sodium-ethylxanthate and Acquired-Immunodeficiency-Syndrome

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Anthropology, Cultural; Humans; Interprofessional Relations; Nursing Research; Research Design; Sex; South Africa

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Headache; Humans; Sex; Sexual Behavior

To provide population-based incidence estimates for constituent symptoms of human immundeficiency virus (HIV)-related lipodystrophy syndrome and to identify possible independent predictors of accrued cases.. Prospective population-based cohort. Methods Study subjects were antiretroviral-naïve individuals who initiated treatment between October 1998 and May 2001 and provided completed self-reported data regarding the occurrence of lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy and increased triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Possible predictors of incident lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy, dyslipidaemia and mixed lipodystrophy (symptoms of both lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy) were identified using logistic regression modelling. A sub-analysis restricted to subjects retaining original treatment at study completion was conducted using similar methods.. Among the 366 study subjects, cumulative incidence was 29% for lipoatrophy, 23% for lipohypertrophy, 9% for dyslipidaemia, and 13% for mixed lipodystrophy after a median duration of 12 months of antiretroviral therapy. In an intentto-treat analysis incident lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy were independently associated with initiation of protease inhibitor (PI)-containing regimens, (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.25-3.03 and AOR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.09-2.85, respectively) and female gender (AOR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.03-4.12 and AOR = 2.36; 95% CI: 1.17-4.74, respectively). Both mixed lipodystrophy and reported dyslipidaemia were associated only with PI inclusion in the initial regimen (AOR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.14-4.53 and AOR = 2.14; 95% CI: 1.26-3.65, respectively). Similar results were obtained in analysis of individuals retained in initial treatment groups throughout follow-up.. Incident morphological and lipid abnormalities are common among individuals initiating first-time antiretroviral therapy. Use of PI was consistently associated with all lipodystrophy-related abnormalities after adjustment for a broad range of patient personal, clinical and treatment characteristics.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Cholesterol; Female; HIV Protease Inhibitors; HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome; Humans; Incidence; Logistic Models; Male; Prospective Studies; Sex; Triglycerides

The development and validation process of the Video Rating Scale of Conflict Management and Sexual Negotiation (EAVI) is presented. This instrument was developed as a response to the growing incidence of HIV/AIDS infection among heterosexual women and recognizes the need to evaluate prevention efforts that focus on the development of sexual negotiation skills. EAVI was used to evaluate taped simulations of couples negotiating safer sex. Content validity and reliability analysis were performed. Overall, the scale has a content validity score of .90 and a reliability of 75%. The validity and reliability of specific subscales was low thus suggesting a need for revision. Suggestions are provided for improving the measure and examples of its actual usefulness in academic and community settings are presented.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Conflict, Psychological; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Negotiating; Puerto Rico; Reproducibility of Results; Sex; Video Recording

Adolescents attending 5 state schools for the deaf responded to a 35-item questionnaire designed to probe their knowledge of AIDS. The 129 students in grades 9-12 had extremely limited core knowledge of AIDS, with the correct answers to only 8 of the 35 questions known by most students in all 4 grades. A minority of males and females knew the answers to most questions, indicating that AIDS education programs for deaf adolescents are urgently needed.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Surveys and Questionnaires

The issues worldwide that deserve attention pertain to international migration, the education of women, family planning, missing female children, and prevention and control of AIDS cases. Migration outside country borders has been increasing due to economic and social disparities, and uncounted and unrecognized refugees are fleeing environmental disasters. The educational status of women has increased over the past 30 years. For example, female illiteracy has declined among women aged 20-24 years from 19% to 8% in Latin America, from 38% to 12% in eastern and western Asia, and from 80% to 49% in Africa. These improvements are significant, but the problem remains, where, for instance in Africa, there is still extensive illiteracy (75% of females aged under 25 years). A 1993 Population Action International Report states that low female educational levels and weak family planning and health programs are related to large family size and high child death rates. During the 1980s family planning was linked with ecological concerns. Progress has been made in the increase in contraceptive users in developing countries from 14% to 53% during 1965-70. Fertility has declined from 6.1 children per woman in the 1950s to 3.7. Kenya is a good example of a country with high fertility that reduced fertility through its emphasis on family planning. Obstacles to increased prevalence of contraception still remain. In Mexico more than 50% of public birth control services are provided to women in secret due to fear of their husband's abuse. Population pressure can result in the loss of girl children through higher mortality, better nutrition, neglect, or gender preference in the early fetal stages. The challenge of AIDS will be in caring for the sick and adjusting to social changes due to the expected increases in orphaned children.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Asia; Asia, Eastern; Bangladesh; Behavior; China; Demography; Developing Countries; Disease; Economics; Educational Status; Emigration and Immigration; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Family Characteristics; Family Planning Services; Family Relations; Health Planning; HIV Infections; India; Nuclear Family; Population; Population Dynamics; Psychology; Sex; Social Class; Social Values; Socioeconomic Factors; Virus Diseases

