sodium-ethylxanthate and Body-Weight

Females are larger than males in more species of mammals than is generally supposed. A provisional list of the mammalian cases is provided. The phenomenon is not correlated with an unusually large degree of male parental investment, polyandry, greater aggressiveness in females than in males, greater development of weapons in females, female dominance, or matriarchy. The phenomenon may have evolved in a variety of ways, but it is rarely, if ever, the result of sexual selection acting upon the female sex. The most common selective pressures favoring large size in female mammals are probably those associated with the fact that a big mother is often a better mother and those resulting from more intense competintion among females for some resource than among males. It appears that, in general, more than one such pressure must affect the females of a species, and that their combined effects must not be countered by even stronger selective pressures favoring large size in males, before the result is that of larger size in the female sex. Sexual selection may often be operating upon the male sux in mammals even when it is smaller. Present knowledge about the species of mammals in which females are lager than males is quite rudimentary. Much more information is needed before we will be able to speak of the selective pressures accounting for the phenomenon with any reasomable degree of certainty. Perhaps the most fruitful approach would be a series of field studies of groups of related species in which females are larger in some species and males are larger in others.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Ecology; Female; Male; Mammals; Sex

Topics: Animals; Blood Vessels; Body Weight; Central Nervous System; Digestive System Physiological Phenomena; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Kidney; Lymphatic System; Male; Mammals; Metabolism; Morphogenesis; Polymorphism, Genetic; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Sex; Sex Chromosomes; Sex Determination Analysis; Sex Ratio; Skin Physiological Phenomena

Topics: Basal Metabolism; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Environment; Enzymes; Epinephrine; Growth; Metabolism; Mitochondria; Obesity; Pharmacology; Sex; Thyroid Hormones

A number of studies have documented negative long term effects of low birth weight. Yet, not much is known about the dynamics of the process leading to adverse health and educational outcomes in the long run. While previous studies focusing mainly on LBW effects on physical growth and cognitive outcomes have found effects of the same size at both school age and young adulthood, others have found a diminishing negative effect over time. The purpose of this paper was to bring new evidence to this issue by analyzing the medium run effects of low birth weight on child behavioral outcomes as well as physical growth at ages 6 months, 3, 7 and 11 years using data from the Danish Longitudinal Survey of Children. Observing the same children at different points in time enabled us to chart the evolution of anthropometric and behavioral deficits among children born with low birth weight and helped understanding the nature and timing of interventions.

Topics: Age Factors; Behavior; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child Behavior Disorders; Child, Preschool; Denmark; Female; Gestational Age; Health Status; Humans; Infant; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Sex; Social Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors

This study was performed to investigate the factors influencing health behavior.. Data used in this study was drawn from a 2001 National Health survey done by Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. Number of samples were 5,085 people between age 20 years and 69 years in whole country. In this study, we modified Green and Kreuter's Precede-Proceed model to analyse influence of factors in health behavior. Hierarchical regression were used in the analysis.. 1) Factors that had statistically significant positive relation with overall health behavior were age, educational level, income level, disease in the family, medical examination, subjective weight, and concern about health, 2) Factors that had statistically significant negative relation with overall health behavior were sex, subjective health, stress, and degree of physical activity.. 1) It would be necessary to set the target group for the health promotion in advance. 2) It was very important to adopt easy and efficient methods to change the health behavior of target group, for example, ability to control stress.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Diet; Educational Status; Female; Health Behavior; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Surveys; Humans; Income; Korea; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Activity; Retrospective Studies; Sex; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress, Physiological

Obesity among adolescents is increasing in both developed and developing countries. However, previous studies have paid little attention to the roles that gender and body weight variables play in health-related behavior. This article examines the effects of these two variables on health-related behavior in Taiwanese adolescents. A cross-sectional descriptive design was used with three body weight categories (underweight, average and overweight) and two gender categories (female and male). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Student's t test, and one-way ANOVA with Scheffe's post hoc test. The results showed that average weight adolescents scored significantly higher than their overweight peers in the three dimensions of social support, health responsibility, and exercise behavior. Average weight adolescents also scored higher than the underweight group in the dimension of health responsibility. Girls scored significantly better than boys in five out of the total six health-related behavior - scoring lower only in the exercise dimension. These findings should sound an alarm for all public health professionals to take heed to what is happening to our youth. School and family health promotion counseling should be encouraged for overweight adolescents to improve their exercise and lifestyle habits. Based on the findings, school health promotion programs should focus on gender differences. Girls, in particular, need encouragement to improve their exercise habits.

Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Analysis of Variance; Attitude to Health; Body Weight; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Exercise; Female; Health Behavior; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Promotion; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Life Style; Male; Nursing Methodology Research; Obesity; Patient Education as Topic; School Nursing; Sex; Social Support; Surveys and Questionnaires; Taiwan

This study investigated in prepubertal obese children (POC), compared with prepubertal lean children (PLC), a possible relation among plasma total homocysteine (tHcy)-an independent risk factor for future atherosclerosis-and MCP-1 and RANTES, two circulating chemokines inducing leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM), implicated in the initial stages of the inflammatory part of the atherosclerotic process. Seventy-two POC were evaluated for circulating tHcy, MCP-1, and RANTES, and compared with 42 healthy PLC. The mean adjusted (for age, sex as well as log10total insulin, vitB12, folate, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, log10triglycerides, and log10glucose levels) differences in tHcy, MCP-1, and RANTES levels between PLC and POC were all significant [1.16 nmol/mL (P = 0.03), 26.6 pg/mL (P = 0.02), and 52.9 pg/mL (P = 0.03), respectively]. In PLC, but not in POC, tHcy levels were negatively associated with both circulating MCP-1 (B = -1.68, P = 0.007) and RANTES (B = -1.16, P = 0.01) after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, as well as log10total insulin, vitB12, folate, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, log10triglycerides, and log10glucose levels. In conclusion, in POC there is a lack, in contrast to PLC, of a possibly autoregulatory, negative association of elevated tHcy levels to increased MCP-1 and RANTES levels. This could contribute to future, homocysteine-induced atherosclerosis.

Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Chemokine CCL2; Chemokine CCL5; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Child; Cholesterol, HDL; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Endothelium, Vascular; Female; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Insulin; Male; Obesity; Puberty; Sex; Thinness; Triglycerides; Vitamin B 12

The effects of neonatal passive immunization against GHRH on bone was examined in male and female rats. Pups were treated subcutaneously with GHRH-antiserum (GHRH-Ab) from day 1 to day 10 of age. Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were evaluated at monthly intervals until 7 months. Markers of bone resorption (urinary lysylpyridinoline, LP), bone formation (serum osteocalcin, OC) and serum IGF-I were measured at 2, 3 and 7 months. In male rats, GHRH-Ab did not modify BMC and BMD when compared with controls. In contrast, female rats demonstrated lower whole body and femoral BMC and BMD from 2 to 7 months of age. Reduced bone growth in the females was associated with lower IGF-I levels than controls at 2 and 3 months of age, whereas in males IGF-I titers did not change during the period of the study. LP excretion was higher in GHRH-Ab-treated rats at 2 and 3 months in both sexes. In females, no difference in OC values was recorded, whereas in GHRH-Ab-treated males, there was an increase in OC levels at 2 and 3 months. These data indicate that transient GHRH deprivation induces an osteopenic effect in female rats which is not evident in male rats.

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bone Remodeling; Female; Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; Immune Sera; Immunization, Passive; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Male; Minerals; Osteocalcin; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sex; Sexual Maturation

Rats were given lesions of the temporal association cortex on postnatal day 4 or 10, or in adulthood. Ninety days later they were trained on two visual tasks (visual-spatial navigation; horizontal-vertical stripes discrimination). Lesion animals were compared behaviorally and neuroanatomically to littermate sham control rats. The day 4 lesions produced a larger deficit in the navigation task than day 10 or adult lesions. There were no deficits in the discrimination task. Analysis of the brains showed that the day 4 lesions produced a smaller brain and thinner cortex than day 10 lesions. The day 10 lesions produced hypertrophy in the dendritic arborization of pyramidal cells in parietal cortex. The results are consistent with the general findings that perinatal cortical injury in rats produces more severe behavioral and morphological effects than similar lesions in the second week of life and that cortical lesions around day 10 lead to an increase in cortical synaptogenesis.

Topics: Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Brain; Dendrites; Discrimination Learning; Escape Reaction; Female; Male; Motor Activity; Nerve Regeneration; Organ Size; Orientation; Psychomotor Performance; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Reaction Time; Sex; Space Perception; Temporal Lobe; Time Factors

The nutritional stress hypothesis explains how learned features of song, such as complexity and local dialect structure, can serve as indicators of male quality of interest to females in mate choice. The link between song and quality comes about because the brain structures underlying song learning largely develop during the first few months post-hatching. During this same period, songbirds are likely to be subject to nutritional and other stresses. Only individuals faring well in the face of stress are able to invest the resources in brain development necessary to optimize song learning. Learned features of song thus become reliable indicators of male quality, with reliability maintained by the developmental costs of song. We review the background and assumptions of the nutritional stress hypothesis, and present new experimental data demonstrating an effect of nestling nutrition on nestling growth, brain development, and song learning, providing support for a key prediction of the hypothesis.

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Biological Evolution; Birds; Body Weight; Brain; Feathers; Female; Learning; Male; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Prosencephalon; Sex; Sound Spectrography; Statistics, Nonparametric; Stress, Physiological; Telencephalon; Vocalization, Animal; Voice

Topics: Age Factors; Attitude; Beauty; Body Constitution; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Cues; Female; Fertility; Humans; Male; Obesity; Regression Analysis; Sex; Women

This study examined the potential interactive effects of target race, weight, and gender on American Caucasian students' ratings of writing competency. Stimulus materials were eight articles in a newspaper byline format with photographs of the authors that conveyed the characteristics of race (African American/Caucasian), weight (overweight/nonoverweight), and gender (male/female). The participants were given eight articles and were asked to rate the writing competency of the author on the four qualities of style, clarity, logic, and overall writing ability/competency. The results showed that the women gave higher style, logic, and overall writing ability/competency ratings than did the men, and overweight authors received higher ratings of logic than nonoverweight authors. The men gave female Caucasian authors lower ratings of clarity than did female participants.

Topics: Adult; Body Weight; Female; Humans; Male; Racial Groups; Sex; Writing

Activities of acetyl-CoA-carboxylase, malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase were measured in seven different anatomical sites in the growing pig (20-120 kg weight). The three enzyme activities increased up to 40-60 kg weight and then decreased, malic enzyme becoming the main producer of NADPH, irrespective of the adipose tissue. Subcutaneous adipose tissue of the neck area was much thicker and exhibited much lower lipogenic enzyme activities than backfat. Subcutaneous adipose tissue is heterogeneous in the pig with some areas exhibiting very low lipogenesis and high lipid deposition importing triglycerides from other areas with high lipogenesis. However, these conclusions based on the measurement of enzyme activity potentials need to be confirmed with measurements of actual activities.

Topics: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase; Adipose Tissue; Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Lipids; Malate Dehydrogenase; Male; NADP; Neck; Pharynx; Sex; Swine

Intraperitoneal injections of an aqueous extract of winter cherry fruits (Physalis alkekengi) to new-born, weanling and adult female rats and to weanling and adult male rats had no effect on body weight, liver weight and liver cytosol protein content. The specific activities of hepatic glucose 6-P dehydrogenase (an estrogen induced protein) in rats of different age and sex groups in terms of mU/mg protein were: treated new-born females, 15.9 +/- 0.5; control, 29.1 +/- 0.6; treated weanling females, 14.9 +/- 0.3; control, 24.8 +/- 0.7; treated adult females, 25.7 +/- 0.5; control, 26.1 +/- 0.5; treated weanling males, 7.9 +/- 0.2; control, 7.9 +/- 0.1; treated adult males, 9.6 +/- 0.4; and control, 9.7 +/- 0.3. Treatment of new-born and weanling female rats with the extract resulted in 40-45% reduction in hepatic G6PD activity. However, treatment of adult females, and weanling and adult males produced no significant change in the activity of this enzyme. The data are discussed both in terms of the increase in the capacity of rodent liver to metabolize steroidal compounds with age and the presence of low levels of circulating estradiol necessary for enzyme induction in male rats.

