sodium-ethylxanthate and Hypogonadism

GnRH and sex steroids play an important role in immune system modulation and development. GnRH and the GnRH receptor are produced locally by immune cells, suggesting an autocrine role for GnRH. Experimental studies show a stimulatory action of exogenous GnRH on the immune response. The immune actions of GnRH in vivo are, however, less well established. Oestrogen and androgen receptors are expressed in primary lymphoid organs and peripheral immune cells. Experimental data have established that oestrogens enhance the humoral immune response and may have an activating role in autoimmune disorders. Testosterone enhances suppressor T cell activity. Although there are some clinical studies consistent with these findings, the impact of sex steroids in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and the risk or benefits of their usage in normal and autoimmune-disordered patients remain to be elucidated. There are neither experimental nor clinical data evaluating functional GnRH-sex steroid interactions within the human immune system, and there is a paucity of data relating to GnRH analogues, hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptive and androgen action in autoimmune diseases. However, a growing body of experimental evidence suggests that an extra-pituitary GnRH immune mechanism plays a role in the programming of the immune system. The implications of these findings in understanding immune function are discussed.

Topics: Androgens; Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; B-Lymphocytes; Bone Marrow; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Estrogen Replacement Therapy; Estrogens; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Hypogonadism; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Killer Cells, Natural; Male; Pregnancy; Sex; Thymus Gland

To report the experience with treatment of hypogonadal men with the scrotal application of testosterone patches.. Prospective and descriptive.. In 12 unselected hypogonadal men (aged 27-58 years; serum concentration of testosterone < 10 nmol/l) who complained of adverse effects of oral androgen treatment, the treatment was changed to scrotal application of testosterone patches (Testoderm). First the androgen substitution was stopped for 6 weeks. Follow-up was 4-5 years, during which regular laboratory tests were carried out, the patients filling in questionnaires regarding their general mood and the frequency of sexual feelings/activities.. Testosterone levels reached physiological values and a beneficial effect was observed on general mood and sexual functioning. These effects remained stable throughout the entire period of 4-5 years of study. Skin reactions occurred in 2 men. Dihydrotestosterone levels increased to supraphysiological values. Other clinical, biochemical and haematological parameters did not reveal any detrimental effects. The patch, which should be applied to a dry and shaved scrotal skin, was a satisfying androgen replacement therapy for more than 4 years in 7 out of 12 men.. In this open study in hypogonadal men with complaints about previous testosterone therapy, scrotal testosterone patches were a useful therapy, leading to the testosterone levels in the physiological range.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Dihydrotestosterone; Follow-Up Studies; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypogonadism; Libido; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Dropouts; Scrotum; Sex; Testosterone; Treatment Outcome

To study the effects of androgen replacement therapy on muscle mass and strength and bone turnover markers in hypogonadal men, we administered sublingual testosterone (T) cyclodextrin (SLT; 5 mg, three times daily) to 67 hypogonadal men (baseline serum T, < 8.4 nmol/L) recruited from 4 centers in the U.S.: Torrance (n = 34), Durham (n = 12), New York (n = 9), and Salem (n = 12). Subjects who had received prior T therapy were withdrawn from injections for at least 6 weeks and from oral therapy for 4 weeks. Body composition, muscle strength, and serum and urinary bone turnover markers were measured before and after 6 months of SLT. We have shown previously that this regimen for 60 days will maintain adequate serum T levels and restore sexual function. Total body (P = 0.0104) and lean body mass (P = 0.007) increased with SLT treatment in the 34 subjects in whom body composition was assessed. There was no significant change in total body fat or percent fat. The increase in lean body mass was mainly in the legs; the right leg lean mass increased from 8.9 +/- 0.3 kg at 0 months to 9.2 +/- 0.3 kg at 6 months (P = 0.0008). This increase in leg lean mass was associated with increased leg muscle strength, assessed by leg press (0 months, 139.0 +/- 4.0 kg; 6 months, 147.7 +/- 4.2 kg; P = 0.0038). SLT replacement in hypogonadal men led to small, but significant, decreases in serum Ca (P = 0.0029) and the urinary calcium/creatinine ratio (P = 0.0066), which were associated with increases in serum PTH (P = 0.0001). At baseline, the urinary type I collagen-cross linked N-telopeptides/creatinine ratio [75.6 +/- 7.9 nmol bone collagen equivalents (BCE/mmol] was twice the normal adult male mean (41.0 +/- 3.6 nmol BCE/mmol) and was significantly decreased in response to SLT treatment at 6 months (68.2 +/- 7.7 nmol BCE/mmol; P = 0.0304) without significant changes in urinary creatinine. Serum skeletal alkaline phosphatase did not change. In addition, SLT replacement caused significant increases in serum osteocalcin (P = 0.0001) and type I procollagen (P = 0.0012). Bone mineral density did not change during the 6 months of SLT treatment. We conclude that SLT replacement therapy resulted in increases in lean muscle mass and muscle strength. Like estrogen replacement in hypogonadal postmenopausal females, androgen replacement therapy led to decreased bone resorption and urinary calcium excretion. Moreover, androgen replacement therapy may have the additional benefit of increasi

