sodium-ethylxanthate and Hypertension

It has been recognized over the past years that women form a distinct subpopulation within patients with coronary heart disease. This phenomenon should be acknowledged in the management and in the assessment of coronary heart disease. Over the past years remarkable progress has been made concerning our knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors related to gender. For instance, diabetes, high density lipoproteins and triglycerides levels have been found to have a greater impact on coronary heart disease risk in women compared to men. On the other hand, evidence showing that lipoprotein (a) is a cardiovascular risk factor seems to be stronger in men than in women. For optimal treatment and prevention of coronary heart disease it is necessary to acknowledge that it is not self-evident that women and men show similar responses to risk factors or to treatment. This review article addresses the role of cardiovascular risk factors focusing on the differential impact they might have on men and women.

Topics: Aged; Bacterial Infections; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Coronary Disease; Diabetes Complications; Estrogens; Female; Fibrinogen; Homocysteine; Humans; Hypertension; Inflammation; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Psychosocial Deprivation; Risk Factors; Sex; Smoking; Triglycerides

In the effort to explain gender-related differences of the cardiovascular system, the renin-angiotensin system experienced intensive exploration. Indeed, the development of hypertension as well as the progression of coronary artery disease and heart failure have two factors in common: (1) display distinct gender specific characteristics and (2) are enhanced by the renin-angiotensin system. It is therefore interesting to note that data from experimental animals, epidemiological surveys, and clinical investigations suggest that the components of the circulating as well as tissue-based renin-angiotensin system are markedly affected by gender. However, the issue is complicated by counter-regulatory effects of estrogen on the system with the substrate, on one hand, and the processing enzymes as well as the chief receptor, on the other hand. In fact, angiotensinogen is up-regulated particularly by oral administration of estrogen, whereas renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and AT-1 receptor are down-regulated by the hormone. While under well-defined experimental conditions the net effect of estrogen appears to result in suppression of the renin-angiotensin system, the clinical situation may be more complex. The judgment is further complicated by the difficulty in precisely measuring the activity of the system at the tissue level. Moreover, clinically relevant read-outs for the activity of the renin-angiotensin system may be regulated multifactorially or only indirectly affected by the system. Nevertheless, the undisputable, profound biochemical changes in the renin-angiotensin system related to the estrogen status allow speculation that such interaction explains some of the differences in the cardiovascular system of men and women.

Topics: Angiotensin I; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Coronary Disease; Estrogens; Female; Genotype; Heart Failure; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Renin; Renin-Angiotensin System; Sex

Gender has an important influence on blood pressure, with premenopausal women having a lower arterial blood pressure than age-matched men. Compared with premenopausal women, postmenopausal women have higher blood pressures, suggesting that ovarian hormones may modulate blood pressure. However, whether sex hormones are responsible for the observed gender-associated differences in arterial blood pressure and whether ovarian hormones account for differences in blood pressure in premenopausal versus postmenopausal women remains unclear. In this review, we provide a discussion of the potential blood pressure regulating effects of female and male sex hormones, as well as the cellular, biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which sex hormones may modify the effects of hypertension on the cardiovascular system.

Topics: Cardiovascular System; Catecholamines; Estradiol; Estrogen Replacement Therapy; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Hypertension; Kidney; Male; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Postmenopause; Progesterone; Sex; Testosterone

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), and in particular coronary artery heart disease (CAHD), is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women. Until recently, most of our knowledge about the pathophysiology of CVD in women - and, subsequently, management guidelines - were based on studies conducted mostly in men. While similar mechanisms operate to induce CVD in women and men, gender-related differences exist in the anatomy and physiology of the myocardium, and sex hormones modify the course of disease in women. Women, more than men, have their initial manifestation of CAHD as angina pectoris; are likely to be referred for diagnostic tests at a more advanced stage of disease, and are less likely than men to have corrective invasive procedures. The overall morbidity and mortality following the initial ischaemic heart event is worse in women, and the case fatality rate is greater in women than in men. Also, the relative impact of impaired vasoreactivity of the coronary artery, increased viscosity of the blood and dysregulation of automaticity and arrhythmia, is greater in women than in men. The most effective means of decreasing the impact of CVD on women's health is by an active approach from childhood to proper principles of healthcare in order to modify the contribution of specific risk factors. The latter include obesity, abnormal plasma lipid profile, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, sedentary lifestyle, increased blood viscosity, augmented platelet aggregability, stress and autonomic imbalance. The use of lipid-lowering drugs has not been adequately studied in women but reports from studies conducted mostly in men do predict an advantage also to women. Oestrogen deficiency after spontaneous or medically induced menopause is an important risk factor for CVD and CAHD. Observational and mechanistic data suggest a role for oestrogen replacement after menopause for primary, and possibly secondary, prevention of CVD. However, two recent prospective trials suggest that treatment de novo with hormone replacement of older post-menopausal women after an acute coronary event may not confer cardiovascular protection and may increase the risk of thromboembolic disease. Results of ongoing long-term studies may determine the beneficial role of hormone replacement versus potential risks involved with this treatment.

