sodium-dodecyl-sulfate and Dermatitis

Topics: Anthralin; Croton Oil; Dermatitis; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Inflammation; Skin Diseases; Skin Tests; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) is caused by prolonged exposure to urine/liquid stool. It is a common and often painful skin condition in older incontinent adults because of poor prevention. Patients with urinary infections are at risk of developing IAD, and to guide the development of novel prevention strategies, we aimed to develop an animal model of IAD by urine and bacteria. First, contralateral sites on the dorsal skin of Sprague-Dawley rats were compromised by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), simulating frequent cleansing with soap/water. Filter discs were then placed inside ring-shaped chambers on foam dressings, inoculated with or without Pseudomonas aeruginosa, covered with agarose gels immersed in cultured filtrated urine, and secured in place with an occlusive dressing for 3 days. Untreated and SLS-compromised sites served as controls. The IAD was developed at bacteria-inoculated sites, characterised by severe IAD-like redness that persisted for up to 3 days post-exposure and higher disruption of the skin barrier function compared with non-inoculated sites. Pathological changes included epidermal thickening, partial skin loss, inflammatory cell infiltration, accumulation of red blood cells, and invasion of bacteria into the epidermis. This novel, clinically relevant IAD rat model can serve for future prevention developments.

Topics: Animals; Dermatitis; Epidermis; Fecal Incontinence; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skin Care; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Urinary Incontinence

Pruritus is a major symptom of many inflammatory diseases and impacts greatly the quality of life in patients. We aimed to specify the characteristics of experimentally induced pruritus in normal skin and in experimentally induced inflammatory dermatitis in healthy volunteers.. Skin inflammation was induced by the repeated application of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS 2%) on the volar forearms of 30 healthy volunteers. Inflammatory dermatitis intensity was assessed using the eczema score adapted from Frosch and Kligman. Non-histaminergic pruritus was induced by cowhage spicules rubbed on the volar forearms and recorded for 30 min on a 10-cm visual analogue scale (VAS) in both non-inflamed and inflamed skin.. Induction of inflammatory dermatitis by SLS resulted in a mild inflammatory dermatitis with an inflammation score of 2.3 ± 0.1 within 7 days of treatment. Cowhage-induced pruritus was of markedly higher intensity (P < 0.001), and all but two individuals had higher maximum pruritus intensity in inflamed skin as compared to non-inflamed skin, whereas the kinetics of the pruritus response were similar. The quality of cowhage-induced pruritus was significantly different with more 'burning' and 'painful sensations' in inflamed skin (P < 0.01). Maximum pruritus intensity in inflamed skin strongly correlated with maximum pruritus intensity in non-inflamed skin (r = 0.51, P = 0.004). Skin hydration, skin barrier integrity and dermatitis severity did not correlate with pruritus intensity.. Taken together, pruritus in inflamed skin is perceived as more intense, painful and burning. This may explain, in part, why pruritus is a major driver of quality-of-life impairment in patients with chronic inflammatory skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Dermatitis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mucuna; Pruritus; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Symptom Assessment; Young Adult

Potassium iodide (KI), initially derived from seaweed in the early 19th century, is used for treating sporotrichosis in dermatological practice. KI has also been used to treat several noninfectious inflammatory skin diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the improvement in such skin diseases remain unknown, and KI is not used widely. Thus, although KI is an old drug, physicians may not prescribe it frequently because they lack knowledge about it. Although KI is very inexpensive and causes few side effects, it has been superseded by new powerful and expensive drugs, such as biological agents. We applied 3% KI topically to areas of inflammation induced by SDS in mice. The levels of IL-1 and TNF-α gene expression were reduced, whereas that of IL-10 gene expression was increased. Small interfering RNA that was designed to reduce IL-10 gene expression levels was injected into the same mice, and the anti-inflammatory effects of KI were not observed. Thus, the pharmacologic action of KI is based on its anti-inflammatory effects caused by the increase in IL-10 levels. This information would increase dermatologists' awareness of KI as an efficacious and cost-effective treatment.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cytokines; Dermatitis; Female; Interleukin-10; Interleukins; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Potassium Iodide; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Myeloid cells are key regulators of tissue homeostasis and disease. Alterations in cell-autonomous insulin/IGF-1 signaling in myeloid cells have recently been implicated in the development of systemic inflammation and insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM). Impaired wound healing and inflammatory skin diseases are frequent DM-associated skin pathologies, yet the underlying mechanisms are elusive. In this study, we investigated whether myeloid cell-restricted IR/IGF-1R signaling provides a pathophysiologic link between systemic insulin resistance and the development of cutaneous inflammation. Therefore, we generated mice lacking both the insulin and IGF-1 receptor in myeloid cells (IR/IGF-1R(MKO)). Whereas the kinetics of wound closure following acute skin injury was similar in control and IR/IGF-1R(MKO) mice, in two different conditions of dermatitis either induced by repetitive topical applications of the detergent SDS or by high-dose UV B radiation, IR/IGF-1R(MKO) mice were protected from inflammation, whereas controls developed severe skin dermatitis. Notably, whereas during the early phase in both inflammatory conditions the induction of epidermal proinflammatory cytokine expression was similar in control and IR/IGF-1R(MKO) mice, during the late stage, epidermal cytokine expression was sustained in controls but virtually abrogated in IR/IGF-1R(MKO) mice. This distinct kinetic of epidermal cytokine expression was paralleled by proinflammatory macrophage activation in controls and a noninflammatory phenotype in mutants. Collectively, our findings provide evidence for a proinflammatory IR/IGF-1R-dependent pathway in myeloid cells that plays a critical role in the dynamics of an epidermal-dermal cross-talk in cutaneous inflammatory responses, and may add to the mechanistic understanding of diseases associated with disturbances in myeloid cell IR/IGF-1R signaling, including DM.

Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Cytokines; Dermatitis; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Inflammation; Insulin Resistance; Macrophage Activation; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Receptor, IGF Type 1; Receptor, Insulin; Signal Transduction; Skin; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Dermatitis; Disease Models, Animal; Epidermis; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Kallikreins; Keratinocytes; Keratosis; Melanosis; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Nerve Growth Factor; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor; RNA Interference; RNA, Messenger; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Transfection

We investigated the effects of oral intake of Lactobacillus helveticus-fermented milk whey on the intact and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-exposed skin of Hos:HR-1 hairless mice. The mice were allowed to drink 10% L. helveticus-fermented milk whey in distilled water ad libitum for 5 weeks. SDS solution was topically applied to the dorsal skin at 4 weeks, leading to the development of dermatitis. The skin moisture content, transepidermal water loss, and sizes of the dermatitis areas were periodically measured. Compared with oral intake of water alone, oral intake of water containing L. helveticus-fermented milk whey for 4 weeks significantly lowered transepidermal water loss from intact skin, significantly reduced in size the areas of early SDS-induced dermatitis, and ameliorated both the SDS-induced decrease in moisture content and the increase in transepidermal water loss. These results suggest that oral intake of L. helveticus-fermented milk whey might be effective in promoting the epidermal barrier function and in preventing the onset of dermatitis.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Body Weight; Dermatitis; Drinking; Eating; Fermentation; Lactobacillus helveticus; Male; Mice; Milk; Skin; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Water

Hyperkeratosis and acanthosis occur in inflamed skin. Proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes are important processes during epidermal repair after inflammation. Neuropsin and its human homologue kallikrein-related peptidase 8 (KLK8) have been reported to be involved in epidermal proliferation and differentiation, but the involved molecular mechanisms are obscure.. To explore the molecular mechanism of KLK8/neuropsin-induced hyperkeratosis and acanthosis in inflamed skin.. The molecular mechanism involved in KLK8/neuropsin-induced hyperkeratosis and acanthosis in inflamed skin was investigated both in vivo and in vitro using neuropsin knockout mice and KLK8 knockdown human keratinocytes. Neuropsin-related genes were identified by differential gene display. The localization and functional relationship of the molecules affected downstream of KLK8/neuropsin in normal and inflamed skin were analysed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry..   Hyperkeratosis and acanthosis in sodium lauryl sulphate-stimulated skin were markedly inhibited in neuropsin knockout mice. Knockdown of KLK8/neuropsin increased transcription factor activator protein-2α (AP-2α) expression and decreased keratin 10 expression in human keratinocytes and mouse skin, respectively. AP-2α has been reported to inhibit epidermal proliferation and keratin 10 expression. Distributional analysis showed that KLK8/neuropsin was expressed in the stratum spinosum, AP-2α was expressed in the stratum basale and the lower part of the stratum spinosum, and keratin 10 was expressed throughout the stratum spinosum.. The above findings suggest the following mechanism of events underlying KLK8/neuropsin-induced hyperkeratosis: (i) skin inflammation increases KLK8/neuropsin expression in the stratum spinosum; (ii) the released KLK8/neuropsin inhibits AP-2α expression in the cells of the stratum basale and stratum spinosum; (iii) the decrease in AP-2α results in cell proliferation in the stratum basale and cell differentiation in the stratum spinosum, with an increase in keratin 10 expression.

