developing Countries; Diagnosis; Disease; Economics; Government; Health; Health Planning; Health Services Needs and Demand; Hematologic Tests; HIV Infections; Homosexuality; India; Infections; International Agencies; Legislation as Topic; Mass Media; Maternal Welfare; Morbidity; Organization and Administration; Organizations; Philosophy; Politics; Population; Population Characteristics; Psychology; Public Opinion; Public Policy; Research; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Social Planning; Social Values; United Nations; Urban Population; Virus Diseases; Volunteers; World Health Organization

1976 census data and data on births to 8788 ever married women from the 1980 Egyptian Fertility Survey were analyzed to determine if son preference was responsible for higher mortality among girls than among boys and what factors were associated with this higher mortality. During 0-3 years, boys were more likely to die than females. For example, the overall male-female sex ratio for the 1st year was 118:100. At ages 5, 10, 15, and 2 0, however, girls were more likely to die. The sex rations for these years were 98, 95, 93, and 91. In fact, the excess mortality among illiterate mothers accounted for most of the overall excess mortality. As mother's educational level rose, the excess mortality of girls fell, so that by university level boys experienced excess mortality (130, 111, 112, 105). Less educated mothers breast fed sons longer and waited more months after birth of a son to have another child indicating son preference, but these factors did not necessarily contribute to excess mortality. The major cause of female excess mortality in Egypt was that boys received favored treatment of digestive and respiratory illnesses as indicated by accessibility to a pharmacy (p.01). Norms/traditions and religion played a significant role in excess mortality. The effect of norms/traditions was greater than religion, however. Mother's current and past employment strongly contributed to reducing girls' mortality levels (p.01). These results indicated that Egypt should strive to increase the educational level of females and work opportunities for women to reduce female child mortality. Further, it should work to improve women's status which in turn will reduce norms/traditions that encourage son preference and higher mortality level for girls.

Topics: Africa; Africa, Northern; Behavior; Birth Intervals; Birth Rate; Breast Feeding; Cause of Death; Censuses; Cross-Sectional Studies; Culture; Demography; Developing Countries; Diarrhea; Disease; Economics; Educational Status; Egypt; Employment; Family Characteristics; Family Relations; Fertility; Health; Health Workforce; Income; Infant Mortality; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infections; Methods; Middle East; Mortality; Mothers; Nuclear Family; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Parents; Population; Population Characteristics; Population Dynamics; Psychology; Regression Analysis; Research; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sex; Social Class; Social Values; Socioeconomic Factors; Statistics as Topic; Therapeutics; Women's Rights

A case-control study of 418 women with invasive squamous cell cervical cancer and 704 population controls enabled evaluation of risk factors for this relatively rare cancer. Consistent with an infectious etiology was a pronounced effect of multiple sexual partners, with those reporting 10 or more partners being at a significant threefold excess risk. Early first intercourse also was associated with some residual effect on risk, although the relationship was not linear, nor the explanation readily apparent. Those with multiple births were at significantly elevated risks, even after adjustment for sexual parameters. Menstrual and hygiene factors, including use of tampons, vaginal deodorants, and douching products, were not consistently related to risk. Histories of specific infections involving the genital tract were poor predictors of risk, since few women provided positive responses, but those with nonspecific diseases were at a significant twofold excess risk.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Demography; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Infections; Middle Aged; Parity; Risk; Sex; United States; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Topics: Birth Weight; Death Certificates; Death, Sudden; Ethnology; Female; Humans; Illegitimacy; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Male; Retrospective Studies; Seasons; Sex; Washington

Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Albumins; Alcoholism; Autonomic Nervous System; Blood Circulation; Child; Child, Preschool; Climate; Cranial Nerves; Diabetes Complications; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Infant; Infections; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Sclerosis; Optic Nerve; Polyradiculopathy; Prognosis; Sex; Temperature; Thiamine; Tuberculosis

Topics: Alcoholic Beverages; Arteriosclerosis; Aspirin; Blood Group Antigens; Duodenal Ulcer; Genetics, Medical; Heart Diseases; Hematemesis; Humans; Hypertension; Infections; Melena; Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage; Sex; Smoking; Statistics as Topic; Stress, Physiological

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Brain; Brain Damage, Chronic; Classification; Female; Humans; Infections; Intellectual Disability; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Neoplasms; Nervous System Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Sex; Skull; Statistics as Topic; Toxicology

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Amputation, Surgical; Child; Congenital Abnormalities; Geriatrics; Infant; Infections; Mortality; Neoplasms; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Vascular Diseases; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins; Collagen Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Exudates and Transudates; Humans; Infections; Middle Aged; Ophthalmoscopy; Retinal Detachment; Rheumatic Diseases; Sex; Uvea

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Headache; Humans; Hypothalamus; Infections; Lipodystrophy; Neurotic Disorders; Pregnancy; Prognosis; Sex; Virus Diseases