sodium-dodecyl-sulfate and Dental-Plaque

The aim of this systematic review was to summarise the clinical information available about oral mucosal peeling (OMP) and to explore its aetiopathogenic association with dentifrices and mouthwashes.. PICOS outline. Population, subjects diagnosed clinically and/or pathologically. Intervention, exposition to oral hygiene products. Comparisons, patients using products at different concentrations. Outcomes, clinicopathological outcomes (primary) and oral epithelial desquamation (secondary) after use. Study design, any. Exclusion criteria, reports on secondary or unpublished data, in vitro studies. Data were independently extracted by two reviewers.. Fifteen reports were selected from 410 identified. Descriptive studies mainly showed low bias risk, experimental studies mostly an "unclear risk". Dentifrices or mouthwashes were linked to OMP, with an unknown origin in 5 subjects. Sodium lauryl-sulphate (SLS) was behind this disorder in 21 subjects, tartar-control dentifrices in 2, and flavouring agents in 1 case. Desquamation extension was linked to SLS concentration. Most cases were painless, leaving normal mucosa after desquamation. Tartar-control dentifrices caused ulcerations more frequently.. OMP management should consider differential diagnosis with oral desquamative lesions, particularly desquamative gingivitis, with a guided clinical interview together with pathological confirmation while discouraging the use of the product responsible for OMP.

Topics: Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Mouthwashes; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

What is the effectiveness of a chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash used in combination with a sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) dentifrice on the parameters of plaque and gingivitis?. MEDLINE-PubMed, Cochrane-CENTRAL, EMBASE and other electronic databases were searched up to July 2014. The inclusion criteria were (randomized) controlled clinical trials, subjects ≥18 years of age with good general health. Papers evaluating the effect of CHX mouthwash used in combination with SLS dentifrice or a dentifrice slurry compared with CHX mouthwash as a single oral hygiene intervention or in combination with an SLS-free dentifrice were included. From the eligible studies, data were extracted, and a meta-analysis was performed when feasible.. Independent screening of 83 unique papers resulted in four eligible publications, with nine comparisons. The meta-analysis showed that when an SLS dentifrice was used as a slurry rinse, the interference on the plaque-inhibiting effect of a CHX mouthwash was significantly decreased (MD 0.33; P ≤ 0.00001; 95% CI: <0.24; 0.42>). No significant difference was observed when SLS dentifrice was applied as a paste in combination with CHX mouthwash (MD 0.08; P = 0.42; 95% CI: <-0.26; 0.11>). Descriptive and subgroup analyses support these findings. Moreover, the observed effect for the dentifrice paste occurred regardless of the order of use.. This review demonstrates that when CHX mouthwash is recommended, it can be used in combination with an SLS dentifrice without any interference regarding its inhibiting effect on dental plaque, regardless of the order of use. Consequently, the collective evidence indicates that the combined use of dentifrice and CHX mouthwash is not contraindicated. However, this recommendation has been graded as moderate taking into account a potential publication bias because three of the four included studies emerged from the same research group.

Topics: Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Drug Interactions; Humans; Mouthwashes; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Bacterial biofilms in the mouth are prime mediators of the destruction of the dental and oral tissues. This brief review summarises recent work using a device for generating intact plaque in the mouth on natural enamel surfaces such that quantitative studies of mass transfer through natural plaque biofilms could be carried out in relation to plaque architecture. This data is discussed against the background of existing information. The device revealed complex plaque architecture with high a surface area to mass ratio decreasing from the exterior of the biofilm towards the tissue surface. Fluoride, a potent inhibitor of caries was concentrated in the outer regions of the biofilm. This implies some restriction of diffusion and possibly binding to the high surface area of the outer biofilm. Whilst all components examined conformed to this distribution pattern, some relatively uncharged materials penetrated the bacterial biomass whilst other, more highly charged materials tended to be restricted to the channels or biomass surface. Plaque architecture was robust but could be altered using detergent indicating that biomass architecture and chemistry could be manipulated as a possible means of facilitating mass transport of therapeutics.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Biomass; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Plaque; Detergents; Fluorides; Humans; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Tissue Distribution