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Cytosol; Female; Fruit; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Liver; Male; Methylene Chloride; Organ Size; Plant Extracts; Proteins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sex; Steroids; Water

At a given external dose of an inhaled chemical the internal dose or the amount absorbed into the body varies depending on pulmonary ventilation and other physiological factors. Such variability is of concern in the development of biological indices of occupational exposure to organic solvent vapours. This paper discusses how physiological factors may influence the pharmacokinetic behaviour of inhaled organic solvent vapours, especially in relation to monitoring of biological exposure. To illustrate the discussion a computer based physiological pharmacokinetic model was used describing quantitatively the influence of body size, body fat content, and sex on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of trichloroethylene. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of trichloroethylene were found to vary according to the different anatomical features of men and women. Body build (body weight and body fat content) also affected the pharmacokinetic behaviour of this solvent.

Topics: Body Constitution; Body Weight; Computer Simulation; Energy Metabolism; Female; Humans; Male; Models, Biological; Monitoring, Physiologic; Occupational Exposure; Sex; Solvents; Somatotypes; Trichloroethylene

The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in the size and function of the rat adrenal gland in relation to time-intervals elapsed from postpubertal gonadectomy. Eight weeks after testectomy absolute adrenal gland weights were higher than in intact rats. After that time gradual decrease in the weight was observed and at week 32 the weights were similar to that in intact rats. At weeks 8 and 12 after ovariectomy there was no change in the weight of the gland, however from week 16 onward a gradual decrease occurred. Corticosterone output by adrenal homogenate of orchiectomized rats was lower than in control male rats from week 24 of experiment while in ovariectomized rats such a drop was observed from week 12 of experiment. Activity of adrenal 5 alpha-reductase was markedly higher in either orchiectomized or ovariectomized rats as compared to intact rats at week 8 of experiment. After that time enzyme activity decreased reaching at weeks 24 and 32 control levels. This suggests that 5 alpha-reductase plays only transitional role in adaptation of adrenals to gonadectomy. Neither orchiectomy nor ovariectomy had significant effect on mitochondrial 11 beta-hydroxylase activity. Obtained results clearly show that gonadectomy-induced changes in rat adrenal depend upon time-interval elapsed from surgery. Moreover, they suggest that additionally to 5 alpha-reductase activity, also other factors induced by gonadectomy are responsible for the drop in corticosterone output by adrenals of gonad-deprived rats.

Topics: Adrenal Cortex; Adrenal Glands; Animals; Body Weight; Corticosterone; Female; Male; Orchiectomy; Organ Size; Ovariectomy; Ovary; Rats; Sex; Steroid Hydroxylases; Testis; Time Factors

In a population-based study in southern Wisconsin, 996 insulin-taking, younger-onset diabetic persons were examined using standard protocols to determine the prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk variables. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy varied from 17% to 97.5% in persons with diabetes for less than five years and 15 or more years, respectively. Proliferative retinopathy varied from 1.2% to 67% in persons with diabetes for less than ten years and 35 or more years, respectively. For persons with diabetes of 10 years' duration or less, the Cox regression model relates the severity or retinopathy to longer duration, older age at examination, and higher levels of glycosylated hemoglobin. After ten years of diabetes, severity of retinopathy was related to longer duration, high levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, presence of proteinuria, higher diastolic BP, and male sex.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Child; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Retinopathy; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Insulin; Male; Risk; Sex; Time Factors; Wisconsin

In a population-based study in southern Wisconsin, 1,370 patients given diagnoses of diabetes at age 30 years or older were examined using standard protocols to determine the prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk variables. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy varied from 28.8% in persons who had diabetes for less than five years to 77.8% in persons who had diabetes for 15 or more years. The rate of proliferative diabetic retinopathy varied from 2.0% in persons who had diabetes for less than five years to 15.5% in persons who had diabetes for 15 or more years. By using the Cox regression model, the severity of retinopathy was found to be related to longer duration of diabetes, younger age at diagnosis, higher glycosylated hemoglobin levels, higher systolic BP, use of insulin, presence of proteinuria, and small body mass.

Topics: Aged; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Retinopathy; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Insulin; Male; Middle Aged; Risk; Sex; Time Factors; Wisconsin

Postweaning development was monitored in domesticated rabbits reared in single- or mixed-sex groups at a commercial farm. The results suggest that sex composition of cage groups had no significant effect on weight gain, feed intake or mortality rates from weaning (35 days) to marketing (93 days). On sacrifice at 93 days, females from single- and mixed-sex groups showed no significant differences in plasma gonadotropin levels (LH and FSH) or weights of paunched carcase, ovaries, uterus, adrenals, kidneys or kidney fat. Evidence for within-cage dominance hierarchies was found at 63 days of age when 46% of the rabbits inspected showed signs of aggressive attack.

Topics: Aggression; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Housing, Animal; Humans; Male; Mortality; Organ Size; Rabbits; Sex; Social Environment; Weaning

Studies were conducted on the effects of the columbian restriction gene, Co, on early growth rate in the domestic fowl. There were no statistically significant effects of the Co gene on body weights at 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age. The importance of these findings is discussed in relationship to the desired presence of the Co gene to enhance sex identification in sex-linked crosses utilizing the silver (S) and gold (s+) alleles.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Color; Feathers; Female; Genes, Dominant; Genes, Recessive; Genes, Regulator; Genotype; Male; Sex

This article has presented a new holistic self-care approach as a solution to the problem of fragmented nursing care of the adult patient who has either type I or II diabetes. Physical and psychosocial needs are equally emphasized by the nurse when assisting the patient and his family to develop an optimal lifestyle. Approaches for dealing with common lifestyle problems were discussed.