Topics: Acanthosis Nigricans; Animals; Dermatitis; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Hyperkeratosis, Epidermolytic; Immunohistochemistry; Kallikreins; Keratin-10; Keratinocytes; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Skin; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Transcription Factor AP-2; Up-Regulation

Irritant contact dermatitis is commonly found on hands of healthcare employees and is often explained by contact to water and detergents. Studies on the dermal tolerance clearly show that the degree of skin irritation is significantly lower after application of alcohol in comparison to detergents. It has also been shown in standardised wash tests using a foam roller that the application of alcohol or water immediately after a detergent-based wash can significantly decrease the degree of skin irritation, probably due to a wash-off of residual detergent. If evidence-based hand hygiene is taught early during nurses training it can substantially reduce irritant contact dermatitis supporting initiatives of primary prevention among healthcare employees. The irritant potential of commonly used alcohols in hand antiseptics is very low. If the skin is pre-irritated, e.g. by detergents or water, alcohols can cause a burning sensation which is, however, not an allergic reaction and does not further harm the skin. True allergic reactions to alcohols have so far not been confirmed. From the dermatological point of view the use of alcohols for hand hygiene has clear advantages over washing with water and detergents.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Attitude of Health Personnel; Dermatitis; Detergents; Ethanol; Hand Disinfection; Humans; Propanols; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Students, Nursing

We have developed a simple noninvasive method to assess inflammatory changes in human skin, even in the absence of visible clinical irritation. Our approach is based on a simple tape (Sebutape) adsorption method to recover molecular mediators of skin inflammation (e.g., cytokines). This procedure has been used to investigate baseline cytokine levels on skin, to assess normal skin condition and to evaluate changes due to chemical insult, existing dermatitis, or sun exposure.. In clinical studies, Sebutape was applied to normal appearing uncompromised skin, as well as to compromised (diaper or heat rash), chemically treated (sodium laurel sulfate), or sun-exposed skin. Sebutape was applied to the skin for a 1 min collection interval. Tapes were extracted in saline using a 10 min sonication, and the extracts were analyzed for human interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) and IL-8 using commercial immunoassay test kits. The cytokine levels recovered from each tape extract were normalized to total protein (TP) levels. In infant product use tests, the severity of skin irritation (diaper and heat rash or erythema) was also assessed using a visual grading scale.. The method itself caused minimal, if any, skin damage. Additionally, Sebutape was shown to quantitatively adsorb detectable levels of cytokine from normal-appearing (control) or compromised (e.g., rashed or chemically treated) skin. In infant studies, significant increases in IL-1alpha levels were found in skin exhibiting diaper rash, heat rash and erythema compared with normal appearing control skin sites. When these results were normalized to total protein levels recovered from each tape, the significance was maintained. A positive correlation (r2=0.82) existed between IL-1RA levels and diaper rash severity. Significant increases in IL-8 levels were recovered from diaper rash versus control skin sites. There were differences in baseline cytokine levels in normal skin related to body site and sun exposure. The IL-1 RA/IL-1alpha ratios for sun-exposed skin of the face and lower leg were significantly (P<0.05) higher (3-6-fold) than those for skin sites that typically receive minimal sun exposure (i.e., underarm, upper leg and upper back). There was a significant increase in IL-1alpha and a directional increase in IL-8 levels in adult skin sites treated with the irritant, sodium lauryl sulfate, even in the absence of visible skin irritation (erythema).. Our results demonstrate that this method is a useful noninvasive technique for assessing skin inflammatory events. In addition, the method is simple and easily applied in a clinical setting, whether on infants or adults.