The purpose of this study was to discuss the concept of delaying the use of chlorhexidine mouthrinse (CHX) until some time after the use of dentifrice.. Sources included 13 electronic databases, 7 international drug reference books, and the World Wide Web; references of all relevant papers; and further information requested from authors and organizations. Inclusion criteria were a predefined hierarchy of evidence. Study validity was assessed with checklists. Two reviewers independently screened sources, extracted data, and assessed validity.. CHX, a cation, interacts and forms salts of low solubility and antibacterial activity with anions, such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP). CHX and MFP are not compatible in clinically relevant concentrations in vitro. A 30-minute interval between SLS and CHX rinsing gave a significantly reduced antiplaque effect of CHX, whereas after 2 hours the neutralizing effect of SLS disappeared. Rinsing with dentifrice slurry and CHX produced a significantly increased plaque score compared to CHX and water. In regard to tooth staining by CHX mouthrinses, use of dentifrice before CHX showed a reduction in staining of 18%, whereas CHX followed by dentifrice showed a reduction in staining of about 79%. Literature relating to this interaction is limited; more controlled microbiologic and clinical studies are needed to certify the inaccuracy of this modality of administration.. To optimize the antiplaque effect of CHX, it seems best that the interval between toothbrushing and rinsing with CHX be more than 30 minutes, cautiously close to 2 hours after brushing.

Topics: Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Drug Interactions; Humans; Mouthwashes; Reproducibility of Results; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Surface-Active Agents; Time Factors; Toothbrushing

A meta-analysis technique was used to pool data from studies to assess the effectiveness of the pre-brushing rinse PLAX on existing plaque and gingivitis.. Studies were identified using MEDLINE and other sources, and grouped according to whether PLAX was used in short- or long-term treatment. The quality of trials was assessed by 2 independent readers. The DerSimonian and Laird random effects model was used. Meta-analyses were performed according to duration and type of PLAX treatment. In "1-day" studies, the effect of PLAX after rinsing and after rinsing and brushing was evaluated, whereas in longitudinal studies, this was done at several follow-up times.. A total of 19 studies were included and mean quality scores ranged from 0.13 to 0.60, for the study protocol from 0.18 to 0.70 and for data analysis and presentation from 0.05 to 0.53. In "1-day" studies, PLAX significantly reduced plaque after rinsing (difference=0.143; 95% CI=0.02-0.27;p=0.022), whereas no significant reduction was observed in post-brushing measures. In "longitudinal" studies, plaque was significantly reduced at 1-2 (difference=0.168; 95% CI=0.09-0.24; p<0.0001), 3-4 (difference=0.179; 95% CI=0.01-0.35; p=0.043), 12 (difference=0.288; 95% CI=0.21-0.37; p<0.0001) and 24 (difference=0.377; 95% CI=0.19-0.57; p=0.0001) weeks. The meta-analysis that evaluated gingivitis showed a significant reduction in inflammation with PLAX treatment at 12 (difference=0.209; 95% CI=0.17-0.25; p<0.0001) and 24 (difference=0.257; 95% CI=0.22-0.29; p<0.0001) weeks follow-up.. Although PLAX use appears to offer some benefit in plaque and gingivitis reduction, the clinical magnitude of the difference and the benefit on oral health are likely to be small.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Benzoates; Confidence Intervals; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Follow-Up Studies; Gingivitis; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Mouthwashes; Periodontal Index; Placebos; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Statistics as Topic; Toothbrushing; Triclosan

Topics: Alkaloids; Benzoates; Benzophenanthridines; Benzydamine; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Gingivitis; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Peroxides; Salicylates; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Terpenes; Triclosan

The Seal of Acceptance of the American Dental Association's Council on Dental Therapeutics has been awarded to Listerine and chlorhexidine gluconate (Peridex). The mechanism of action of Listerine involves bacterial cell wall destruction, bacterial enzymatic inhibition, and extraction of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Chlorhexidine has the property of substantivity, i.e. the ability to bind to hard and soft tissue with slow release. Antibacterial mouthrinses/dentifrices containing triclosan hold promise for the reduction of plaque and gingivitis but are not yet available in the United States. The quaternary ammonium compounds and sanguinarine compounds (Viadent) have some merit, but studies of their efficacy in plaque and gingivitis reduction are mixed. New products containing various fluorides and oxygenating agents may have potential for the future as antiplaque and antigingivitis agents.

Topics: Alkaloids; American Dental Association; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Benzoates; Benzophenanthridines; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Oxidants; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Salicylates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Terpenes; Triclosan; United States

Removal of bacterial plaque is a prerequisite to the prevention and control of periodontal disease. In highly motivated patients, it is possible to control plaque successfully by mechanical means. Because most patients lack sufficient motivation and skill to perform effective plaque control on a regular basis, use of antimicrobial chemical agents is essential to gingival health. In 1985, Plax, a prebrushing oral rinse, was introduced. The manufacturer claims that the solution acts as a detergent that removes some bacterial plaque and loosens the remainder for easy removal by toothbrushing. A review of current dental research related to this claim is presented. The data provided do not support the use of Plax dental rinse as part of an oral hygiene program.