Topics: Adult; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus; Employment; Female; Holistic Health; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Physical Exertion; Self Care; Sex

Studies were carried out on adult rats of Wistar strain. Six weeks after postpubertal gonadectomy some of the orchiectomized rats were injected with a single dose of testosterone cypionate and ovari-ctomized rats with estradiol cypionate (17 beta-cyclopentyloproprionate esters of testosterone or estradiol). The control rats were sham operated. Investigations were carried out 8 weeks after surgery. Absolute and relative adrenal weight is lower in the male than in the female rat. Orchiectomy increases these weights while testosterone restores them to their normal level. Ovariectomy has no effect on the weight of adrenal, estradiol, however, increases the relative weight of the gland. The adrenal cortex of the adult female is wider than in the adult male rat and in female gland sudanophobic zone is lacking. Orchiectomy leads to the broadening of the adrenal cortex and testosterone replacement has an opposite effect. Ovariectomy has no effect on the structure of adrenal cortex and estradiol replacement resulted in the narrowing of zona glomerulosa. There were no differences in the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of zona glomerulosa cells in male and Female rats and neither gonadectomy nor gonadal hormone replacement has no effect on this parameter. The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of zona fasciculata cells in the male is markedly higher than in female. Orchiectomy lowers this ratio and testosterone restores it to the normal level. Neither ovariectomy nor estradiol replacement has effect on the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of zona fasciculata cells. Similar changes as those in the zona fasciculata were observed in zona reticularis cells. Among the oxidoreductases studied, the most marked sex differences were found in alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity. In control female rats an intense reaction for this enzyme is observed in broad band of cells of the zona fasciculata interna, while in male rats only individual cells showed this reaction. In orchiectomized rats the reaction for this enzyme is similar as in control female rats and testosterone restores it to normal. Ovariectomy has no effect on localisation of reaction while after estradiol replacement reaction was more intense. Regarding the remaining oxidoreductases studied, in the adrenal cortex of rats of both sexes no marked differences were observed in localization, however, intensity of reaction depended upon applied experimental conditions. More distinct sex differences were observed in topochemistry of

Topics: Adrenal Cortex; Adrenal Glands; Animals; Body Weight; Castration; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Esterases; Estradiol; Female; Glycogen; Male; Organ Size; Oxidoreductases; Rats; Sex; Testosterone

Topics: Androgens; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Male; Mice; Organ Size; Sex; Sexual Maturation; Testis; Testosterone

Topics: Age Factors; Aggression; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Humans; Male; Maternal Behavior; Mice; Sex; Social Behavior; Social Environment; Weaning

Study of DPP extended over 2 groups selected as following: It was prospective in every patient seen between July 1976 and May 1977 (systematic study: SS: 35 girls and 2 boys). It was retrospective in another group before selected for importance of DPP (no systematic study: NSS: 34 girls and 6 boys). DPP were distributed into Dalpha (fear of any weight recovery), Dbeta (obsessing repercussion of a real defect, amplified in its perception) and Dgamma (delirious and obsessing conviction of a physical anomaly). We researched correlations with the type of AN (fixity or recession to childhood), premorbid weight-height ratio, overweight of the same-sex parent, important problems towards sexuality (ASC = Absolute sexual conflict = An entirely caused by a sexual difficulty, or PSC = Partial Sexual Conflict = difficulty towards sexuality when insuffisant to explain AN, or no sexual conflict), attitude towards pregnancy in cases of big-belly DPP. Every DPP were DPP of localized or generalized obesity. Dalpha is constant and pathognomonic. In females of SS, 37% presented Dbeta and 5% Dgamma before AN, 25% Dbeta and 11% Dgamma during AN. Among the 8 boys of the 2 studies, 3 presented Dgamma before AN, and everyone expressed their obsessing fear of "ugly grease". In 20% girls and 50% boys, explained aim of loss of weight was to "wipe out" the anomally DPP emphasized. We did not find any correlation between generalized DPP and studied elements, particularly with sexual conflicts (22% of our cases). The more frequent localized DPP was "big-belly"-DPP, always associated with overweight of the same sex parent, but as for other localized DPP, without any correlation with sexual conflicts, problems towards the father, neither reject of pregnancy.

Topics: Adolescent; Anorexia Nervosa; Body Height; Body Image; Body Weight; Female; Humans; Male; Motivation; Obesity; Phobic Disorders; Pregnancy; Sex; Sex Factors

Ignoring of emaciation (IE), fear of any weight recovery (Dalpha), and dismorphophobias (DPP) represent the central problem of AN, with different incidence. Fundamental need of being lean expresses, at lesss in girls, distress of personality insufficiently prepared to autonomous adult life, with its responsabilities. Obesity-DPP may correspond to projection upon the body of the obsessing conviction of being inferior, with regard to social and publicitary patterns, and get an active play in starting and management of weight loss. So AN is either an attempt to accomodate this critic situation, trying to incarnate actual female archetype, either, in the more severe cases, a renouncing with an obstinate physical and psychological recession to the state of a protected child. It seems to correspond to an attempt of negation of morbid character of this situation, so that it may be perpetuated and so that feeling of culpability can be decreased in front of familial recrimination. Constancy of these symptoms, and their relation with deep meaning of this illness, justify their introduction into a new definition of AN, diagnosed by association of at less 2 out of 3 major criterious (loss of weight superior to 10% premorbid weight, feed restrictions and Dalpha) and one out of 2 minor criterions (amenorrhea and IE).

Topics: Adolescent; Anorexia Nervosa; Anxiety; Body Image; Body Weight; Emaciation; Female; Humans; Male; Perceptual Distortion; Self Concept; Sex; Sex Factors

Male and female albino rats were tested for intraspecies aggression without the use of shock. In the first experiment, male pairs showed more biting attacks, offensive sideways movements, and self-grooming than did female pairs; male pairs also showed more stereotyped defensive/submissive behaviors and were wounded more frequently. The second experiment examined the effects of neonatal castration and testosterone propionate (TP) administration on fighting. Males castrated at birth attacked other males less frequently than did controls when tested with TP treatment as adults. The TP given at birth to neonatally castrated males restored attacks to control levels. Females given TP as neonates did not differ from either male or female controls. Other aggressive/defensive behaviors, however, did not show this pattern. The results suggest that while the presence of testosterone during a brief postnatal period and during adulthood is necessary for attack behavior to occur, other related behaviors may not be affected in a similar manner.