Topics: Administration, Sublingual; Adult; Anthropometry; Body Composition; Bone Remodeling; Bone Resorption; Dihydrotestosterone; Estradiol; Humans; Hypogonadism; Male; Middle Aged; Muscles; Progesterone; Sex; Testosterone

Sexual function and the effects thereon of testosterone enanthate were studied in six hypogonadal men with the objective of delineating the specific components of male sexuality affected by androgen. To obtain a detailed picture of these components, prospective self-report data (from daily logs) of sexual activity and feelings, recordings of all night penile tumescence, and laboratory psychophysiological data were assessed. Double blind placebo experiments with cross-over design were used to compare the effects of placebo and 200- and 400-mg doses of testosterone enanthate. Erectile responses to erotic film and fantasy were not lower in the hypogonadal patients than in normal men and, in fact, were higher on some parameters, especially prolongation of detumescence time after exposure to film or fantasy. Three subjects who kept consistent daily logs had increased frequencies of sexual acts and feelings, orgasms, and spontaneous erections after testosterone administration. Nocturnal penile tumescence and spontaneous daytime erections were reduced in untreated hypogonadal men and were significantly increased after testosterone treatment, but the laboratory-tested erectile responses to film and fantasy were not affected by testosterone. These data and previous findings lead to the conclusion that the major androgen action on male sexuality involves libido factors (i.e. sexual motivation/interest). Though stimulus-bound erections elicited in the laboratory were not reduced in hypogonadal men, spontaneous (sleep or waking) erections were clearly testosterone dependent.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Hypogonadism; Libido; Male; Middle Aged; Sex; Testosterone

Data on bone mineral density (BMD) in acromegaly are conflicting as most previous studies collectively evaluated eugonadal and hypogonadal patients of both sexes, with or without active disease. We have evaluated BMD in 152 acromegalic patients of both sexes with varying disease activity and gonadal status.. Cross-sectional, retrospective.. We studied 152 acromegalic patients (99 women aged 26-72 years, and 53 men aged 21-75 years), 107 with active and 45 with controlled disease. Eighty-five patients had normal gonadal status and 67 were hypogonadal.. In all patients we measured serum GH levels by immunoenzimometric assay, and serum IGF-I levels by radioimmunoassay. BMD was assessed at spine L2-L4 (LS) and at femoral neck (FN) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; results are expressed as Z-values.. We evaluated the effect of GH excess on bone at different sites in relation to gonadal status, disease activity and gender. At LS, in respect to the reference population, BMD (mean +/- SE) values were higher in eugonadal patients (active: 0.71 +/- 0.29, P < 0.02; controlled: 0.65 +/- 0.28, P < 0.05) and lower in hypogonadal ones (active: -0.64 +/- 0.35, 0.1 < P < 0.05; controlled: -1.05 +/- 0.36, P < 0.01), regardless of disease activity. On the contrary, at FN, BMD was higher than in the reference population, both in eugonadal (1.01 +/- 0.22, P < 0.001) and hypogonadal (0.63 +/- 0.17, P < 0.001) patients only in subjects with active disease, but not in those in which the disease was controlled (eugonadal: 0.31 +/- 0.23, P = ns; hypogonadal 0.04 +/- 0.28, P = ns). We did not observe any difference in BMD values according to gender both at LS (males vs. females -0.02 +/- 0.30 vs. 0.01 +/- 0.24, P = ns) or at FN (0.77 +/- 0.19 vs. 0.63 +/- 0.15, P = ns).. The anabolic effect of GH excess on bone in acromegalic patients is: (i) gender-independent; (ii) evident at the spine only in eugonadal regardless of disease activity; (iii) evident at femoral neck only in the presence of active disease regardless of gonadal status.

Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Acromegaly; Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Bone Density; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Femur Neck; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hypogonadism; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Sex; Spine

Topics: Alcoholism; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Estradiol; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Hypogonadism; Kinetics; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic; Liver Diseases; Prolactin; Reference Values; Sex; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; Testosterone; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans; Hypogonadism; Hypophysectomy; Immunoassay; Iodine Isotopes; Male; Middle Aged; Sex

Topics: Fantasy; Humans; Hypogonadism; Identification, Psychological; Klinefelter Syndrome; Male; Mental Disorders; Sex; Transsexualism; Transvestism

Topics: Adolescent; Body Height; Bone Development; Child; Fluoxymesterone; Growth; Humans; Hypogonadism; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Methyltestosterone; Pharmacology; Sex; Sexual Infantilism; Statistics as Topic; Testosterone

Topics: Alcoholism; Chromosome Aberrations; Humans; Hypogonadism; Intellectual Disability; Klinefelter Syndrome; Mental Disorders; Mentally Ill Persons; Neurotic Disorders; Paranoid Disorders; Psychological Tests; Schizophrenia; Sex; Sex Chromatin; Sex Chromosome Aberrations; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Female; Humans; Hypogonadism; Ovary; Sex; Sex Differentiation; Sexual Infantilism

Topics: Eunuchism; Heredity; Humans; Hypogonadism; Male; Sex