sodium-ethylxanthate and Brain-Injuries

In neonatology, males exhibit a more severe disease course and poorer prognosis in many pathological states when compared to females. Perinatal brain injury, respiratory morbidity, and sepsis, among other complications, preferentially affect males. Preterm neonates (born <37 weeks gestation) display a particularly marked sexual disparity in pathology, especially at the borders of viability. The sex biases in preterm neonatal outcomes and underlying multifactorial mechanisms have been incompletely explored. Sex-specific clinical phenomena may be partially explained by intrinsic differences in immune function. The distinct immune system of preterm neonates renders this patient population vulnerable, and it is increasingly important to consider biological sex in disease processes and to strive for improved outcomes for both sexes. Areas covered: We discuss the cellular responses and molecular intermediates in immune function which are strongly dependent on sex-specific factors such as the genetic and hormonal milieu of premature birth and consider novel findings in a clinical context. Expert commentary: The role of immune function in the manifestation of sex-specific disease manifestations and outcomes in preterm neonates is a critical prognostic variable. Further mechanistic elucidation will yield valuable translational and clinical information of disease processes in preterm neonates which may be harnessed for modulation.

Topics: Brain Injuries; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Immune System; Immunity; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Risk; Sepsis; Sex; Sex Factors

To examine patterns of change and factors associated with change in depression, both major (major depressive disorder [MDD]) and minor, between 1 and 2 years after traumatic brain injury (TBI).. Observational prospective longitudinal study.. Inpatient rehabilitation centers, with 1- and 2-year follow-up conducted primarily by telephone.. Persons with TBI (N=1089) enrolled in the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems database, followed at 1 and 2 years postinjury.. Not applicable.. Patient Health Questionnaire-9.. Among participants not depressed at 1 year, close to three fourths remained so at 2-year follow-up. However, 26% developed MDD or minor depression between the first and second years postinjury. Over half of participants with MDD at year 1 also reported MDD the following year, with another 22% reporting minor depression; thus three fourths of those with MDD at year 1 experienced clinically significant symptoms at year 2. Almost one third of those with minor depression at year 1 traversed to MDD at year 2. Polytomous logistic regression confirmed that worse depression at year 1 was associated with higher odds of depression a year later. For those without depression at year 1, symptom worsening over time was related to year 2 problematic substance use and lower FIM motor and cognitive scores. For those with depression at year 1, worsening was associated with lower cognitive FIM, poor social support, and preinjury mental health issues including substance abuse.. Major and minor depression exist on a continuum along which individuals with TBI may traverse over time. Predictors of change differ according to symptom onset. Results highlight importance of long-term monitoring for depression, treating minor as well as major depression, and developing interventions for comorbid depression and substance abuse.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Brain Injuries; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; Sex; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Brain Injuries; Death; Divorce; Female; Finland; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Narcotics; Neurotic Disorders; Poisoning; Psychotic Disorders; Sex; Social Conditions; Suicide

Topics: Accidents; Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Brain Injuries; Child; Finland; Fractures, Bone; Geriatrics; Humans; Infant; Muscular Diseases; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Aging; Alcoholism; Atrophy; Brain; Brain Diseases; Brain Injuries; Cerebral Cortex; Cerebral Ventricles; Electroencephalography; Humans; Radiography; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Brain Injuries; Frontal Lobe; Hallucinations; Humans; Hypophysectomy; Iatrogenic Disease; Mental Disorders; Personality; Personality Disorders; Postoperative Complications; Sex