Topics: Benzoates; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Humans; Mouthwashes; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Surface-Active Agents

Topics: Alkaloids; Benzoates; Benzophenanthridines; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Terpenes

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of a dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) to a dentifrice with SLS in young adults aged 18-34 years on gingivitis.. One hundred twenty participants (non-dental students) with a moderate gingival inflammation (bleeding on probing at 40-70 % of test sites) were included in this randomized controlled double blind clinical trial. According to randomization, participants had to brush their teeth either with dentifrice without SLS or with SLS for 8 weeks. The primary outcome was bleeding on marginal probing (BOMP). The secondary outcomes were plaque scores and gingival abrasion scores (GA) as well as a visual analogue scale (VAS) score at exit survey. Baseline and end differences were analysed by univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test, between group differences by independent t test and within groups by paired sample t test.. BOMP improved within groups from on average 0.80 at baseline to 0.60 in the group without SLS and to 0.56 in the group with SLS. No statistical difference for BOMP, plaque and gingival abrasion was found between both groups. VAS scores for taste, freshness and foaming effect were significantly in favour of the SLS-containing dentifrice.. The test dentifrice without SLS was as effective as a regular SLS dentifrice on gingival bleeding scores and plaque scores. There was no significant difference in the incidence of gingival abrasion.. In patients diagnosed with gingivitis, a dentifrice without SLS seems to be equally effective compared to a dentifrice with SLS and did not demonstrate any significant difference in gingival abrasion. In patient with recurrent aphthous ulcers, the absence of SLS may even be beneficial. However, participants indicate that they appreciate the foaming effect of a dentifrice with SLS more.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Complex Mixtures; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dentifrices; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Periodontal Index; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Surveys and Questionnaires; Toothbrushing

To evaluate the effect of three calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSPS)/sodium monofluorophosphate containing dentifrices, compared to positive and negative controls on plaque re-growth in a non-brushing model, after 4 days of twice daily use, as determined by plaque area and Turesky plaque index (TPI).. This was an exploratory, single-centre, examiner-blind, randomised, controlled, five treatment period, crossover, plaque re-growth study, with supervised use of study products. Twenty-three healthy adult volunteers were randomized to receive experimental 5% CSPS dentifrice; two marketed 5% CSPS dentifrices; active comparator mouthrinse and negative control dentifrice. At the start of each treatment period, zero plaque was established by dental prophylaxis and study products were dispensed as either dentifrice slurries or mouthrinse, twice daily for the next 4 days. No other forms of oral hygiene were permitted. After 96h, supra-gingival plaque was determined by plaque area (direct entry, planimetric method) and TPI. Changes from zero plaque were analysed.. For both measures, plaque re-growth at 96h was significantly lower following treatment with active comparator mouthrinse and significantly higher following treatment with the experimental 5% CSPS dentifrice, compared to all other treatments. There were no statistically significant differences between the three other treatments, except between the marketed 5% CSPS dentifrices, for overall plaque area.. The comparator mouthwash was significantly more effective at preventing plaque accumulation than the dentifrice slurries. The three marketed dentifrices contained sodium lauryl sulphate and were more effective at reducing plaque re-growth than the experimental dentifrice formulated with a tegobetaine/adinol surfactant system.. The CSPS containing dentifrices tested in this study showed no significant chemical-therapeutic anti-plaque benefits compared to a negative control dentifrice. However, sodium lauryl sulphate-containing dentifrices controlled plaque more effectively than a tegobetaine/adinol-containing CSPS dentifrice suggesting that the impact of surfactant selection on anti-plaque activity of formulations warrants further investigation.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Calcium Phosphates; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dentifrices; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Oral Hygiene; Phosphates; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult

