sodium-ethylxanthate and Depressive-Disorder

Numerous epidemiological studies report increased prevalence rates for women as compared to men for stress-related disorders such as acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and major depressive disorder. Stress disorders disrupt work and home life and pose a high risk for suicide. Multiple factors contribute to the increased vulnerability in women. Physiological differences account for some of the differential. Other factors that make a significant contribution to the overall risk for health problems in response to stressors or trauma include the nature and meaning of the trauma, accessibility of resources, and restrictive diagnostic categories. Increasing our knowledge of the individual impact of each factor as well as the interactions among the factors is central to understanding the development of stress disorders. Comprehensive sex- and gender-sensitive middle-range theory, which explores the role of key factors identified in qualitative and quantitative research, is required. The authors discuss structural equation modelling as one method of theory testing.

Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Depressive Disorder; Family; Female; Humans; Internal-External Control; Life Change Events; Male; Models, Theoretical; Needs Assessment; Power, Psychological; Prevalence; Research; Risk Factors; Sex; Sex Characteristics; Sex Distribution; Sex Factors; Social Support; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Stress Disorders, Traumatic

Topics: Accidents, Home; Activities of Daily Living; Aged; Aging; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Dementia; Depressive Disorder; Drug Therapy; Endocrine Glands; Female; Humans; Immune System; Kidney; Lung; Male; Neoplasms; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Osteoporosis; Physical Examination; Postoperative Complications; Sex; Socioeconomic Factors; Urinary Incontinence

To examine patterns of change and factors associated with change in depression, both major (major depressive disorder [MDD]) and minor, between 1 and 2 years after traumatic brain injury (TBI).. Observational prospective longitudinal study.. Inpatient rehabilitation centers, with 1- and 2-year follow-up conducted primarily by telephone.. Persons with TBI (N=1089) enrolled in the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems database, followed at 1 and 2 years postinjury.. Not applicable.. Patient Health Questionnaire-9.. Among participants not depressed at 1 year, close to three fourths remained so at 2-year follow-up. However, 26% developed MDD or minor depression between the first and second years postinjury. Over half of participants with MDD at year 1 also reported MDD the following year, with another 22% reporting minor depression; thus three fourths of those with MDD at year 1 experienced clinically significant symptoms at year 2. Almost one third of those with minor depression at year 1 traversed to MDD at year 2. Polytomous logistic regression confirmed that worse depression at year 1 was associated with higher odds of depression a year later. For those without depression at year 1, symptom worsening over time was related to year 2 problematic substance use and lower FIM motor and cognitive scores. For those with depression at year 1, worsening was associated with lower cognitive FIM, poor social support, and preinjury mental health issues including substance abuse.. Major and minor depression exist on a continuum along which individuals with TBI may traverse over time. Predictors of change differ according to symptom onset. Results highlight importance of long-term monitoring for depression, treating minor as well as major depression, and developing interventions for comorbid depression and substance abuse.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Brain Injuries; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; Sex; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors

The complexity of gender differences in health (i.e., men's lower life expectancy and women's greater morbidity) extends beyond notions of either social or biological disadvantage. Gaps remain in understanding the antecedents of such differences and the issues this paradox raises regarding the connections between social and biological processes. Our goals in this analytic essay are to make the case that gender differences in health matter and that understanding these differences requires an explanation of why rational people are not effective in making health a priority in their everyday lives. We describe some salient gender health differences in cardiovascular disease, immune function and disorders, and depression and indicate why neither social nor biological perspectives alone are sufficient to account for them. We consider the limitations of current models of socioeconomic and racial/ethnic health disparities to explain the puzzling gender differences in health. Finally, we discuss constrained choice, a key issue that is missing in the current understanding of these gender differences, and call on the social science community to work with biomedical researchers on the interdisciplinary work required to address the paradoxical differences in men's and women's health.

Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Choice Behavior; Depressive Disorder; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Health Behavior; Health Status; Humans; Immune System Diseases; Male; Risk; Sex; Sex Distribution; Social Medicine; United States

Barriers to detecting symptoms of depression in male patients in primary care include patients' reticence to self disclose and doctors' failing to ask questions that tap into their patient's emotional distress. Effective consultation is further hindered by time constraints, undifferentiated and nonspecific symptoms of depression, differing attribution of symptoms and expectations of the consultation, and low levels of mental health literacy. These issues, of particular relevance to men, informed the design of a screening instrument, the 'For Men Only' Prompt List (PL).. This article reports an evaluation by male patients and their general practitioners of the PL conducted in the context of primary care. The patients completed the PL in the waiting room and used it to raise issues during consultation. The instrument was evaluated using a short questionnaire completed by patients, a postal questionnaire by GPs, and field notes.. The PL was useful for those patients who required prompting in raising issues surrounding depression. Those who already had a good relationship with their doctor, were at case discussing issues without prompting, or had a specific physical problem to be treated, did not find it as useful. All practitioners found the PL provided extra information about their patients. It also helped them build rapport with patients and made their job of assessment easier. Doctors depend on patients to self disclose and patients depend on doctors to provide an accurate diagnosis. The PL addresses some of the barriers to identifying depressive symptoms in men, particularly in assisting male patients to 'open up' to their doctors.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Attitude to Health; Depressive Disorder; Family Practice; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; New South Wales; Patient Education as Topic; Patient Participation; Physician-Patient Relations; Primary Health Care; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Sex; Surveys and Questionnaires