Topics: Aged; Blood Viscosity; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Complications; Estrogen Replacement Therapy; Estrogens; Female; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Hypertension; Life Style; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Postmenopause; Progesterone Congeners; Risk Factors; Sex; Smoking; Stress, Psychological

Considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the role of high heart rate in determining cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, whether the association between fast heart rate and cardiovascular disease is equally strong in males and females is still a matter for debate. In most studies, the predictive value of tachycardia for all-cause mortality has been found to be weaker in women than in men, and in some studies no association between heart rate and cardiovascular mortality was observed. In particular, high heart rate appeared to be a weak predictor of death from coronary heart disease in the female gender. Multiple mechanisms by which sympathetic overactivity could cause hypertension and the metabolic syndrome of insulin resistance have been documented. Recent results obtained at the Ann Arbor laboratory from the analysis of four populations indicate that these mechanisms are operative mostly in males in whom tachycardia reflects a heightened sympathetic tone. In women, fast heart rate would merely represent the extreme of a normal distribution. However, tachycardia can also have a direct impact on the arterial wall, as demonstrated in laboratory studies, and can favour the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias. The impact of these mechanisms may be similar in men and women and could explain why a high heart rate has been found to have a detrimental effect also in the female gender. Pharmacological reduction of high heart rate is an additional desirable goal of therapy in several clinical conditions such as hypertension, myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. Although a greater effect is expected in men, cardiac slowing could counteract the detrimental haemodynamic effect of tachycardia also in women.

Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Risk Factors; Sex; Tachycardia

Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aging; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Coronary Disease; Heart; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypertension; Life Change Events; Risk Factors; Sex; Sleep; Social Adjustment; Stress, Physiological

Topics: Altitude Sickness; Brain; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Cold Temperature; Craniocerebral Trauma; Endarterectomy; Food; Giant Cell Arteritis; Headache; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension, Renal; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Migraine Disorders; Physical Exertion; Sex; Vascular Diseases; Vascular Headaches

Topics: Body Constitution; Coronary Disease; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Fats; Genetics, Medical; Glycerides; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension; Lipids; Lipoproteins; Obesity; Peptic Ulcer; Physical Exertion; Sex; Smoking; Stress, Physiological; Thyroid Diseases

The sodium pump consists of the membrane-bound enzyme sodium/potassium-ATPase, which exchanges internal sodium ions for external potassium ions. Obesity, hypertension, and diabetes associate with the activity of the sodium pump, motivating gene discovery for sodium pump number.. Variance components linkage analysis was applied to the number of red blood cell sodium pump sites measured by ouabain-binding assays on 1375 members of 46 Utah pedigrees. Both one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) autosome-wide linkage analyses of pump number were performed on the combined sample as well as separately on the male and female subsets.. Two significant 1D linkages were identified: on chromosome 1p13 in the combined sample [1D logarithm of odds (LOD) score = 3.76] and on chromosome 17p21 in the female subset (1D LOD score = 3.24). In addition, two significant 2D linkages were identified in the female subset: on chromosome 10q22 interacting with chromosome 18q11 (2D LOD score = 7.18) and on chromosome 13q21 interacting with chromosome 4q31 (2D LOD score = 6.05). Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs17376826 in neuropeptide Y receptor Y2, an obesity-associated gene and a candidate in the chromosome 4q31 linkage region, is associated with pump number (P = 0.046 in the combined sample and P = 0.042 in the female subset).. Pump number is influenced by multiple genes, possibly including neuropeptide Y receptor Y2.