Several antiplaque agents are being available in the market in spite of vast development of modern medical science, satisfactory treatment of 'oral diseases' by newer drugs is not fully achieved, rather the chemical compounds has exposed the patients to it is different ill effects, therefore, there is interest to find out effective remedy of any disease by harmless herbal drugs thus the aim of this study was to compare plaque formation at 24 hours after the use of Triphala, Hi ora, Chlorhexidine and Colgate Plax mouth washes.. A controlled, randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial was designed. Thirty subjects underwent four consecutive experimental phases with four treatments: Triphala, Hi Ora, Chlorhexidine and Colgate Plax. On the day of study, the subjects discontinued all other oral hygiene habits and were randomly assigned for treatment with the experimental mouthwash. Each experimental phase was preceded by a 28-day washout period. Plaque formation was recorded after one undisturbed day.. Triphala, Hi Ora and Chlorhexidine reduced de novo plaque formation to a greater extent than the colgate plax mouthwash (p < 0.05).. Triphala and Hi Ora presents an anti-plaque efficacy similar to that of chlorhexdine, and was more effective at inhibiting plaque formation than the Colgate Plax mouth wash.

Topics: Benzoates; Chlorhexidine; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Medicine, Ayurvedic; Mouthwashes; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Oils; Plant Preparations; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Statistics, Nonparametric

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect, on de novo plaque formation, of rinsing with toothpaste slurries and water solutions containing a high concentration of fluoride (F). Sixteen subjects rinsed three times per day for 4 d with dentifrice slurries containing 5,000, 1,500, and 500 ppm F, while 12 subjects rinsed with water solutions containing 5,000, 1,500, 500, and 0 ppm F, and 1.5% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Plaque was scored [using the Quigley & Hein index (QHI)] after each 4-d period. Plaque samples for F analysis were collected. Significantly less plaque was scored for the dentifrice slurry containing 5,000 ppm F (buccal and all surfaces) and for 1.5% SLS (buccal surfaces). The differences in plaque scores between dentifrice containing 5,000 and 1,500 ppm F were 19% for all surfaces and 33% for buccal surfaces. The difference between the water solutions containing 1.5% SLS and 1,500 ppm F for buccal surfaces was 23%; the corresponding difference for 5,000 ppm F was 17%. The dentifrice slurry containing 5,000 ppm F accumulated 56% more F in plaque. The combination of high levels of F and SLS in dentifrice reduces de novo plaque formation and increases the accumulation of F in plaque after 4 d.

Topics: Adult; Cariostatic Agents; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Fluorides; Fluorides, Topical; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Mouthwashes; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Sodium Fluoride; Surface-Active Agents; Toothpastes; Water; Young Adult

This investigation studied triclosan retention and plaque viability in a group of healthy human subjects from Bangkok, Thailand, 12 hours after using a mouthrinse containing a triclosan/PVM/MA copolymer system. The results show the retained triclosan in the dental plaque was with in or higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC range 0.27-6.25 microg/ml), indicating the triclosan in this product remains at an effective concentration in dental plaque. The 12-hour post-application evaluation demonstrated only 36.5% viability of oral bacteria in dental plaque after a one-time use of the mouthrinse. This study shows the benefits of using a mouthrinse containing a triclosan/PVM/MA copolymer system for providing 12 hours long-lasting anti-bacteria and dental plaque control.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Benzoates; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Polymethacrylic Acids; Polyvinyls; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Thailand; Triclosan; Young Adult

The aim of the present study was to compare the plaque-inhibitory effect of a 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) rinse when preceded by ordinary toothbrushing with a 1.5% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)-containing dentifrice to the effect of the same rinse when used alone, or when preceded by rinsing with an SLS-containing slurry.. The study was an examiner blinded, randomized three-arm, parallel design. It used a 4-day plaque accumulation model to compare three different oral hygiene regimens, which were performed under supervision. One hundred and twenty healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study and were randomly assigned to one of each group. At the beginning of each test period, they received a thorough dental prophylaxis. The experiment was performed in one randomly assigned (upper or lower) jaw, called the study jaw. The opposite jaw, referred to as the dentifrice jaw, served only to introduce the influence of toothbrushing with a dentifrice on the anti-plaque efficacy of the CHX in the study jaw of the same mouth. At the end of the 4-day test period, plaque and gingival bleeding were scored in the study jaw. In all the regimens, the oral hygiene procedure was finalized by rinsing with a CHX 0.2% solution for 1 min. The study jaw was not brushed during the experiment. Regimen A (positive control) consisted of rinsing with CHX alone. In regimen B, rinsing with CHX was preceded by rinsing with an SLS-containing slurry, while in regimen C rinsing with CHX was preceded by toothbrushing with an SLS-containing dentifrice in the dentifrice jaw. No other oral hygiene measures were allowed. After 4 days of undisturbed plaque accumulation, the amount of plaque and level of gingival health were evaluated.. The overall plaque index for regimens A, B and C was 1.17, 1.62, and 1.14, respectively. There was no significant difference in plaque accumulation between the CHX alone regimen (A) and the SLS-dentifrice-CHX regimen (C). Regimen B differed significantly from regimens A and C. The overall bleeding index for regimens A, B and C was 0.24, 0.18, and 0.20, respectively. There was no significant difference between the three regimens.. The present study shows that the anti-plaque efficacy of a 0.2% CHX rinse was not reduced when preceded by everyday toothbrushing with a SLS-containing dentifrice. However, when preceded by rinsing with an SLS-containing slurry, the anti-plaque efficacy of a 0.2% CHX rinse was reduced.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dentifrices; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Surface-Active Agents; Time Factors

