sodium-ethylxanthate and Epilepsy

Topics: Behavior; Counseling; Epilepsy; Humans; Patient Care Team; Postoperative Care; Preoperative Care; Professional-Patient Relations; Psychiatry; Psychosurgery; Psychotic Disorders; Sex; Temporal Lobe

We conducted a study to clarify the most suitable transforming factor related to the daily zonisamide dose (D) providing a steady-state serum concentration (C(t)) and analyzed the influences of the concomitant use of antiepileptic drugs on C(t) quantitatively. Data obtained by routine therapeutic drug monitoring from a total of 175 epileptic patients treated with the multiple oral administrations of zonisamide (ZNS) as a powder/tablets, were used for the analysis. Employing the extracellular water volume (V(ECW)) as a transforming factor, led the level/dose (L/D) ratio (:C(t)/(D/V(ECW))) to be independent of the patient's age and sex for the administration of ZNS alone. C(t) was revealed to be dependent on only one variable regarding D/V(ECW) and expressed as C(t)=0.604x(D/V(ECW)). Phenytoin (PHT) significantly lowered (p<0.01) the L/D ratio to 0.76 of the value for ZNS alone. For a more detailed analysis, we defined the parameter R(i) (i=1, 2, em leader, 6) as an alteration ratio, representing the influence of each antiepileptic drug on the L/D ratio of ZNS alone. A model based on the assumption that each R(i) value was independent from one another and multiplicative, was adopted. The analysis clarified that phenobarbital, valproic acid, carbamazepine, and PHT significantly lowered (p<0.05) the L/D ratio of ZNS to 0.849, 0.865, 0.846, and 0.804, respectively. In the case of the addition or discontinuance of concomitant treatment with antiepileptic drugs in the same patient, the estimated L/D ratios were calculated using the value of each R(i) and compared with the measured ones. The mean of prediction error was calculated as 22.9%. Our results appear valid and R(i) should be available for clinical use.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Aging; Anticonvulsants; Biological Availability; Body Surface Area; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Isoxazoles; Male; Patient Selection; Phenytoin; Powders; Regression Analysis; Sex; Tablets; Zonisamide

The aim of the present study was to determine the gender-related binding characteristics of phenytoin (PHT) to serum proteins in adult patients with epilepsy. Serum samples examined in the study were obtained from 80 adult patients (40 men and 40 women) with epilepsy on PHT monotherapy. Their age ranged from 16 to 64 years (mean [SD], 36.0 [11.7] years). Protein binding of PHT was evaluated by ultrafiltration under current laboratory routine conditions (25 +/- 3 degrees C). The in vivo binding parameters of PHT to serum proteins were determined using a binding equation derived from the Scatchard equation for a one-site binding model. No significant differences were observed in age and serum concentrations of albumin between male and female patients (p > 0.05), but significant differences were observed in serum concentrations of total and unbound PHT between the two groups (p < 0.05). The mean association constant of PHT to serum proteins is the same value of 0.008 L micromol(-1) between male and female patients, whereas total concentration of binding sites seems to be similar between the two groups (1389 micromol L(-1) for men and 1345 micromol L(-1) for women). No significant differences were observed in binding characteristics of PHT to serum proteins between male and female patients (p > 0.05). Our results show that gender does not have a significant effect on the binding characteristics of PHT to serum proteins in adult patients receiving monotherapy under normal pathophysiologic conditions.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenytoin; Sex

Alterations in midsagittal corpus callosum (CC) area and morphology have been suggested in several disease processes of the nervous system. In addition, some studies found a relation of CC area to handedness, language dominance, and gender. The relation of CC area to measures of intelligence and memory and the effect of epilepsy on CC area have received less attention. In this study CC area was measured on midsagittal magnetic resonance images in 48 patients undergoing presurgical evaluation of epilepsy and in 20 control subjects. All patients had the Wada test and formal neuropsychological testing. The mean CC area of the epilepsy group was significantly smaller than that of control subjects (p < 0.00001). CC area showed a positive correlation with presurgical performance IQ (p = 0.008) and full-scale IQ (p = 0.048), but not with memory scores or language dominance. There was no relation of CC area to location of epileptic focus, seizure types, age at onset, epilepsy duration, or etiology. The presence of an atrophic lesion was associated with a smaller CC area. The correlation of total CC area with performance and full-scale IQs may reflect axonal loss in patients with a low IQ resulting from the etiology of epilepsy or the epilepsy itself.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age of Onset; Atrophy; Axons; Case-Control Studies; Child; Corpus Callosum; Epilepsy; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Intelligence; Language; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Memory; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Preoperative Care; Retrospective Studies; Sex; Time Factors

Topics: Androgens; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Humans; Libido; Male; Reproduction; Sex; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; Testosterone

Topics: Child; Child Behavior; Child Development; Epilepsy; Food; Health; Humans; Parents; Pediatrics; Physician's Role; Psychology, Child; Sex; Television; Violence

Topics: Adult; Brain Neoplasms; Cerebral Cortex; Coitus; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Meningioma; Middle Aged; Neuroblastoma; Seizures; Sensory Thresholds; Sex

Topics: Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Craniocerebral Trauma; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Headache; Humans; Hyperventilation; Light; Mental Disorders; Seizures; Sex; Sleep; Substance-Related Disorders; Syncope

Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Child; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Absence; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic; Genetics, Medical; Humans; Infant; Intellectual Disability; Light; Seizures; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Temporal Lobe

Topics: Aging; Barbiturates; Biomedical Research; Brain Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Hypertension; Migraine Disorders; Neurosurgery; Sex; Trigeminal Neuralgia

Topics: Bemegride; Blood Circulation; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Diagnosis, Differential; Electrocardiography; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Hyperventilation; Light; Pharmacology; Sex; Statistics as Topic