Topics: Chromosome Mapping; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genetic Linkage; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Obesity; Pedigree; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Sex; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase

Topics: Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Angiotensins; Antihypertensive Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Orgasm; Penile Erection; Sex; Tetrazoles; Time Factors; Valine; Valsartan

To examine the obesity-related chronic diseases in the US adult population according to gender, race and socioeconomic status.. Data from the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (1994-1996 CSFII) conducted by the US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS) were used in the analysis. Relevant data included self-reported weight and height, self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease and high serum cholesterol. Analysis was conducted according to gender, race, income level and education level.. There was a graded increase in diabetes, hypertension and high serum cholesterol with increasing body weight in nearly all gender, racial and socioeconomic groups. Among the obese individuals, the prevalence of hypertension was higher in black subjects and the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and heart disease was higher in individuals with lower education compared to their counterparts. The odds of having diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and high serum cholesterol increased with increasing body weight after adjusting for age, gender, race, income, education and smoking.. Although cross-sectional in nature, our results suggest that the disease burden associated with obesity in the population may be substantial. This burden increases with increasing severity of obesity. Our findings support the current opinion that, although the nature of obesity-related health risks is similar in all populations, the specific level of risk associated with a given level of obesity may be different depending on gender, race and socioeconomic condition.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Heart Diseases; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Obesity; Odds Ratio; Racial Groups; Sex; Sex Factors; Social Class; United States

Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Autonomic Nervous System; Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronary Vessels; Endothelium, Vascular; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Myocardium; Renin-Angiotensin System; Risk Factors; Sex

To examine gender differences in age-related blood pressure changes and the prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension.. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.. 89 mobile examination centers and household questionnaire.. 6635 men and 7189 women over the age of 18 years who were not under treatment for high blood pressure.. Levels of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure by age and gender; prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH).. Systolic blood pressures (SBP) and pulse pressures (PP) were higher in males than in females among adults less than 45 years old. After age 45, SBP and PP were higher in females. Diastolic blood pressures were lower among adult females across all age categories. The prevalence of stages 1 and 2/3 ISH were higher among females after age 44 years. The magnitude of the gender differences in the prevalence of ISH was also age-dependent.. ISH was higher in elderly women than men. These age-related blood pressure changes may account in part for the higher cardiovascular mortality reported among elderly females compared with elderly males and should be considered an important target for cardiovascular preventive strategy, particularly in elderly females.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Blood Pressure; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Prevalence; Pulse; Severity of Illness Index; Sex; Sex Factors; Systole; United States

Topics: Adult; Ambulatory Care; Black or African American; Black People; Child; Chlorpropamide; Consumer Behavior; Diabetes Mellitus; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Marriage; Methyldopa; Middle Aged; Occupations; Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; Patient Compliance; Penicillins; Sex; South Africa

Unfounded fears and misconceptions about postcoronary sex can cause much anxiety in an individual and his partner. Hypertension may complicate the clinical picture, and fear of a catastrophic episode may haunt partner as well as patient. Needed medications may further confuse them both by causing chemical impotence or ejaculatory problems in some cases. A good precoronary sexual history can lead to an open dialogue on plans, modifications, and concerns about resuming the patient's sexual exchange upon leaving the hospital. For holistic rehabilitation, good sex information is essential.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Angina Pectoris; Antihypertensive Agents; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Coitus; Counseling; Digitalis Glycosides; Diuretics; Female; Heart Diseases; Humans; Hypertension; Libido; Male; Middle Aged; Propranolol; Sex; Sex Education

Topics: Anticholesteremic Agents; Arteriosclerosis; Estrogens; Humans; Hypertension; Sex

Topics: Abruptio Placentae; Adult; Birth Weight; Cesarean Section; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Hypertension; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Male; Obstetric Labor, Premature; Placenta Previa; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Sex; Smoking

Topics: Adenoma; Adrenal Gland Diseases; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adult; Aged; Diabetes Mellitus; Ethnology; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Retrospective Studies; Sex

Topics: Aged; Cholesterol; Coronary Disease; Diet; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Physical Exertion; Sex; Smoking

Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pyelonephritis; Sex; Urinary Tract Infections; Urography; Vascular Diseases

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Black or African American; Black People; Coronary Disease; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Electrocardiography; Ethnology; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Glycosuria; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Potassium; Religion; Sex; South Africa; Urea