For various clinical applications, polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB) has been used for many years as an antiseptic in medicine. Recently, a 0.04% and a 0.12% PHMB mouthwash were shown to inhibit plaque re-growth and to reduce oral bacterial counts. In this study, a 0.2% PHMB mouthrinse (A) was compared with a positive control 0.12% aqueous chlorhexidine solution (B), a commercially available 0.3% triclosan/2.0% polyvinyl methyl ether maleic acid copolymer mouthrinse (Colgate Total Plax) (C), and a negative control placebo rinse (10% ethanol, flavour) (D).. The controlled clinical study was a double blind, randomized, four replicate cross - over design. Plaque re-growth was assessed with the Turesky et al. (1970) modification of the Quigley & Hein (1962) plaque index. The antibacterial effect was assessed by taking bacterial counts on the tooth surface (smears from the buccal surface of 16/26) and mucosa (smears from the buccal mucosa in opposite of area 16/26) after the professional prophylaxis and after the first rinse with the preparations on day 1 and prior to the clinical examination on day 5. Sixteen volunteers participated and, on day 1 of each study period were rendered plaque-free, ceased toothcleaning, and rinsed twice daily with the allocated mouthrinse. On day 5, plaque was scored and smears were collected according to the protocol. A 10-day wash-out period was carried out between each rinse evaluation. Data were analysed using ancova with Bonferroni HSD adjustment for multiple comparisons (colony forming units per sample) with a significance level alpha=0.05.. The 0.2% PHMB mouthrinse (A) was significantly better at inhibiting plaque than the placebo (D), but significant less effective than the 0.12% aqueous chlorhexidine solution (B). There is no significant difference between A and the 0.3% triclosan/2.0% copolymer mouthrinse (C). Bacterial count reductions (tooth surface and mucosa) with PHMB (A) were significantly greater compared with the placebo (D) and triclosan (C), but significantly lower compared with chlorhexidine (B) (tooth surface) and equally effective compared with chlorhexidine (B) (mucosa).. Consistent with previous studies, a PHMB mouthrinse was shown to inhibit plaque re-growth and to reduce oral bacterial counts, indicating that PHMB could be an alternative to established mouthrinses in preventive applications.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteria; Benzoates; Biguanides; Chlorhexidine; Colony Count, Microbial; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Maleates; Mouth Mucosa; Mouthwashes; Polyethylenes; Reproducibility of Results; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Triclosan

Chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), the most widely used detergent in dentifrice, may counteract. Consequently, studies about this interaction suggested that care is required when combining both these compounds, even when they are introduced separately into the oral cavity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of toothbrushing with a SLS-containing dentifrice in one jaw, on the plaque inhibition of a CHX mouthrinse in the opposite jaw during a 4-day study period.. The study was an examiner-blind, randomised two-cell, crossover design. It used a 4-day plaque accumulation model to compare two different oral hygiene regimens with a washout period of 17 days. Sixteen healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study and received a thorough dental prophylaxis at the beginning of each 4-day test period. One jaw (upper or lower) was randomly assigned as the "study" jaw. The opposite jaw was assigned as the "dentifrice" jaw and served only to introduce the effect of brushing with a dentifrice in the study model. Two oral hygiene regimens were evaluated. During one randomly assigned test period, the "dentifrice" jaw was treated by toothbrushing with a 1.5% SLS-containing dentifrice and rinsed together with the "study" jaw with 0.2% CHX, thus forming regimen 1. As a control during the other test period, both the "dentifrice" jaw and "study" jaw were only rinsed with 0.2% CHX, forming regimen 2. No other oral hygiene methods were allowed. After 4 days of undisturbed plaque accumulation, the amount of plaque was evaluated (Silness & Löe 1964). The "study" jaw was used to study the effect of the two regimens on the level of plaque accumulation at the end of the 4-day period.. The overall plaque index was 0.36 for regimen 1 and 0.34 for regimen 2. There was no significant difference in plaque accumulation between the two regimens.. Within the limitations of the present study design, it can be concluded that ordinary brushing with a 1.5% SLS-containing dentifrice (Colgate Bi-Fluor), followed by rinsing with water does not appear to reduce the level of plaque inhibition offered by a post-brushing CHX rinse.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dentifrices; Humans; Mouthwashes; Oral Hygiene; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Statistics, Nonparametric; Surface-Active Agents; Toothbrushing