Based on the World Health Organization's standardized survey inventories assessing AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices (KABP) for adolescents, a written questionnaire was developed and pilot tested among primary school children in Northern Tanzania. Subjects included 472 fifth and sixth graders at four schools in Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions. Results indicated that the large majority of the students understood the questions and were able and willing to complete the survey. Non-response patterns did not seem to be related to the sensitivity of included questions. AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes toward engaging in sexual behavior had acceptable reliability and construct validity when compared with similar surveys in Western countries, while perceived social norms and self-efficacy need further development. KABP questionnaires may serve as a useful method in AIDS-related surveys and evaluation studies among school children in Tanzania if survey instruments are adapted to reflect the local social and cultural context.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Condoms; Culture; Female; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Pilot Projects; Rural Population; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Statistics as Topic; Tanzania; Urban Population

A sample of African-American and white young adults were classified as having multiple sex partners or one sexual partner. Subjects with multiple sexual partners were more likely to use drugs and practice risky sexual behaviors such as having anal intercourse, having sexual experiences with a prostitute, and having a history of gonorrhea (P < .001) and genital warts (P < .01). Additional analyses were conducted to determine African-American versus white differences in risky sexual behaviors. Results indicated that whites in the multiple partners and single partner groups were more likely to engage in anal and oral sex, while African Americans were more likely to have sex with prostitutes. Attitudes about the use of condoms differed significantly by multiple partner status (P < .004) and gender (P < .007), but not ethnicity. However, angry reactions about the use of condoms occurred more with African Americans (P < .003) and males (P < .05) than with whites or females. While whites reported a greater use of drugs and a significantly higher level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS, African Americans reported a significantly greater perception of risk for being exposed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (P < .01) and significantly more gonorrhea (P < .10), syphilis (P < .05), and HIV/AIDS (P < .05). No whites in our sample were treated for syphilis nor had they tested positive for HIV/AIDS. On the other hand, 4.5% of the total sample of African Americans reported testing positive for HIV/AIDS. Finally, the results from discriminant analysis indicate that a large number of variables significantly discriminate between subjects who engage in risky sexual behaviors and those who do not. Although there is some similarity in the variables for African Americans and whites, there was tremendous variability between the ethnic groups in the factors that predict risky behaviors. These findings are discussed with reference to the need to develop HIV/AIDS prevention programs for African Americans that are based on data derived from African-American populations rather than from black versus white comparison studies.. The need to design acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention programs specifically tailored to the African-American community was underscored in a study that found substantial variability between Blacks and Whites in high-risk sexual behaviors. Included in the survey were 149 Black males, 155 Black females, 40 White males, and 64 White females attending the same college in the southern US. 71 (47%) Black males, 29 (19%) Black females, 20 (50%) White males, and 24 (38%) White females were currently involved with more than one sexual partner. 4.5% of Black students and no White subjects had tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Students with multiple sexual partners were significantly more likely than their monogamous counterparts to use illegal drugs, practice anal intercourse, have experience with prostitutes, have a history of gonorrhea and genital warts, and to believe condom use is not necessary if you love your partner. Blacks in the multiple partners subgroup were significantly more likely than their White counterparts to have experience with prostitutes, indicate an intense anger response to condom use, and perceive themselves as at high risk for HIV/AIDS; knowledge of AIDS scores did not differ. White students were significantly more likely than Blacks to engage in anal and oral sex. Discriminant function analyses revealed that having multiple partners was in large part (32%) determined for Whites by consistent condom use and having sex with women, while sex with women, oral sex, history of syphilis, and sex with prostitutes predicted 25% of the variance among Blacks. 41% of anal intercourse variance among Whites was contributed by having multiple sex partners, sex with males, sex with females, and marijuana use; 47% of the variation among Blacks was explained by previous treatment for gonorrhea, genital warts, and herpes; condom acceptance and the perception condoms are inconvenient; sex with males; being male; sex with a prostitute; and oral sex.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Black or African American; Condoms; Female; Humans; Male; Risk; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Substance-Related Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States; White People

