sodium-ethylxanthate and Infant--Newborn--Diseases

In neonatology, males exhibit a more severe disease course and poorer prognosis in many pathological states when compared to females. Perinatal brain injury, respiratory morbidity, and sepsis, among other complications, preferentially affect males. Preterm neonates (born <37 weeks gestation) display a particularly marked sexual disparity in pathology, especially at the borders of viability. The sex biases in preterm neonatal outcomes and underlying multifactorial mechanisms have been incompletely explored. Sex-specific clinical phenomena may be partially explained by intrinsic differences in immune function. The distinct immune system of preterm neonates renders this patient population vulnerable, and it is increasingly important to consider biological sex in disease processes and to strive for improved outcomes for both sexes. Areas covered: We discuss the cellular responses and molecular intermediates in immune function which are strongly dependent on sex-specific factors such as the genetic and hormonal milieu of premature birth and consider novel findings in a clinical context. Expert commentary: The role of immune function in the manifestation of sex-specific disease manifestations and outcomes in preterm neonates is a critical prognostic variable. Further mechanistic elucidation will yield valuable translational and clinical information of disease processes in preterm neonates which may be harnessed for modulation.

Topics: Brain Injuries; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Immune System; Immunity; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Risk; Sepsis; Sex; Sex Factors

Topics: Birth Order; Birth Weight; Blood Glucose; Chicago; Diseases in Twins; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Morbidity; Sex

Topics: Abnormalities, Severe Teratoid; Adult; Bone and Bones; Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Congenital Abnormalities; Cryptorchidism; Down Syndrome; Ethnology; Female; Genitalia; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Hydrocephalus; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Israel; Jews; Male; Maternal Age; Middle Aged; Parity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Multiple; Seasons; Sex; Spinal Dysraphism

Topics: Apnea; Birth Injuries; Birth Weight; Cyanosis; Female; Glucose; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Hypoglycemia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Seizures; Sex; Twins

Topics: Cytomegalovirus Infections; Female; Hernia, Inguinal; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Rubella; Sex; Syphilis, Congenital; Toxoplasmosis, Congenital

Topics: Birth Weight; Female; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature; Pregnancy; Sex; Smoking; Toxicology

Topics: Cell Biology; Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Jaundice; Jaundice, Neonatal; Liver Cirrhosis; Lysosomes; Pathology; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Seven male newborns of Chinese, Greek and Italian origin presented with severe hemolytic jaundice due to red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency. In five, the hemolysis was precipitated by inhalation of mothball vapours in the home. Kernicterus was evident upon admission in six infants and was fatal in four of these.G-6-PD deficiency should be suspected as a cause of jaundice in all full-term male infants of these ethnic groups. The diagnosis can be confirmed in any hospital by the methemoglobin reduction test. In areas similar to Toronto, Canada, where these high-risk ethnic groups prevail, the following measures are recommended: (1) detection of G-6-PD deficient newborns by screening cord bloods of all infants of these ethnic groups; (2) protection of affected infants from potentially hemolytic agents such as naphthalene, certain vitamin K preparations, and sulfonamides; and (3) observation of serum bilirubin levels to assess the need for exchange transfusion for hyperbilirubinemia.

Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Antimalarials; Antipyretics; Asian People; Biochemical Phenomena; Biochemistry; Canada; Drug Therapy; Erythrocytes; Ethnology; Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood; Genetics, Medical; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Glucosephosphates; Hemolysis; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Jaundice; Jaundice, Neonatal; Kernicterus; Male; Methemoglobin; NADP; Naphthalenes; Nitrofurans; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Sulfanilamide; Sulfanilamides; Sulfonamides; Toxicology; White People

Topics: Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Sex; Sex Distribution; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus

Topics: Bacteriology; Biometry; Body Fluids; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Sex; Specimen Handling; Statistics as Topic; Urinary Catheterization; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine

Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Bacteriology; Body Fluids; Congenital Abnormalities; Dehydration; Diagnosis; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Kidney Diseases; Nitrofurantoin; Pyelonephritis; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Urine; Urography; Water-Electrolyte Balance