Study participants (175 men, 230 women) made three wishes and completed measures of the five-factor model of personality, optimism, life satisfaction, and depression. Common wishes were for achievement, affiliation, intimacy, and power as well as for happiness and money. T tests showed women were more likely to wish for improved appearance, happiness, and health; men were more likely to make power wishes and wishes for sex. Among participants who were highly involved in the wishing process, Extraversion was related to making more interpersonal wishes and wishes for positive affect. Neuroticism was related to wishes for emotional stability. Agreeableness and Openness to Experience related to wishes reflective of these traits. Conscientiousness was related to low impulsivity. Depression was related to making highly idiosyncratic, specific wishes, suggesting the use of wishful thinking as a coping mechanism. In addition, happy participants were more likely to rate their wishes as likely to come true. Results indicate that the relatively commonplace process of wishing relates to traits, gender, and well-being.

Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Depressive Disorder; Extraversion, Psychological; Female; Humans; Male; Personality; Personality Inventory; Psychological Tests; Sex; Surveys and Questionnaires

The aim of our study was to assess gender differences in Axis I comorbidity in patients with a primary diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), as well as gender differences in age of onset of MDD.. The presence of MDD, including age of onset, and of comorbid Axis I disorders were assessed in 396 depressed outpatients.. Women were significantly more likely than men to meet criteria for comorbid bulimia nervosa and for simple phobia, while men were significantly more likely than women to meet criteria for lifetime history of alcohol abuse/dependence and other substance abuse/dependence. No other significant gender differences in those comorbid Axis I disorders examined were observed. In addition, the age of onset of the first episode of MDD was significantly lower in women than in men.. Our findings are consistent with those of previous studies showing a greater prevalence of alcohol and substance abuse and dependence in men and of eating disorders in women.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age of Onset; Aged; Alcoholism; Bulimia; Comorbidity; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Sex; Substance-Related Disorders

The susceptibility of self-report and thematic measures of depression to the effects of a defensive test-taking approach was assessed among 44 child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients. It was hypothesized that scores on a measure of defensiveness would be associated with self-reported but not thematic measures of depression, and furthermore, that this finding would be more pronounced for girls than boys. Patients completed the Lie Scale of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and the Roberts Apperception Test for Children. As predicted, RCMAS-Lie scores were significantly associated with CDI but not Roberts Depression scores, and this effect was more pronounced among females, primarily due to the high CDI scores of nondefensive girls. Implications of results for psychological assessment of children and adolescents are discussed.

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child Reactive Disorders; Deception; Defense Mechanisms; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Male; Projection; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Regression Analysis; Reproducibility of Results; Self Disclosure; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sex

This paper extends Hartmann's skepticism about the heuristic value of the polarized terms "rational" and "irrational" lest they be used for future theory building. Clinically--now, as in ancient times--a close correlation exists between this polarity and that of common-parlance value judgments--"masculine/rational/positive" and "feminine/irrational/negative." Primitive ambivalence concerning the repudiation of femininity is explored here in both sexes. A suggestion is raised that it may be the female's capacity for pregnancy, rather than the infantile reaction to genital difference, that is the most vital underpinning of the age-old negative view of women.

Topics: Adult; Depressive Disorder; Fantasy; Female; Humans; Language; Psychoanalytic Therapy; Psychosexual Development; Sex

Dhat syndrome is a culture-bound sex neurosis of the Indian subcontinent. Fifty-two patients with a presenting complaint of passage of 'Dhat' in urine were studied. Diagnosis of neurotic depression, anxiety neurosis, hypochondriacal neurosis, and psychogenic impotence were made in 21, 19, 3, and 1 cases respectively. Seven patients received the diagnosis of pure Dhat syndrome, and one of gonorrhoea.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anxiety Disorders; Culture; Depressive Disorder; Ejaculation; Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Hypochondriasis; India; Male; Semen; Sex; Syndrome; Urine

Topics: Adult; Body Image; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Hysterectomy; Interviews as Topic; Middle Aged; Psychophysiologic Disorders; Self Concept; Sex

Topics: Aged; Aging; Anxiety Disorders; Bipolar Disorder; Body Image; Delusions; Dementia; Depressive Disorder; Ego; Female; Human Development; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Narcissism; Paranoid Disorders; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Defense Mechanisms; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Diagnosis; Humans; Hypochondriasis; Neurotic Disorders; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Parent-Child Relations; Psychopathology; Psychotherapy; Sex; Trichotillomania

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Humans; Parent-Child Relations; Psychoanalytic Interpretation; Psychology; Self Concept; Sex; Suicide; Suicide, Attempted

Topics: Aggression; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Black People; Child; Culture; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Ethnology; Humans; Hysteria; Mental Disorders; Parent-Child Relations; Psychosomatic Medicine; Rorschach Test; Sex; Thematic Apperception Test; United States

Topics: Adolescent; Alcoholism; Australia; Child; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Geriatrics; Hospitals; Humans; Marriage; Mental Disorders; Parent-Child Relations; Psychology; Sex; Social Conditions; Statistics as Topic; Suicide; Suicide, Attempted

Topics: Animals; Castration; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Horses; Humans; Male; Psychoanalytic Interpretation; Schizophrenic Psychology; Sex; Symbolism