sodium-ethylxanthate and Growth-Disorders

Intrahousehold food allocation is an important determinant of child health and survival. In this paper I explore the ways in which food is distributed to young children in Ura Ayllu, a farming community located in the southern Peruvian highlands (Province of Sandia, Department of Puno, Peru). Quantitative data on energy intake and growth status are analyzed for two groups of children: toddlers (one through three years) and preschoolers (four through six years). The analyses indicate no gender differences in energy intake or growth among toddlers (one through three years) and preschoolers (four through six years) and that young children do not appear to be deprived of food relative to older household members, especially adults. Relative to standards specific to Andean populations, the mean caloric content of the toddler diet falls slightly below the estimated requirement for the age group while the preschooler diet is found to be calorically adequate. This paper also examines the ideological bases that shape food allocation within households. Regarding the local concepts and cultural rules that guide food allocation to children, Ura Ayllinos view young children as developmentally immature and believe their dietary and health needs are different from those of older children and adults. Infants and young children are considered weak (debil) and vulnerable to illness. Parents state that young children should not feel hunger which is thought to weaken a person and make him more susceptible to the natural and supernatural agents that cause illness. Certain dietary practices, such as on-demand breastfeeding and snacking between meals, suggest that parents try to avoid the experience of hunger and the potential for illness by making food available to their children. This study suggests that young Ura Ayllu children are viewed as having a right to food based on local concepts of child development, personhood, and general health maintenance.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Agriculture; Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child, Preschool; Diet Surveys; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Female; Growth Disorders; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Infant; Male; Nutritional Requirements; Peru; Prejudice; Rural Health; Sex

Dietary and anthropometric data are analyzed by age, sex and household demographic structure for cultivators' children near Ranomafana National Park in the southeastern rain forest of Madagascar. The 1989 dry season cross-sectional survey of 613 0-9 year olds in seven communities identifies chronic dietary and growth deficits. In the 1989 sample, 62.2% of the children are below -2 s.d. height/age, while 9.4% are below -2 s.d. wright/height of the NCHS international standard. The 1990-1991 dry and wet season study of 40 and 39 6-9 year olds and their households in two adjacent hamlets provides further detail about intrahousehold dietary practices. Overall, weight/height status is worse during the wet season. Male anthropometric status is worse than that of females during the dry season, but shows less seasonal variation. The male dietary intake is similar to or sometimes less adequate than female dietary intake in the different age cohorts. Data are also analyzed by single- and multiple-parent households where children make different contributions to the socioeconomic needs. Older girls in single-parent households have increased workloads and dietary intake compared with their siblings or age-mates.

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child Nutrition Disorders; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Feeding Behavior; Female; Focus Groups; Gender Identity; Growth Disorders; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Madagascar; Male; Nutrition Surveys; Seasons; Sex; Sex Distribution; Sex Ratio; Socioeconomic Factors