sodium-dodecyl-sulfate and Tooth-Discoloration

Plaque scoring usually employs subjective indices. The aim was to compare plaque inhibition of three toothpastes using two objective and one subjective measures of plaque.. Formulations were: (1) an experimental anti-plaque paste (test); (2) an experimental paste (minus active or negative control); and (3) a proprietary anti-plaque toothpaste product (positive control). The study was a blind, randomised crossover design using a 4-day, no tooth brushing, plaque regrowth model and involving 22 healthy subjects. After baseline plaque removal, subjects rinsed twice a day with slurries of the allocated paste. On day 5, plaque was scored by index, wet weight and optical density of extracted disclosing solution from the plaque (stain intensity).. All data showed the same pattern. There were highly significant subject and treatment effects but not period effects. The positive control was highly significantly more effective in plaque control than the test and minus active experimental formulations, which in turn were not significantly different from each other. There were strong and significant correlations between pairs of scoring methods particularly wet weight and stain intensity.. The use of objective methods of plaque alongside conventional subjective indices provided convincing evidence for increased discriminatory power in a study comparing plaque inhibition by toothpastes.

Topics: Adult; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes

The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of a pre-brushing mouthwash Plax reduced extrinsic tooth-staining in vivo and in vitro. Firstly, in a double-blind placebo controlled cross-over study, 20 subjects with tooth staining used Plax or a placebo for 14-day periods separated by a 1-month wash-out period. The area of stain was assessed before and after each mouthwash had been used from clinical photographs. Secondly, extracted 3rd molar teeth were stained with tea and chlorhexidine. After exposure to either Plax or placebo, the teeth were brushed in a standardized manner. The area and intensity of stain were assessed before and after rinsing and brushing. Results of the study in vivo showed that the mean % stained area for any of the surfaces studied changed very little throughout the study. No statistically significant changes were detected (Student t-test, p > 0.05). Results of the study in vitro showed that the mean area of stain fell by 19% after exposure to Plax and by 17% after exposure to placebo. No statistically significant changes were detected (Student t-test, p > 0.05). There were also no significant changes in intensity (Wilcoxon signed rank sum test p > 0.1).

Topics: Adult; Benzoates; Chlorhexidine; Double-Blind Method; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Mouthwashes; Placebos; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Tea; Tooth Discoloration; Toothbrushing

To analyze the efficacy of Colgate Plax Whitening mouthwash containing 1.5% hydrogen peroxide.. 30 enamel fragments, obtained from the proximal surfaces of human third molars were darkened with Orange II methyl orange. The fragments were divided into three groups according to the type of bleaching agent applied (n = 10): (1) 10% carbamide peroxide gel (positive control, PC) was applied for 2 hours/day for 28 days; (2) a solution containing 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (Plax) was applied for 4 minutes once a day for 28 days, and (3) no bleaching agent, kept in artificial saliva (negative control, AS). The specimens were kept in artificial saliva between treatment intervals. The specimens were photographed before darkening (baseline), after darkening and before lightening and on the 28th day of whitening. Afterwards, they were analyzed with color measurement software using the CIELab system. The data for the L*, a* and b* parameters were submitted to two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. The values of deltaL *, deltaa *, deltab * and deltaE* were calculated using two procedures: (1) darkened versus original, and (2) bleached versus darkened. This data was submitted to the one-way ANOVA test. Multiple comparisons were conducted using the Tukey test (alpha = 0.05).. When the specimens were subjected to bleaching agents, there was a significant increase in the brightness (L* parameter) of the enamel exposed to the gel and also to the bleaching solution. However, higher brightness was observed for the PC (gel) group. As for the axis a* parameters, there were no significant differences between the bleaching products. Regarding the axis b* parameters, the PC group underwent major changes (indicating a color change toward blue chroma), statistically greater than those of the Plax group. After bleaching, there was a significantly greater color change (deltaE*) in the PC group. Although the Plax solution caused a color change, it was less than that produced by the gel. The slightest color change was observed in the control group, in which no bleach was used. The mouthwash containing hydrogen peroxide was able to lighten the darkened human enamel, but to a lesser degree than the lightening produced by 10% carbamide peroxide.

Topics: Azo Compounds; Benzenesulfonates; Benzoates; Carbamide Peroxide; Color; Coloring Agents; Dental Enamel; Gels; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Materials Testing; Mouthwashes; Peroxides; Saliva, Artificial; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Time Factors; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Discoloration; Urea

This study evaluated the influence of surfactants on the effectiveness of 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) and 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) bleaching gels. One hundred and forty bovine teeth were used, which were stained by immersion in a coffee, red wine, and tobacco mixture for 7 days. At the end of this process, the color measurement at baseline was taken with the Vita Easyshade spectrophotometer. The teeth were divided into seven groups: (a) negative control (NC), (b) positive control for HP (PC-35), (c) HP + Tween 20 (T20-35), (d) HP + laurel sodium sulfate (LSS-35), (e) positive control for CP (PC-10), (f) CP + Tween 20 (T20-10), and (g) CP + laurel sodium sulfate (LSS-10). Group NC was kept in artificial saliva for 21 days. Groups PC-35, T20-35, and LSS 35 received three applications of bleaching gel for 10 min; the process was repeated after 7 days. Groups PC-10, T20-10, and LSS-10 received the gel for 8 h per day for 14 days. After the bleaching process, the final color was measured. The analysis of variance and Tukey tests showed statistically significant differences for the parameters of ∆L, ∆b, and ∆E of the HP gels with surfactant and positive control group (PC-35). Within the limits of this in vitro study, the addition of surfactants to HP bleaching gel increased the bleaching effectiveness.

Topics: Animals; Carbamide Peroxide; Cattle; Drug Synergism; Gels; Hydrogen Peroxide; Peroxides; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Surface-Active Agents; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Discoloration; Urea

Experiments were performed in a standardized rabbit model for examination of the potential of chlorhexidine and other denaturing agents to induce dental stain together with ferric ions. The studies supported the view that denaturation may be a major aspect of the mechanism of stain formation and that iron sulphide may be one important cause for extrinsic dental stain. Analytical microprobe analysis showed high amounts of Fe and S in the stain. The stain formation could be inhibited by SnF2, possibly by a red-ox reaction. Established stain could be removed by an oxidizing agent.

Topics: Animals; Benzalkonium Compounds; Chlorhexidine; Ethanol; Fatty Alcohols; Ferric Compounds; Formaldehyde; Glutaral; Hydrolyzable Tannins; Iron; Rabbits; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Tooth Discoloration