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Female; Humans; Male; Risk Factors; Sex

We wanted to know what proportion of the US population had spoken with a physician about sex and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In particular, we wanted to know whether patients who were at risk for sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), had had such discussions.. A telephone survey of a US nationwide random probability sample of adults was conducted in the summer of 1991.. The survey was completed by 1350 adults; of these, 1312 were patients, defined as those who reported that they had been to a physician within the last 5 years.. We assessed whether patients reported having had discussions about sex and AIDS with physicians.. Only 259 (20%) of patients in our survey reported that they had talked with a physician about AIDS. Fifty-five (21%) of those who had talked with a physician about AIDS reported that the physician started the discussion. Few patients reported that they had spoken with a physician even when it appeared vital that they do so: 46 (26%) of those who reported that their chances of getting the AIDS virus were "high" or "medium" and 25 (23%) of those who reported being at behavioral risk for AIDS had spoken to a physician about AIDS.. Few patients reported having discussed sex and AIDS with a physician, even if the patients considered themselves to be at risk for contracting HIV or another sexually transmitted disease. More of these discussions must take place to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS and to facilitate testing and early treatment of HIV-infected individuals.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Attitude to Health; Data Collection; Female; Humans; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Occupations; Physician-Patient Relations; Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

The purpose of this study was to consider gender differences in laypeople's beliefs about and explanations of cancer. Over 700 adults answered a questionnaire about their perceptions and explanations of the disease. The majority of respondents identified cancer as the most fearful disease. Women were more frightened of cancer than were men, whereas men were more frightened of heart disease than were women. The greatest fear of cancer was its perceived incurability and the associated suffering, whereas the greatest fear of heart disease was perceived susceptibility. Men were more likely than women to hold a more negative attitude toward cancer information. Factor analysis of the perceived causes of cancer identified four causal factors, which were labelled Stress, Environmental, Health-related, and Behavioural. Men were more likely to identify behavioural items as important whereas women were more likely to rate heredity as important. Fear of cancer was highly correlated with the health beliefs but not with the perceived causes of cancer. However, a regression analysis found that these health beliefs explained only a small proportion of the variance in cancer fear. The findings are discussed with reference to cancer education.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Attitude to Health; Fear; Female; Health Behavior; Health Education; Heart Diseases; Humans; Ireland; Male; Men; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Risk Factors; Sex; Women

Until recently, the only sustained AIDS activity in India has been alarmist media attention complemented by occasional messages calling for comfort and dignity. Public perception of the AIDS epidemic in India has been effectively shaped by mass media. Press reports have, however, bolstered awareness of the problem among literate elements of urban populations. In the absence of sustained guidance in the campaign against AIDS, responsibility has fallen to voluntary health activists who have become catalysts for community awareness and participation. This voluntary initiative, in effect, seems to be the only immediate avenue for constructive public action, and signals the gradual development of an AIDS network in India. Proceedings from a seminar in Ahmedabad are discussed, and include plans for an information and education program targeting sex workers, health and communication programs for 150 commercial blood donors and their agents, surveillance and awareness programs for safer blood and blood products, and dialogue with the business community and trade unions. Despite the lack of coordination among volunteers and activists, every major city in India now has an AIDS group. A controversial bill on AIDS has ben circulating through government ministries and committees since mid-1989, a national AIDS committee exists with the Secretary of Health as its director, and a 3-year medium-term national plan exists for the reduction of AIDS and HIV infection and morbidity. UNICEF programs target mothers and children for AIDS awareness, and blood testing facilities are expected to be expanded. The article considers the present chaos effectively productive in forcing the Indian population to face up to previously taboo issued of sexuality, sex education, and sexually transmitted disease.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Administrative Personnel; Asia; Attitude; Behavior; Child Welfare; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Communication; Community Participation; Culture; Demography; Developing Countries; Diagnosis; Disease; Economics; Government; Health; Health Planning; Health Services Needs and Demand; Hematologic Tests; HIV Infections; Homosexuality; India; Infections; International Agencies; Legislation as Topic; Mass Media; Maternal Welfare; Morbidity; Organization and Administration; Organizations; Philosophy; Politics; Population; Population Characteristics; Psychology; Public Opinion; Public Policy; Research; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Social Planning; Social Values; United Nations; Urban Population; Virus Diseases; Volunteers; World Health Organization

