sodium-ethylxanthate and Brain-Damage--Chronic

We carried out four experiments to assess the extent to which familiarity with certain objects in everyday life is related to gender and can account, at least partially, for the semantic category dissociation observed in a few brain-damaged patients. In the first experiment, 210 normal subjects, half males and half females, were given the names of 60 stimuli from the Snodgrass and Vanderwart's set, 30 belonging to living categories and 30 to non-living categories. The task was to rate their familiarity, based on the frequency with which one (i) thinks or speaks of a given item, (ii) sees it represented in the media, and (iii) is confronted with real exemplars. The three indices were highly correlated and their average value was, therefore, used. Females gave higher familiarity ratings to fruit, vegetables and furniture and males to tools. The second experiment was aimed to verify whether the gender difference was responsible for the category dissociation found following brain damage. A male patient with greater impairment for living categories and a female patient with greater impairment for non-living categories were requested to name the same 60 stimuli and their scores were analysed, partialling out the familiarity effect, measured both with the non-gender specific index of Snodgrass and Vanderwart and with the new gender-specific index. In either case, the category dissociation remained significant. To determine if the mean general population familiarity index was valid for the single subject, we studied whether a cohabitant first degree relative was able to predict a normal subject's familiarity better than the population index. Contrary to expectations, the better predictor was the population index. The test-retest reliability of each subject's familiarity ratings was satisfactory, but not higher than the correlation between the personal judgement of each subject and the population index.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Brain Damage, Chronic; Dissociative Disorders; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Recognition, Psychology; Reference Values; Reproducibility of Results; Semantics; Sex

A sexual dimorphism in the functional asymmetry of the damaged human brain is reflected in a test-specific laterality effect in male but not in female patients. This sex difference explains some contradictions concerning the effects of unilateral brain damage on intelligence in studies in which the influence of sex was overlooked.

Topics: Brain Damage, Chronic; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Intelligence; Male; Sex; Verbal Behavior

Topics: Brain Damage, Chronic; Child; Child Development; Communication; Education, Special; Family; Female; Humans; Identification, Psychological; Interpersonal Relations; Movement; Music Therapy; Neurotic Disorders; Occupational Therapy; Projective Techniques; Role; Sex; Stress, Psychological

Topics: Brain Damage, Chronic; Humans; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Klinefelter Syndrome; Male; Paraphilic Disorders; Psychopathology; Sex

Topics: Anxiety Disorders; Brain Damage, Chronic; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Mental Disorders; Paranoid Disorders; Projective Techniques; Psychometrics; Psychophysiologic Disorders; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Sex

Topics: Body Height; Body Weight; Brain Damage, Chronic; Cephalometry; Child; Child Behavior Disorders; Child, Preschool; Congenital Abnormalities; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Male; Mouth Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Parent-Child Relations; Poland; Pregnancy; Psychological Tests; Sex; Social Conditions; Vision Disorders

Topics: Brain Damage, Chronic; Child; Child Behavior Disorders; Dyslexia; Female; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Male; Movement Disorders; Nervous System Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Brain Damage, Chronic; Child; Child Behavior Disorders; Female; Humans; Japan; Male; Movement Disorders; Sex; United States

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Brain; Brain Damage, Chronic; Classification; Female; Humans; Infections; Intellectual Disability; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Neoplasms; Nervous System Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Sex; Skull; Statistics as Topic; Toxicology

Topics: Aged; Aging; Brain Damage, Chronic; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; Intracranial Arteriosclerosis; Male; Middle Aged; Sex; Vision, Ocular

Topics: Athetosis; Brain Damage, Chronic; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Intellectual Disability; Male; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Self Mutilation; Sex; Uric Acid

Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Psychiatry; Brain; Brain Damage, Chronic; Child; Child Psychiatry; Environment; Growth; Humans; Juvenile Delinquency; Mental Disorders; Psychiatry; Psychopharmacology; Psychotherapy; Psychotic Disorders; Research; Schools; Sex; Social Work; Social Work, Psychiatric; Suicide; Sweden

Topics: Birth Weight; Body Temperature; Brain; Brain Damage, Chronic; Child; Female; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Intelligence Tests; Neurologic Manifestations; New York; Obstetric Labor Complications; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Respiratory Insufficiency; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Strabismus