Although the efficacy of chlorhexidine (CHX) chemically can be affected by the presence of a sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)-containing dentifrice in the oral cavity, previous data, collected without supervision, showed that the level of plaque inhibition offered by a 0.2% CHX post-brushing rinse in one jaw is not reduced under the influence of toothbrushing with a 1.5% SLS-containing dentifrice in the opposite jaw.. The aim of the present study was to investigate, during a 4-day supervised study period, the anti-plaque efficacy of a 0.2% CHX pre-brushing rinse in one jaw, under the influence of toothbrushing in the opposite jaw, either with a SLS-containing dentifrice or with a SLS-free dentifrice. Three different dentifrices were tested. Two of them contained SLS (Colgate Total & Aquafresh Natural Whitening), the other (Zendium) did not.. The study was an examiner blind, randomised 4-cell, crossover design. It used a 4-day plaque accumulation model to compare under supervision 4 different oral hygiene regimens with a washout period of at least one week. Thirty-five healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study and were randomly assigned to a sequence according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. At the beginning of each 4-day test period, they received a thorough dental prophylaxis. Plaque was scored in one randomly assigned (upper or lower) jaw, called the study jaw. At the end of the 4-day period the study jaw was used to study the effect of the four regimens on the level of plaque accumulation. The opposite jaw was assigned as the dentifrice jaw and served only to introduce the effect of brushing with a dentifrice in the study model. Four oral hygiene regimens were designed. During the randomly assigned test periods, rinsing with 0.2% CHX and then brushing the dentifrice jaw was performed twice daily. In regimen 1, 2, and 3 the subjects used a dentifrice in the assigned dentifrice jaw being either a dentifrice with SLS (Colgate Total and Aquafresh Natural Whitening) or a SLS-free dentifrice (Zendium). Regimen 4 served as a control during witch subjects only rinsed with 0.2% CHX. No other oral hygiene methods were allowed. After 4 days of undisturbed plaque accumulation, the amount of plaque was evaluated (Lobene et al. 1982, Quigley & Hein 1962, Turesky et al. 1970 modifications).. The overall plaque index for regimen 1, 2 and 3 was, respectively, 1.8, 1.8 and 1.9. For regimen 4, the overall plaque index was 1.9. There was no significant difference in plaque accumulation between the four regimens.. Within the present study design, it can be concluded that the anti-plaque efficacy of a pre-brushing 0.2% CHX mouthrinse does not seem to be reduced under the influence of a normal toothbrushing exercise with a dentifrice after rinsing, whether the dentifrice contains SLS or not.

Topics: Adult; Chlorhexidine; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dentifrices; Drug Interactions; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Toothbrushing; Treatment Outcome

To determine the effects of a detergent-free, whitening dentifrice using an in vivo plaque regrowth model with the novel application of QLF as a planimetric analysis tool.. A total of 20 subjects took part in a double blind, single-centre, crossover study in which slurry rinses were the only form of plaque control over a 5-day period. Following a washout and prophylaxis the subjects used 2 daily rinses in the absence of all other plaque control methods. Subjects returned to the clinic on the afternoon of day 5 when plaque was disclosed and assessed by the plaque index and area using both a photographic and novel fluorescent planimetric technique. A further 9-day washout was carried out and the rinse period repeated to ensure that each subject had used both experimental and comparator slurries.. Twenty subjects completed the trial. The test product showed a significant inhibition of plaque re-growth (16.9%) compared with a fluoride-matched comparator using the Turesky index (P < 0.0001), the photographic planimetric technique (17.5%) (P < 0.0001) and the novel QLF technique (18.4%) (P < 0.0001).. The results confirm that plaque inhibition capability of a detergent-free whitening dentifrice is at least as effective as a fluoride matched comparator. QLF is a promising tool for disclosed plaque quantification.