A prospective study was conducted in the Bronx, New York, of 70 infants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected (n = 33) and uninfected (n = 37) mothers who had a history of intravenous drug use or of intravenous drug-using sex partners. Infants were observed from birth to a median age of 23 months (range 3 to 54 months). HIV infection was confirmed in seven infants (21%) of seropositive mothers; six developed HIV disease, with symptoms observed in the first year. Of these, three died (3, 9, and 36 months) of HIV-related causes; 3 of 4 survivors were greater than 25 months of age. HIV symptoms preceded or were concurrent with abnormalities in T-lymphocyte subsets; postneonatal polymerase chain reaction confirmed HIV infection in five infants with symptoms and one without symptoms. Among infants of seropositive mothers, seven without laboratory evidence of HIV (including polymerase chain reaction) had findings suggestive of HIV infection, including persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, oral candidiasis, parotitis, and inverted T-lymphocyte ratios. These findings were not observed in infants of seronegative mothers. Although the presence of HIV proviral sequences was associated with HIV disease, the observation of indeterminate symptoms in at-risk infants indicates the importance of long-term clinical follow-up to exclude HIV infection. Disease manifestations in comparable infants of seronegative mothers are important for assessment of the impact of maternal drug use, development of specific clinical criteria for early diagnosis of HIV and eligibility for antiretroviral therapy.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; New York City; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Sex; Substance Abuse, Intravenous

Correlates of condom use were identified using cross-sectional data from a convenience sample of 211 sexually active intravenous drug users enrolled in methadone maintenance in New York City. Sixty-eight percent did not use condoms at all in the previous month and only 11 percent used condoms every time. Nineteen percent were planning on conception, only 20 percent of whom had been tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody (all seronegative). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that condom use was independently associated with greater personal acceptance of condoms, greater partner receptivity to sexual protection, and recent entry to methadone treatment.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Contraceptive Devices, Male; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Methadone; New York City; Sex; Substance Abuse, Intravenous

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Female; Humans; Male; Risk Factors; Sex

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Male; Sex; Sexual Behavior; United States

Since the inception of sexology as an academic discipline a century ago, the boundary between sexology, the science, and sexosophy, the philosophy of sex, has been poorly demarcated, especially with respect to the principles of sex-reform movements. Several early 20th centruy sexologists overtly espoused the principles of eugenics reform, which, in the 1930s, Hitler used against them. A large proportion of today's sex therapists, researchers, and educators are among "those who cannot remember the past" and are, therefore, according to Santayana, "condemned to repeat it." That is to say, they follow the example of eugenics reformers by adhering to explanatory principles as if they were apolictically indisputable; whereas, they are, in fact, dangerously political professional platitudes for the criminalization of sex. One such platitude is that pornography is dehumanizing and a socially contagious criminal offense. Social-contagion theory had its origin in Tissot's 18th century revival of semen-conservation theory. In America, Tissot's antisexual health-reform ideas were transmitted by Graham to Kellogg and Comstock. The Comstock Laws of 1873 are still extant and are the basis of contemporary judicial, academic, and public misconceptions regarding the social contagiousness of pornography. These misconceptions render the nation incapable of using pornography constructively in a program of sex-safety to prevent AIDS infection, especially among newly pubertal adolescents and young adults. The model to follow has already been provided by gay JACK and JO masturbation clubs.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Erotica; Ethics; Europe; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Masturbation; Sex; Social Control, Formal; United States

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Attitude to Health; Culture; Death; Health Education; Humans; Risk Factors; Sex; Social Conditions; Social Environment

The onset of the AIDS epidemic has made evident how scanty our knowledge is about sexuality, not only in the developing world where behavioral science resources are limited, but in the developed world as well. That the findings of the Kinsey group of nearly half a century ago remain relevant to current scientific discussion is an important measure of the lack of a well-developed and active research tradition in the area of sexuality. As a result of a lack of support for sex research, except in a number of very limited areas, when the epidemic began, there was a lack of baseline data, accessible and tested research techniques, and trained personnel. There is evidence that some of these problems are being addressed as new research initiatives are being undertaken both nationally and internationally that are relevant to both AIDS and sexuality. At the same time, a majority of this research has been driven by a concern for the disease and has not taken into account the larger role of sexuality in the life of individuals in specific cultures and societies. Much of the research that has been undertaken is examining sexuality from the perspective of AIDS rather than AIDS in the perspective of sexuality. Perhaps it is well to understand that long after the AIDS epidemic is history, sexuality will remain with us as a source of pleasure and difficulty.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Europe; Female; Health Education; Humans; Male; Research; Research Design; Sex; Sexual Behavior; United States

