sodium-ethylxanthate and Fractures--Bone

Many osteoporotic fractures are probably preventable-by definition, prevention requires identification of those at risk prior to fracture. There is a continuum in fracture risk and a very wide range in risk among individuals. Bone density, previous fractures, and the frequency and types of falls are important risk factors for fractures. There are also many other risk factors for bone loss, falls, and fractures. People with multiple risk factors are at greater risk than those with either a single risk factor or none. Identification of risk factors can help when planning interventions. For example, dietary deficiencies are amenable to dietary modification or supplementation; however, the effects of many risk factors have not been quantified separately, making it difficult to determine the importance. In addition, it is not possible to accurately predict current bone density and fracture risk from risk factors for bone loss; bone density should always be measured directly.

Topics: Age Factors; Bone Density; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Male; Osteoporosis; Racial Groups; Risk Factors; Sex

There is anecdotal and some scientific evidence that females in military service experience an excess of work-related injuries, compared with males. To investigate this more fully, we analysed data collected routinely by the Defence Analytical Services Agency on medical discharges in male and female personnel in the British armed forces. We found that for all disease and injury categories of medical discharge there is a statistically significant excess in females; this disparity is particularly marked for discharges on account of injury [relative risk (RR) = 1.65, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.30-2.10] and musculoskeletal disease (RR = 3.34, 95% CI = 2.75-4.06). Royal Navy females are eight times more likely (RR = 7.92, 95% CI = 3.03-20.66) and Army females seven times more likely (RR = 6.53, 95% CI = 2.60-16.42) than Royal Air Force females to be medically discharged on account of injury. Over the period 1993-1996, there was a statistically significant increase in the rate of medical discharge for both musculoskeletal disease and injury in female personnel in the British armed forces. During the period 1996-2000, a marked gender differential was maintained, but the rate of increase in females reached a plateau. We concur with previous investigators that mixed-sex training imposes particular ergonomic stresses on females and that it is a major risk factor for overuse injury. We discuss other possible explanations for the marked gender differential in medical discharge rates in the military. Some changes to training programmes are now being introduced to correct this health inequality, but further interventions are needed. Modifications to training programmes must be audited systematically and candidate interventions tested through randomized controlled trials.

Topics: Accidents, Occupational; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Incidence; Military Personnel; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Occupational Diseases; Physical Education and Training; Risk; Sex; Soft Tissue Injuries; United Kingdom

Topics: Accident Prevention; Adult; Ankle Injuries; Athletic Injuries; California; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Knee Injuries; Leg Injuries; Male; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Agglutination Tests; Aging; Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; Asthma; Carcinoma; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Fractures, Bone; Geography; Humans; Latex Fixation Tests; Male; Parkinson Disease; Rheumatoid Factor; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Accidents; Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Brain Injuries; Child; Finland; Fractures, Bone; Geriatrics; Humans; Infant; Muscular Diseases; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Fractures, Bone; Geriatrics; Humans; Incidence; Leg; Necrosis; Osteomyelitis; Sex; Skin Diseases; Statistics as Topic; Tibia; Tibial Fractures

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Asian People; Child; Child, Preschool; Diet; Ethnology; Female; Forearm Injuries; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoporosis; Radius Fractures; Sex; Singapore; Sweden; Ulna; White People

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Asian People; Child; Child, Preschool; Ethnology; Female; Forearm Injuries; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Sex; Singapore; Sweden; White People

Topics: Child; Fibula; Fracture Fixation; Fractures, Bone; Geriatrics; Humans; Leg Injuries; Radiography; Sex; Skiing; Statistics as Topic; Tibia; Tibial Fractures

Topics: Accidents; Adolescent; Architecture; Child; England; Fractures, Bone; Humans; School Health Services; Seasons; Sex; Sports Medicine; Statistics as Topic; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Aging; Femoral Fractures; Femoral Neck Fractures; Femur Head; Fracture Fixation; Fractures, Bone; Fractures, Ununited; Geriatrics; Humans; Nails; Necrosis; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Back Pain; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Mental Disorders; MMPI; Orthopedic Procedures; Orthopedics; Psychology; Sex

Topics: Accident Prevention; Accidents; Adolescent; Aging; Child; Chile; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Seasons; Sex; Statistics as Topic