Topics: Adult; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dentifrices; Detergents; Double-Blind Method; Fluoresceins; Fluorescent Dyes; Fluorides; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Photography, Dental; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Tooth Bleaching; Xylitol

Plaque scoring usually employs subjective indices. The aim was to compare plaque inhibition of three toothpastes using two objective and one subjective measures of plaque.. Formulations were: (1) an experimental anti-plaque paste (test); (2) an experimental paste (minus active or negative control); and (3) a proprietary anti-plaque toothpaste product (positive control). The study was a blind, randomised crossover design using a 4-day, no tooth brushing, plaque regrowth model and involving 22 healthy subjects. After baseline plaque removal, subjects rinsed twice a day with slurries of the allocated paste. On day 5, plaque was scored by index, wet weight and optical density of extracted disclosing solution from the plaque (stain intensity).. All data showed the same pattern. There were highly significant subject and treatment effects but not period effects. The positive control was highly significantly more effective in plaque control than the test and minus active experimental formulations, which in turn were not significantly different from each other. There were strong and significant correlations between pairs of scoring methods particularly wet weight and stain intensity.. The use of objective methods of plaque alongside conventional subjective indices provided convincing evidence for increased discriminatory power in a study comparing plaque inhibition by toothpastes.

Topics: Adult; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes

A chalk-based antimicrobial dentifrice was developed and has undergone in vitro testing to determine antimicrobial efficacy by kill-time studies, and in vivo clinical studies to determine anti-plaque build-up properties. The antimicrobial efficacy of the formulation is attributable to the following components; sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium monofluorophosphate, flavouring oils, triclosan, and low water activity. In vitro kill-time testing showed the dentifrice to have good activity against organisms associated with plaque, showing at least 99% reductions in the numbers of each organism. In vivo clinical results showed the dentifrice to protect against the build-up of plaque when compared to water alone. These results demonstrate that this dentifrice is effective in controlling plaque, and can thus be expected to promote good oral hygiene.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteria; Calcium Carbonate; Colony Count, Microbial; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Fluorides; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phosphates; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Surface-Active Agents; Triclosan

The effects of a magnesium monoperoxyphthalate (MMPP) mouth-rinse, with or without sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), and an MMPP dentifrice, on salivary counts of bacterial flora and yeasts, and on supragingival plaque scores were investigated in 131 healthy oral candida carriers over a 9 week double blind study. There were no changes in the salivary counts of bacteria studied (anaerobes, streptococci, fusobacteria, Actinomyces, Viellonella) in the test or placebo groups. A significant increase in salivary candida counts was seen in subjects using an MMPP rinse and dentifrice compared with placebo subjects and this phenomenon was not influenced by the presence of SLS. A significant reduction in plaque was seen in subjects using an MMPP rinse and dentifrice compared with placebo subjects. Frank candidosis was observed in only 2 subjects (1 in the placebo rinse group and 1 in the MMPP dentifrice group) but erythematous lesions, with subjective reports of soreness, dryness or burning sensation, were recorded and observed more frequently in the experimental groups than in the placebos, especially in those also using SLS. The substantial plaque reduction achieved with MMPP in the absence of tooth staining but with the increase in salivary Candida counts suggests that further studies of MMPP are warranted.

Topics: Actinomyces; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Candida; Colony Count, Microbial; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fusobacterium; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Mouthwashes; Phthalic Acids; Placebos; Saliva; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Streptococcus; Surface-Active Agents; Veillonella; Xerostomia