Topics: Aggression; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Castration; Defense Mechanisms; Female; Humans; Male; Motor Activity; Rats; Sex; Sex Characteristics; Testosterone

The effects of surgical isolation of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) on linear growth and plasma growth hormone (GH) levels were studied in adult male and female rats. Whereas MBH isolation resulted in reduced linear growth in males, increased growth resulted in females. These effects were apparent in males 4 weeks after surgery and in females at 10 weeks. The altered growth rates persisted throughout the 28 weeks of the study. MBH isolation in both sexes led to increased food intake, obesity, and atrophy of reproductive tract organs. Non-stress plasma GH levels were unchanged at 4 weeks in both sexes but were elevated at 10 and 26 weeks in females and at 19 and 26 weeks in males. Serial samples of tail vein blood were obtained at 4-h intervals for 44 h from MBH-isolated and shamoperated females at 17 weeks postoperatively, and from similar groups of males at 19 weeks. GH levels were elevated in MBH-isolated rats of both sexes during the afternoons and evenings. Only sham-operated females showed evidence of a 24-h rhythmicity in circulating GH levels. The amplitudes of trough to peak excursions were similar in MBH-isolated and control females, but these excursions were reduced in MBH-isolated males. Although opposite effects on linear growth were noted in the two sexes, the resulting growth rates of operated males and females were similar, suggesting that MBH isolation disrupts mechanisms that normally regulate sex-specific growth patterns. Despite the sex difference in growth responses, MBH isolation caused an eventual increase in plasma GH levels in both sexes. Therefore, it is unlikely that the sex difference in growth responses is attributable exclusively to corresponding changes in circulating GH levels. A reduction in levels of circulating gonadal steroids may be an important factor. The elevations in plasma GH levels observed in both sexes suggest that MBH isolation interferes with mechanisms which inhibit GH secretion.

Topics: Animals; Body Height; Body Weight; Circadian Rhythm; Female; Growth; Growth Hormone; Hypothalamus; Hypothalamus, Middle; Male; Rats; Sex; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Birth Weight; Body Weight; Female; Fetus; Growth; Male; Organ Size; Placenta; Pregnancy; Rats; Sex

Adult rats of both sexes were either gonadectomized or hypophysectomized and gonadectomized. Three to eight weeks later they were treated for 14 consecutive days with oil or with 75 or 200 mug testosterone propionate (TP) per 100 g body weight. The animals were killed and for each sex the gonadectomized animals were compared with the hypophysectomized-gonadectomized animals as far as their NADPH- and NADH-dependent 3alpha-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenases (3alpha-HSD) in renal microsomes, transcortin levels in serum and five organ weights relative to total body weight were concerned. For two of the latter, i.e. the relative kidney and prostatic weights, no significant differences were found. Transcortin levels, relative adrenal weights and renal NADPH-dependent 3alpha-HSD activities were higher in oil-treated gonadectomized animals than in oil-treated hypophysectomized-gonadectomized animals. The opposite was found for the relative weights of uterus and seminal vesicles and renal NADH-dependent 3alpha-HSD activities. These differences between gonadectomized and hypophysectomized-gonadectomized animals disappeared after TP treatment as far as transcortin levels were concerned but remained for the five other parameters. After gonadectomy sexual differences subsisted for all parameters studied. But whereas intact male rats had higher NADH-dependent 3alpha-HSD activities than female rats the opposite was found after gonadectomy. After gonadectomy plus hypophysectomy the between sex differences disappeared as far as transcortin levels were concerned but remained in the other parameters studied.

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Body Weight; Castration; Female; Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; Hypophysectomy; Kidney; Male; Microsomes; Organ Size; Ovary; Pituitary Gland; Prostate; Rats; Seminal Vesicles; Sex; Testis; Testosterone; Time Factors; Transcortin; Uterus

1. Optic glands transplanted from one Octopus vulgaris into another cause enlargement of the gonads and ducts of the recipient. 2. Enlargement occurs whether or not the gland was secreting when implanted and regardless of the sex of the donor or recipient. 3. Glands derived from Eledone moschata or Octopus macropus implanted into O. vulgaris are as effective as glands derived from O. vulgaris. 4. Implants derived from Sepia officinalis or Loligo vulgaris appear to be ineffective.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Denervation; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonads; Male; Octopodiformes; Sex; Species Specificity; Time Factors; Transplantation, Homologous

This study concerns 727 cases of deformed children born in the Rhône-Alpes region in 1973. 61 maternity hospitals, out of 181 in the region, took part in the study. Data concerning sex, mortality, mother's age, age of gestation, gemellity, body weight and length, as well as frequency of genetic findings in the families are published. A classification of the types of malformation in relation to their frequencies is reported.

Topics: Body Height; Body Weight; Congenital Abnormalities; Female; Fetal Death; France; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Maternal Age; Pregnancy; Registries; Sex

Topics: Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Brain Chemistry; Dealkylation; Estrus; Female; Growth; Lead; Lead Poisoning; Liver; Organ Size; Ovary; Pregnancy; Protein Deficiency; Rats; Sex; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Tooth; Uterus

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Competitive Behavior; Feeding Behavior; Female; Food Deprivation; Growth; Male; Rats; Sex; Sex Factors

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Asian People; Body Weight; Cesium Isotopes; Child; Female; Half-Life; Humans; Japan; Male; Sex; Sex Factors

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Carnivora; Cell Count; Epididymis; Epithelium; Genitalia, Male; Leydig Cells; Male; Organ Size; Penis; Periodicity; Reproduction; Seasons; Seminal Vesicles; Sex; Spermatogenesis; Spermatozoa; Testis

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Dietary Proteins; Estrus; Female; Male; Mice; Pheromones; Pregnancy; Sex; Sex Factors; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Isolation; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Cricetinae; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Guinea Pigs; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Organ Size; Ovary; Pituitary Gland; Rats; Seminal Vesicles; Sex; Sex Factors; Testis; Testosterone; Uterus

Topics: Body Weight; Feeding Behavior; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Hypothalamus; Infant, Newborn; Male; Obesity; Sex; Sucking Behavior; Sweetening Agents; Taste

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Female; Genetics; Male; Selection, Genetic; Sex

Topics: Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Growth; Male; Mutation; Ovum; Pregnancy; Radiation Genetics; Rats; Sex; Sex Characteristics; Statistics as Topic

Topics: 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Gels; Haplorhini; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Methods; Sex; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Body Weight; Castration; Estrogens; Estrus; Feeding Behavior; Female; Growth; Hypothalamus; Male; Motor Activity; Obesity; Pregnancy; Pseudopregnancy; Rats; Sex; Sexual Behavior, Animal