Topics: Adult; Aging; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Cholesterol; Diabetes Complications; Ethnology; Female; Glycerides; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Prediabetic State; Sex; Triglycerides

Topics: Birth Weight; Blood Pressure; Body Composition; Body Weight; Edema; England; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Maternal Age; Parity; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Sex

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aging; Cardiomyopathies; Coronary Disease; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardium; Myxedema; Organ Size; Pericardial Effusion; Sex

Topics: Adult; Aging; Autonomic Nervous System; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Cardiomegaly; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Posture; Sex; Valsalva Maneuver; Vascular Resistance

Topics: Aging; Blood Pressure Determination; Cardiomegaly; Electrocardiography; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Ophthalmoscopy; Prognosis; Proteinuria; Sex; Uremia

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Aging; Animals; Blood Pressure; Female; Heart; Hypertension; Kidney; Male; Organ Size; Rats; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Child; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Japan; Male; Middle Aged; Pheochromocytoma; Prognosis; Sex

Topics: Coronary Disease; Ethnology; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Mortality; Sex; United States

Topics: Animals; Aorta; Aortic Valve Stenosis; Coronary Vessels; Estradiol; Glucose; Glycolysis; Hypertension; In Vitro Techniques; Lactates; Oxygen Consumption; Pulmonary Artery; Sex; Swine

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Aging; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Brain; Female; Hypertension; Kidney; Male; Mesentery; Myocardium; Organ Size; Rats; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Aorta; Arteriosclerosis; Body Weight; Calcinosis; Cerebral Arteries; Cholesterol; Coronary Vessels; Female; Heart Diseases; Humans; Hypertension; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Phospholipids; Sex

Topics: Aorta; Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Carotid Arteries; Cerebral Arteries; Coronary Vessels; Geriatrics; Humans; Hypertension; Middle Aged; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Vertebral Artery

Topics: Alcoholic Beverages; Arteriosclerosis; Aspirin; Blood Group Antigens; Duodenal Ulcer; Genetics, Medical; Heart Diseases; Hematemesis; Humans; Hypertension; Infections; Melena; Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage; Sex; Smoking; Statistics as Topic; Stress, Physiological

Topics: Biomedical Research; Drug Therapy; Geriatrics; Heart Failure; Hypertension; Placebos; Proteinuria; Rauwolfia; Reserpine; Sex; Toxicology

Topics: Aging; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Drug Therapy; Epidemiology; Female; Geriatrics; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Hypertension; Japan; Pyelonephritis; Radiation Injuries; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine

Topics: Angiotensins; Animals; Genetics; Hypertension; Kidney; Physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Renin; Renin-Angiotensin System; Research; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Coronary Disease; Epidemiologic Studies; Epidemiology; Geriatrics; Heart Defects, Congenital; Heart Failure; Humans; Hypertension; Michigan; Obesity; Rheumatic Heart Disease; Sex; Smoking

Topics: Adolescent; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Coronary Disease; Diabetes Mellitus; Epidemiology; Geriatrics; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hypertension; Michigan; Sex; Vascular Diseases

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aging; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Electrocardiography; Geriatrics; Health Surveys; Heart Block; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hypertension; Michigan; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Atrial Fibrillation; England; Geriatrics; Heart Valve Diseases; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension, Renal; Infarction; Kidney; Mitral Valve; Mitral Valve Stenosis; Pathology; Renal Artery Obstruction; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Activation Analysis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Animals; Cattle; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Child; Child, Preschool; Diuretics; Female; Humans; Hypertension; In Vitro Techniques; Infant; Ion Exchange; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardium; Sex; Trace Elements

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Electrocardiography; Epidemiologic Methods; Epidemiology; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Japan; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Nutrition Surveys; Sex

Topics: Adult; Aged; Diabetes Mellitus; Electrocardiography; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Myocardial Infarction; Occupations; Prognosis; Sex; Smoking

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Circulation; Blood Pressure Determination; Blood Volume Determination; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Heart Failure; Heart Function Tests; Humans; Hypertension; Kidney Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Pulse; Sex

Topics: Aging; Arteriosclerosis; Asthma; Blindness; Dementia; Emphysema; Geriatrics; Hexosamines; Humans; Hypertension; Leukemia; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphogranuloma Venereum; Male; Neoplasms; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Psychotic Disorders; Scoliosis; Sex; Stomach Neoplasms; Stomach Ulcer; Urine