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Attitude; Female; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Male; Physicians, Women; Sex; Sweden; Syphilis

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Female; HIV; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Pregnancy; Sex

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Deltaretrovirus; Female; Humans; Male; National Institutes of Health (U.S.); Sex; United States

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Deltaretrovirus; Female; Homosexuality; Humans; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Neoplasms; Pregnancy; Sex; Transfusion Reaction

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Humans; Sex

A 37-year-old female patient reported marked weight loss, prolonged alopecia, recurrent infections and watery diarrhoea. Examination revealed Salmonella infection, candidiasis and immunological signs of previous toxoplasmosis. Between 1978 and 1981, the patient had had close sexual relations to a patient with haemophilia A. Due to this fact, AIDS was suspected. Serological tests for HIV were not available at the time. The findings in DNA image cytometry (nuclear DNA inclusion bodies, polyploid lymphocyte nuclei and binuclear lymphocytes) suggested a viral infection of the lymphoid cells. Electron microscopy revealed in hepatocytes and cerebral cells intranuclear inclusion bodies whose size and contents were not compatible with an infection caused by cytomegalovirus, herpes virus or Epstein-Barr virus. In autopsy, infections of various organ systems such as pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, urocystitis, pyelonephritis, Candida oesophagitis and enteritis were found.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; DNA; Female; Flow Cytometry; Hemophilia A; Humans; Inclusion Bodies, Viral; Opportunistic Infections; Sex

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC) are thought to be caused by human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III). Since the fall of 1982, independent isolates of HTLV-III have been obtained in this laboratory, in collaboration with several clinical groups, from 101 AIDS and ARC patients and healthy donors at risk for AIDS. Most isolates were from peripheral blood T lymphocytes established in cell culture, but some were obtained from bone marrow, lymph node, brain tissue, and cell-free plasma and from cells associated with saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and semen. Virus was isolated from approximately 50% of AIDS patients, 85% of ARC patients, and 30% of healthy individuals at risk for AIDS. The risk groups included homosexuals, promiscuous heterosexuals, i.v. drug users, recipients of blood or blood products, and spouses and offspring of AIDS patients and others at risk for AIDS. A high correlation was seen between persistent levels of serum antibody and the ability to isolate virus from patient or donor leukocytes. Immunologic and nucleic acid analysis demonstrated that the virus isolates were highly related, although substantial diversity was observed in the restriction enzyme cleavage patterns of those studied in detail. Biological analysis of cells from infected patients and donors as well as from normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to virus in vitro demonstrated that OKT4/Leu3a+ (helper/inducer) lymphocytes were preferentially infected and were subjected to a characteristic cytopathic effect. The availability of multiple isolates of virus from a number of different patients and donors will greatly facilitate the characterization of HTLV-III and the study of possible biological and/or biochemical variants of the virus responsible for the development of AIDS, ARC, and related diseases.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Carrier State; Child; Deltaretrovirus; Female; Hemophilia A; Homosexuality; Humans; Male; Marriage; Retroviridae Infections; Risk; Sex; Sex Work; Transfusion Reaction

From 1 June 1981 through 31 January 1984, 201 cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were reported involving persons who could not be classified into a group identified to be at increased risk for this syndrome. Thirty-five had received transfusions of single-donor blood components in the 5 years preceding diagnosis of the syndrome and 30 were sexual partners of persons belonging to a high-risk group. Information was incomplete for most remaining patients, but because many of these patients were demographically similar to populations recognized to be at increased risk for the syndrome, previously identified risk factors may have been present but not reported for some of them. Additionally, a few persons who met the case definition for the syndrome probably had other reasons for their opportunistic disease and did not have the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The slow emergence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in new populations is consistent with transmission mediated through sexual contact or parenteral exposure to blood.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Demography; Female; Health Occupations; Homosexuality; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis; Risk; Sarcoma, Kaposi; Sex; Substance-Related Disorders; Transfusion Reaction; United States

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Female; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Male; Sex