1. The activities of some enzymes involved in both the utilization of glucose (pyruvate kinase, ATP citrate lyase, NADP-specific malate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase, all present in the supernatant fraction of liver homogenates) and the formation of glucose by gluconeogenesis (glucose 6-phosphatase in the whole homogenate and fructose 1,6-diphosphatase, phosphopyruvate carboxylase, NAD-specific malate dehydrogenase and fumarase in the supernatant fraction) have been determined in rat liver around birth and in the postnatal period until the end of weaning. 2. The activities of those enzymes involved in the conversion of glucose into lipid are low during the neonatal period and increase with weaning. NADP-specific malate dehydrogenase first appears and develops at the beginning of the weaning period. 3. The marked increase in cytoplasmic phosphopyruvate carboxylase activity at birth is probably the major factor initiating gluconeogenesis at that time. 4. The results are discussed against the known changes in dietary supplies and the known metabolic patterns during the period of development.

Topics: Aging; Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Diet; Enzymes; Female; Fetus; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose; Hydrolases; Liver; Lyases; Male; NADP; Organ Size; Pyruvate Kinase; Rats; Sex

Topics: Acclimatization; Animals; Body Weight; Drosophila; Female; Male; Oxygen Consumption; Sex; Species Specificity; Temperature

Topics: Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Lung; Macrophages; Male; Methods; Organ Size; Rats; Sex; Sodium Chloride

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Australia; Blood Glucose; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lactose Intolerance; Male; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; Sex

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Black or African American; Body Weight; Child; Dietary Fats; Ethnology; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sex; White People

Topics: Adolescent; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Female; Growth; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Infant; Male; Puberty; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Body Weight; Child; Eating; Female; Humans; Hunger; Male; Middle Aged; Sex

Topics: Acclimatization; Adolescent; Adult; Blood Pressure; Body Height; Body Temperature Regulation; Body Weight; Chlorides; Female; Hot Temperature; Humans; Humidity; Male; Physical Exertion; Pulse; Respiration; Sex; Stress, Physiological; Sweat; Sweat Glands; Sweating

Topics: Adult; Aging; Body Composition; Body Height; Body Surface Area; Body Weight; Calorimetry; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Exertion; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Weight; Child; Ethnology; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Norway; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Exertion; Physical Fitness; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aging; Anthropometry; Body Height; Body Surface Area; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Heart; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mitral Valve Insufficiency; Physical Exertion; Radiography; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Anthropometry; Asian People; Black or African American; Black People; Body Height; Body Weight; Cephalometry; Child; Ethnology; Female; Humans; Male; Sex; South Africa; White People

Topics: Adult; Angina Pectoris; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Coronary Disease; Death, Sudden; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Obesity; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anxiety; Body Weight; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Middle Aged; Sex; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Fetal Death; Male; Nitrous Oxide; Pregnancy; Rats; Sex

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chick Embryo; Female; Growth; Male; Poultry; Radiation Effects; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Blood Gas Analysis; Body Height; Body Weight; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Lung; Male; Middle Aged; Oxygen Consumption; Respiratory Function Tests; Sex

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Brain Chemistry; Caffeine; Drinking; Eating; Female; Glycosuria; Gonads; Kidney; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Rats; Sex; Urine

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Body Height; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Education; Electrocardiography; Family Characteristics; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Uric Acid

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anthropometry; Birth Order; Birth Weight; Body Height; Body Weight; Cephalometry; Child; Child, Institutionalized; Female; Growth; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Male; Maternal Age; Sex

Topics: Birth Weight; Blood Pressure; Body Composition; Body Weight; Edema; England; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Maternal Age; Parity; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Sex

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Body Weight; Castration; Electrophoresis; Estrus; Female; Histocytochemistry; Isoenzymes; Kidney; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Liver; Lung; Male; Organ Size; Pituitary Gland; Pregnancy; Rats; Sex

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Castration; Cell Division; Cholesterol; Esterases; Estradiol; Fats; Female; Hypertrophy; Male; Mesencephalon; Organ Size; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Rats; Sex

Topics: Adult; Aged; Alaska; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Inuit; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Diabetics; Schizophrenia; Sex; Tolbutamide; United States

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Composition; Body Weight; Fatty Acids; Female; Male; Sex; Swine

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aging; Body Height; Body Weight; Cardiomegaly; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Heart; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Radiography; Sex

Topics: Aging; Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Arteriosclerosis; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Coronary Vessels; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Haplorhini; In Vitro Techniques; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Body Height; Body Weight; Bone Development; Child; Child, Preschool; Dogs; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Massachusetts; Osteosarcoma; Retrospective Studies; Sarcoma, Ewing; Sex; Somatotypes; White People

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Aged; Alanine Transaminase; Anthropometry; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Calcinosis; Carbohydrates; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Retinopathy; Female; Humans; Insulin; Leg; Male; Middle Aged; Neurologic Manifestations; Pulse; Sex; Sweden; Vascular Diseases

Topics: Amides; Amino Alcohols; Animals; Blood Cell Count; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Diet; Fatty Acids; Female; Food-Processing Industry; Hemoglobinometry; Male; Organ Size; Rats; Sex; Time Factors; Urine

Topics: Birth Weight; Body Composition; Body Weight; Ethnology; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Oxygen Consumption; Pregnancy; Sex

The hematologic response in various animal species fed cholesterol and fat differed with the species and sex. Male rabbits, chickens and guinea pigs could not adequately comensate for the demand for increased red cell production and developed anemia. Female guinea pigs given added cholesterol and fat maintained adequate blood cell production but may have become anemic if the test period had been extended. Bone marrow production was increased in male rats and was sufficient to compensate for red cell loss. Blood and bone marrow values were not altered in female chickens by the dietary treatment. Fatty changes in the liver were common to all species fed added cholesterol and fat but gastric lesions were seen only in the rabbit.