Topics: Aging; Arteriosclerosis; Autoimmune Diseases; Enzymes; Heart; Humans; Hypertension; Myocardium; Physiology; Sex

Topics: Aging; Animals; Aorta; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Desoxycorticosterone; Fatty Acids; Hypertension; Hypertension, Renal; Kidney; Lipoprotein Lipase; Nephrectomy; Nitrogen; Protamines; Rabbits; Rats; Research; Sex; Water

Topics: Aging; Barbiturates; Biomedical Research; Brain Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Hypertension; Migraine Disorders; Neurosurgery; Sex; Trigeminal Neuralgia

Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus; Epidemiology; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hungary; Hypertension; Myocardial Infarction; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Sciences; Obesity; Occupations; Prognosis; Prothrombin; Sex; Smoking; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Adenoma; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adrenocortical Adenoma; Female; Geriatrics; Hirsutism; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertrichosis; Osteoporosis; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Vaginal Smears

Topics: Aging; Cadmium; Hunger; Hypertension; Kidney Tubules; Longevity; Metabolism; Pharmacology; Rats; Research; Sex; Sodium Chloride; Thirst; Trace Elements; Water

Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Arteriosclerosis; Atrial Fibrillation; Atrial Flutter; Cardiac Complexes, Premature; Cardiomegaly; Coronary Disease; Geriatrics; Heart Block; Heart Diseases; Heart Failure; Hypertension; Myocardial Infarction; Obesity; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Black People; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Cardiomegaly; Genetics, Medical; Georgia; Humans; Hypertension; Occupations; Pregnancy; Proteinuria; Retinal Vessels; Sex; Statistics as Topic; White People

Topics: Aging; Environment; Geriatrics; Hypertension; Italy; Sex; Social Environment; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Aging; Angina Pectoris; Body Weight; California; Cholesterol; Coronary Disease; Ethnology; Follow-Up Studies; Geriatrics; Humans; Hypertension; Los Angeles; Myocardial Infarction; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Adrenalectomy; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Angiotensins; Diagnosis; Humans; Hyperaldosteronism; Hyperkalemia; Hypertension; Hypokalemia; Pathology; Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests; Potassium Deficiency; Sex; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anticoagulants; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Drug Therapy; Estrogens; Geriatrics; Heart Arrest; Heart Block; Heart Failure; Heart Massage; Humans; Hypertension; Italy; Mortality; Myocardial Infarction; Occupations; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Pacemaker, Artificial; Prognosis; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Thromboembolism; Thrombophlebitis

Topics: Aspartate Aminotransferases; Biomedical Research; Blood; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Chlorothiazide; Drug Therapy; Hydrochlorothiazide; Hypertension; Methyldopa; Pharmacology; Placebos; Sex; Toxicology; Urea

Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Blood; Catecholamines; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Epinephrine; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension, Renal; Kidney; Norepinephrine; Sex

Topics: Aging; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Coronary Disease; Dietary Fats; Epidemiologic Studies; Humans; Hypertension; Japan; Rural Population; Sex

Topics: Aging; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Central Nervous System; Diuretics; Fundus Oculi; Guanethidine; Heart; Hydralazine; Hypertension; Kidney; Nervous System; Nostrums; Personality; Reserpine; Sex

Topics: Aging; Angiography; Blood Vessels; Child; Classification; Congenital Abnormalities; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension, Renal; Infant; Kidney; Pathology; Pregnancy; Renal Artery; Renal Artery Obstruction; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Vascular Surgical Procedures

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Angiography; Child; Coronary Disease; Coronary Vessels; Geriatrics; Heart Defects, Congenital; Histology; Humans; Hypertension; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pulmonary Heart Disease; Sex

Topics: Essential Hypertension; Ethnology; Genetics, Medical; Geriatrics; Humans; Hypertension; Pathology; Psychosomatic Medicine; Sex; Stress, Physiological

Topics: Adolescent; Geriatrics; Humans; Hypertension; Mass Screening; Morbidity; Sex; Ukraine

Topics: Animals; Desoxycorticosterone; Desoxycorticosterone Acetate; Female; Hypertension; Hypophysectomy; Male; Pituitary Gland; Rats; Sex

Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Cardio-Renal Syndrome; Crime; Criminals; Heart; Humans; Hypertension; Prisoners; Sclerosis; Sex