Topics: Adhesives; Adsorption; Aged; Biomarkers; Cytokines; Dermatitis; Environmental Exposure; Forearm; Humans; Infant; Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-8; Sialoglycoproteins; Skin; Skin Diseases; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Sunlight; Surface-Active Agents; Time Factors

We constructed an immunotoxin, composed of an antibody directed against the high-affinity IgG receptor CD64 and Ricin-A, with the aim of resolving chronic inflammation through elimination of activated macrophages. In vitro, this immunotoxin proved very efficient in inducing apoptosis in activated macrophages, leaving resting and low CD64-expressing macrophages unaffected. We examined the activity of our immunotoxin in a sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-induced cutaneous inflammation model, using transgenic mice expressing human CD64. Upon intradermal injection of the immunotoxin (IT), cutaneous inflammation resolved in 24 h. This was demonstrated histologically by clearance of all CD64-expressing macrophages, followed by clearance of other inflammatory cells. Clinical parameters associated with inflammation, such as local skin temperature and vasodilation, also decreased.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Apoptosis; Body Temperature; Chronic Disease; Dermatitis; Dermatitis, Atopic; Humans; Immunotoxins; Injections, Intradermal; Interferon-gamma; Macrophage Activation; Macrophages; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Receptors, Fc; Receptors, IgG; Ricin; Skin; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Time Factors; U937 Cells; Vasodilation

There is a continuous need for methods to evaluate the biologic effects of topically applied drugs in the skin. Irritation of the epidermis with sodium dodecyl sulfate leads to an upregulation of E-selectin on endothelial cells and E-selectin mRNA can be detected in vivo within a short time. This study was aimed to investigate whether this biologic response can be used as a read-out for the anti-inflammatory effect of topically administered corticosteroids. We investigated skin of healthy volunteers treated according to the two following experimental protocols: (i) topical application of different corticosteroids (versus basic ointments as controls) for 12 h and irritation with sodium dodecyl sulfate 1% for 4 h; (ii) irritation with sodium dodecyl sulfate 1% for 12 h and application of the corticosteroids for 5 h. The biopsy specimens were subjected to RNA extraction and reverse transcription and competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed using defined concentrations of a pre-constructed mimic DNA. As result, we found strong positive signals for wild-type E-selectin mRNA in all biopsies pretreated with basic ointments, whereas in biopsies from areas pretreated with corticosteroids the bands for wild-type E-selectin DNA could be detected at 10-1000 lower levels of mimic DNA concentrations. The reverse experiment, application of corticosteroids after the irritation, again yielded significantly reduced signals for E-selectin mRNA. In both experimental settings, the different strength of the topical corticosteroids used was reflected by significant differences in the amount of E-selectin mRNA found in the biopsies. This study demonstrates the pharmacologic effect of topical corticosteroids on the irritation-induced E-selectin mRNA expression on dermal endothelial cells in vivo using very small tissue samples and this approach may be of value for further pharmaceutical studies.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Biopsy; Dermatitis; Drug Eruptions; E-Selectin; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Male; Prednisolone; Premedication; RNA, Messenger; Skin; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Triamcinolone; Up-Regulation

Cigarette smoking significantly alters the inflammatory response in the skin following application of irritants and rubefacients. The mechanism of this effect is unknown. There are thousands of components in cigarette smoke that may be pharmacologically important, but there is evidence to suggest that nicotine may play an important role in the observed effect on the inflammatory process.. This was an interventional study to assess cutaneous responsiveness to different stimuli after transdermal nicotine administration in volunteer subjects. Cutaneous testing was performed at baseline and at weeks 2 and 4 (the end) of the study.. The department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff.. Ten lifelong nonsmokers were recruited for the study.. Nicotine patches were applied daily for 1 month.. The following tests were performed: application of 2 times the minimal irritancy dose of sodium lauryl sulfate, irradiation with 2 times the minimal erythema dose of UV-B, measurement of cutaneous vasodilation following application of ethyl and hexyl nicotinate, and reactive hyperemia following arterial occlusion.. There was a significant reduction in the cutaneous inflammatory response to sodium lauryl sulfate (P < .001) and irradiation with UV-B (P < .003) and a reduction in reactive hyperemia (P < .03) after 2 weeks of treatment, which returned values to normal at 4 weeks. There was no change in blood flow following application of topical nicotinates.. Nicotine administration via a transdermal delivery system suppresses the cutaneous inflammatory response to sodium lauryl sulfate and UV-B, as well as triggers a transient suppression of reactive hyperemia following arterial occlusion. The apparent anti-inflammatory effects of smoking cigarettes can therefore only partially be explained as a long-term effect of nicotine.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Brachial Artery; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Dermatitis; Dermatitis, Contact; Dermatitis, Irritant; Erythema; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hyperemia; Irritants; Male; Nicotine; Nicotinic Acids; Polymethacrylic Acids; Polyvinyls; Radiation Dosage; Regional Blood Flow; Skin; Smoking; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Surface-Active Agents; Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; Ultraviolet Rays; Vasodilation