Topics: Anemia; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Cholesterol; Dietary Fats; Female; Guinea Pigs; Histocytochemistry; Liver Diseases; Male; Organ Size; Poultry; Rabbits; Rats; Sex; Species Specificity; Stomach Diseases

Topics: Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Growth; Male; Mice; Plastics; Reproduction; Sex

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cytogenetics; Genes; Liver Neoplasms; Mice; Oncogenic Viruses; Sex

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Fats; Female; Growth; Male; Muscular Dystrophies; Muscular Dystrophy, Animal; Pectoralis Muscles; Physical Exertion; Poultry Diseases; Sex

Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Eating; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Humans; Hypothalamus; Male; Rats; Sex

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Genetics; Poultry; Sex; Skeleton

Topics: Adolescent; Black or African American; Black People; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Physical Education and Training; Physical Fitness; Sex; South Africa

Topics: Adolescent; Black or African American; Black People; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Physical Education and Training; Physical Fitness; Sex; South Africa; United Kingdom; United States; White People

Topics: Anthropometry; Body Composition; Body Fluids; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Sex

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Aging; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Brain; Female; Hypertension; Kidney; Male; Mesentery; Myocardium; Organ Size; Rats; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Aorta; Arteriosclerosis; Body Weight; Calcinosis; Cerebral Arteries; Cholesterol; Coronary Vessels; Female; Heart Diseases; Humans; Hypertension; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Phospholipids; Sex

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Eggs; Nutrition Disorders; Poultry; Sex

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Carcinoma 256, Walker; Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor; Female; Male; Mice; Mortality; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Rats; Sarcoma, Experimental; Sex; Species Specificity

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Fasting; Female; Hematocrit; Hydrothorax; Immobilization; Male; Movement; Prednisolone; Rats; Scopolamine; Sex; Stomach Ulcer

Topics: Body Height; Body Weight; Brain Damage, Chronic; Cephalometry; Child; Child Behavior Disorders; Child, Preschool; Congenital Abnormalities; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Male; Mouth Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Parent-Child Relations; Poland; Pregnancy; Psychological Tests; Sex; Social Conditions; Vision Disorders

Topics: Adult; Birth Weight; Body Height; Body Weight; Female; Finland; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Marriage; Maternal Age; Parity; Pregnancy; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Female; Male; Methylcholanthrene; Polyvinyls; Rats; Sex; Stomach Ulcer

Topics: Animals; Biometry; Body Weight; Genes; Mice; Sex

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Castration; Estradiol; Female; Histocytochemistry; Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase; Kidney; Kidney Tubules; Male; Rats; Sex

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Breeding; Poultry; Seasons; Sex

Topics: Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Centrifugation; Erythrocytes; Female; Male; Sex; Swine; Zinc

Topics: Adolescent; Biometry; Body Constitution; Body Weight; Carbon Monoxide; Child; Cystic Fibrosis; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Growth; Helium; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intelligence Tests; Nitrogen; Oxygen; Physiology; Respiratory Function Tests; Sex; Spirometry; Statistics as Topic; Thorax

Topics: Aging; Body Weight; Electrocardiography; Learning; Life Expectancy; Memory; Nephritis; Nephrosis; Pharmacology; Procaine; Rats; Research; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Body Height; Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Child; Geriatrics; Humans; Male; Reference Values; Sex; Spirometry

Topics: Aging; Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Fasting; Food; Growth; Metabolism; Rats; Research; Sex; Thirst; Water

Topics: Aging; Body Weight; Cardiomegaly; Coronary Disease; Electrocardiography; Humans; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Age Determination by Skeleton; Anthropometry; Body Height; Body Weight; Female; Fetus; Growth; Head; Humans; Japan; Nuclear Warfare; Nuclear Weapons; Pregnancy; Radiation Injuries; Radiometry; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Thorax

Topics: Aging; Atmospheric Pressure; Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Hematocrit; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Iron Isotopes; Rats; Research; Sex

Topics: Biometry; Body Weight; Child; Fathers; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Sex; Sex Ratio; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Adolescent; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Finland; Heart Function Tests; Heart Rate; Humans; Physical Exertion; Physical Fitness; Physiology; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Work

Topics: Birth Weight; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Female; Finland; Forensic Medicine; Head; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Mathematics; Models, Theoretical; Pregnancy; Sex

Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Biometry; Body Weight; Defecation; Genetics; Locomotion; Rats; Research; Sex

Topics: Basal Metabolism; Body Height; Body Surface Area; Body Weight; Humans; Metabolism; Sex; Students, Medical

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Arousal; Behavior, Animal; Birth Weight; Body Weight; Defecation; Electroshock; Female; Intelligence; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Psychological Tests; Rats; Research; Sex; Stress, Physiological; Urination

Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Aging; Amino Acids; Basal Metabolism; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Creatine; Creatinine; Diet; Female; Humans; Metabolism; Nitrogen; Sex; Urine

Topics: Aging; Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Hunger; Rats; Research; Sex; Weight Loss

Topics: Altitude; Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Blood Cell Count; Blood Platelets; Body Height; Body Weight; Dextrans; Diet; Folic Acid; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Japan; Occupations; Periodicity; Reference Values; Reticulocytes; Seasons; Sex; Sports; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Aging; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Down Syndrome; Female; Humans; Sex; Voice

Topics: Body Weight; Female; Fetal Death; Finland; Humans; Infant Mortality; Labor Presentation; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Puerperal Disorders; Rh-Hr Blood-Group System; Sex; Social Conditions; Statistics as Topic; Uterine Inertia

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Black or African American; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Gingival Hyperplasia; Humans; Indiana; Male; Middle Aged; Phenytoin; Sex; White People

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Dogs; Female; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Organ Size; Sex

Topics: Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Fasting; Female; Glycogen; Myocardium; Phosphates; Rats; Sex

Topics: Aging; Animals; Aortic Diseases; Argentina; Arteriosclerosis; Body Weight; Diet; Female; Gonads; Growth; Histocytochemistry; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Monkey Diseases; Sex; Tooth Eruption

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Electrocardiography; Epidemiologic Methods; Epidemiology; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Japan; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Nutrition Surveys; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Pressure Determination; Blood Volume Determination; Body Weight; Child; Female; Heart Function Tests; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pulse; Sex

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Fasting; Female; Kynurenine; Liver; Organ Size; Oxidoreductases; Rats; Sex

Topics: ABO Blood-Group System; Adult; Aged; Aging; Blood Group Antigens; Body Weight; Complement System Proteins; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sex

Topics: Blood Pressure; Blood Volume Determination; Body Weight; Humans; Sex; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Veins

Topics: Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Cell Division; Female; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Male; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Maternal Age; Mice; Mortality; Organ Size; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy, Animal; Sex; Spleen; Thymus Gland

Topics: Adult; Birth Weight; Body Height; Body Weight; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Maternal Age; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Sex; Smoking; Social Conditions; Uterine Hemorrhage

Topics: Birth Order; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child Care; England; Family; Family Characteristics; Female; Growth; Humans; Infant; Parturition; Sex

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Body Height; Body Weight; Calcium, Dietary; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Female; Humans; Lactation; Minerals; Niacin; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Sciences; Pregnancy; Riboflavin; Sex; Thiamine; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamins

Topics: Birth Weight; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus; Diet; Economics; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Diabetics; Pregnancy, Prolonged; Prenatal Care; Sex; Social Conditions; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Adolescent; Arteriosclerosis; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Coronary Disease; Epidemiology; Ethnology; Geriatrics; New York; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Mathematics; Pregnancy; Sex

Topics: Body Constitution; Body Height; Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Child; Humans; Sex

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Body Weight; Estrus; Female; Humans; Hypothalamus; Ovary; Physiology; Puberty; Puberty, Precocious; Rats; Research; Sex; Sexual Maturation; Uterus; Vagina

Topics: Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Dogs; Eosinophils; Erythrocyte Count; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Lymphocytes; Monocytes; Organ Size; Research; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Body Weight; Drosophila; Genetics; Hybrid Vigor; Hybridization, Genetic; Mice; Rats; Sex

Topics: Body Image; Body Weight; Child; Humans; Intelligence Tests; Personality; Projective Techniques; Psychological Tests; Self Concept; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Biomedical Research; Body Weight; Child; Growth; Humans; Infant; Kidney Function Tests; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Growth; Humidity; Physiological Phenomena; Rats; Research; Sex; Stress, Physiological; Temperature

Topics: Body Weight; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Flavones; Flavonoids; Mice; Rats; Research; Sex; Toxicology

Topics: Body Height; Body Weight; Humans; Reference Values; Residual Volume; Respiratory Function Tests; Sex; Spirometry

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Black People; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Cardiomegaly; Genetics, Medical; Georgia; Humans; Hypertension; Occupations; Pregnancy; Proteinuria; Retinal Vessels; Sex; Statistics as Topic; White People

Topics: Acceleration; Appetite; Body Weight; Centrifugation; Deceleration; Rats; Research; Sex; Thirst

The concentration of free fatty acids in the plasma of rats has been shown to be affected by the sex and body weight of the animals, their external environment, the availability of food and water, and the time of day and season of the year.

Topics: Animals; Blood; Blood Specimen Collection; Body Weight; Environment; Fasting; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Food; Lipid Metabolism; Noise; Periodicity; Rats; Research; Seasons; Sex; Stress, Physiological

Topics: Aging; Angina Pectoris; Body Weight; California; Cholesterol; Coronary Disease; Ethnology; Follow-Up Studies; Geriatrics; Humans; Hypertension; Los Angeles; Myocardial Infarction; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Breeding; Cholesterol; Liver; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Research; Sex

Topics: Acetates; Body Weight; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Carbon Isotopes; Carbon Radioisotopes; Child; Energy Metabolism; Epinephrine; Glucose; Hydroxybutyrates; Menopause; Metabolism; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Sciences; Obesity; Palmitic Acid; Pharmacology; Pyruvates; Sex

Topics: Adrenalectomy; Body Weight; Female; Genitalia; Gonadotropins; Gonadotropins, Pituitary; Humans; Hypophysectomy; Male; Ovary; Pituitary Gland; Prostate; Protein Deficiency; Rats; Research; Seminal Vesicles; Sex; Sex Characteristics; Testis; Uterus; Vagina

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Endocrine Glands; Genetics; Growth; Myocardium; Organ Size; Pituitary Gland; Research; Sex; Sheep; Thymus Gland; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Adolescent; Anthropometry; Asian People; Body Height; Body Weight; Bone Development; Child; China; Growth; Humans; Sex; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Adult; Aging; Body Weight; Humans; Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity; Respiration; Sex

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Body Height; Body Size; Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Female; Humans; Male; Sex

Topics: Aging; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Coronary Disease; Dietary Fats; Epidemiologic Studies; Humans; Hypertension; Japan; Rural Population; Sex

Topics: Aging; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Calcium Isotopes; Growth; Metabolism; Plasma; Rats; Research; Sex

Topics: Aging; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Calcium Isotopes; Growth; Metabolism; Physiological Phenomena; Plasma; Rats; Research; Sex

Topics: Anemia; Animals; Body Weight; Mice; Parabiosis; Polycythemia; Research; Sex; Skin Transplantation; Spleen

Topics: Body Height; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Child; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Male; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Thermometry

Topics: Adolescent; Anabolic Agents; Androgens; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Humans; Sex; Statistics as Topic; Steroids; Testosterone; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Toxicology

Topics: Aging; Body Weight; Geriatrics; Heart; Humans; Kidney; Liver; Sex; Spleen

Topics: Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Body Weight; Caniformia; Carnivora; Cold Temperature; Lagomorpha; Rabbits; Research; Seals, Earless; Seasons; Sex; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Aging; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Body Size; Body Weight; Child; Equipment and Supplies; Humans; Manometry; Sex; Valsalva Maneuver

Topics: Aging; Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Humans; Sex

Topics: Aging; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Electrocardiography; Genetics, Medical; Humans; Myocardial Infarction; Occupations; Sex; Smoking

Topics: Aging; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Corticosterone; Rats; Research; Sex

Topics: Birth Order; Birth Weight; Body Height; Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Child; Female; Humans; Infant; Parity; Pregnancy; Sex

Topics: Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Female; Humans; Male; Sex

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Body Weight; Cycloheximide; Humans; Sex

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Humans; Rabbits; Sex

Topics: Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Humans; Immunity; Immunization; Sex; Vaccination

Topics: Aging; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Body Constitution; Body Size; Body Weight; Female; Humans; Menstruation; Nicotine; Sex