There has been a resurgence of interest in stannous fluoride (SF) products in particular to provide oral hygiene and gingival health benefits. The aim of this study was to assess the persistence of antimicrobial action of a number of SF formulations in the mouth and relate these to plaque inhibitory activity. The formulations were 2 SF toothpastes (SF1, SF2), 2 SF plus stannous pyrophosphate toothpastes (SFSP1, SFSP2), a SF gel (G), a NaF toothpaste (C) and saline (S) as control. Both studies involve 2 different groups of 21 healthy dentate volunteers. The studies were single, blind, randomised, crossover designs balanced for residual effects, with a minimum 2 1/2 day washout period. Salivary bacterial counts were determined before and to 7 h after a single rinse with the formulations. Plaque regrowth from a zero baseline (day 1) was measured by index and area on day 5, after 2x daily rinsing with slurries of the formulations or saline. For bacterial counts, highly significant treatment differences were found. Bacterial counts were variably reduced by all treatments to 30 min then showed a variable rate of return towards baseline. All test agents were significantly better than S at some timepoints. The order for greatest persistence of action downwards was; (1) SFSP2; (2) SFSP1, G, and SF1; (3) SF2; (4) C; (5) S. Highly significant differences in plaque regrowth between treatments were found with similar mean ordering of efficacy as for salivary bacterial counts from most effective downwards namely; (1) SFSP1 and SFSP2; (2) SF1; (3) SF2; G and C; (4) S. The results were consistent with a parallel study measuring tea staining in vitro, whereby formulations causing the most staining produced the greatest persistence of action and plaque inhibitory activity. This suggests the availability of stannous ions was important for the clinical effects. It is concluded that stannous ions can enhance the plaque inhibitory action of toothpaste via a persistent antimicrobial action.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Colony Count, Microbial; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Detergents; Double-Blind Method; Gels; Humans; Saliva; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Sodium Fluoride; Tin Fluorides; Tin Polyphosphates; Toothpastes

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Benzoates; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorides; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Observer Variation; Oils, Volatile; Probability; Reproducibility of Results; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Statistics, Nonparametric; Treatment Outcome; Triclosan; Zinc Compounds

The aim of this investigation was to compare the effect of an enzyme-containing dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulfate but with addition of xylitol (Zendium Dentine) on mutans streptococci (MS) in saliva and dental plaque with that of the same dentifrice without xylitol. The subjects were divided into a test group, using a dentifrice with 10% xylitol (part A) or 5% xylitol (part B), and a control group, using a dentifrice without xylitol, for 3 months. In part A the MS counts in saliva and plaque were significantly lower in the xylitol group (n = 50) than in the control group (n = 57) (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). In part B (n = 89 + 91), evaluating MS counts in saliva only, no significant difference was found. Thus, this study demonstrated I) that addition of 10% xylitol to an enzyme-containing dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulfate has an inhibitory effect on MS counts in saliva and dental plaque, and 2) that the inhibitory effect seems to be dose-dependent.

Topics: Adult; Cariostatic Agents; Case-Control Studies; Colony Count, Microbial; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase; Glucose Oxidase; Humans; Male; Saliva; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Streptococcus mutans; Surface-Active Agents; Xylitol

The adjunctive use of antiplaque mouthrinses with normal oral hygiene procedures may produce a significant beneficial effect on gingival health. At present, numerous products are available with various claims for efficacy. Although for many of these products, well-controlled studies have been carried out comparing the products, against a negative control or placebo, very few studies have been carried out directly comparing the efficacy of one commercial product with another. In this observer-blind, 4-day plaque regrowth, crossover study, the efficacy of a commercial triclosan mouthrinse was compared to that of an essential oil mouthrinse and 2 placebo controls. Starting from zero plaque at the commencement of each trial period, 32 volunteers used only the allocated rinses as the method of oral hygiene over 4 days, and on the 5th day returned for measurement of plaque index and area. The essential oil rinse produced a plaque reduction of 52% for plaque area and 17% for plaque index compared to its placebo, whilst the triclosan rinse produced a 45% reduction for plaque area and 12% reduction for plaque index against its placebo. Analysis of variance and construction of 95% confidence intervals showed that both active rinses significantly reduced plaque compared to their respective placebo. In addition, the essential oil rinse significantly reduced plaque compared to the triclosan rinse for plaque index but not for plaque area. The findings of this study would suggest that of the 2 rinses, the essential oil rinse would be expected to be more effective at reducing plaque formation in the longer term.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Benzoates; Confidence Intervals; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dental Prophylaxis; Dental Scaling; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Oral Hygiene; Placebos; Salicylates; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Terpenes; Triclosan

The aim of the study was to examine whether triclosan has an effect on developing gingival inflammation. 10 volunteers, with clinically healthy gingivae were enrolled. The study was performed as a 2-week, double-blind, cross-over, experimental gingivitis trial. Between each plaque accumulation period, there was a wash-out phase of 4 weeks. A baseline examination was performed which included assessment of plaque and gingivitis. The volunteers were asked to refrain from mechanical oral hygiene measures for 2 weeks. During this period, they rinsed 2x daily with one of the randomly assigned mouthrinse preparations. Solution A (period A): 0.06% triclosan+ 2%tween 80. Solution B (period B): 0.06% triclosan+ 0.25% sodium lauryl sulphate. Re-examinations were performed on days 4, 7, 11 and 14. The mean plaque score increased during period A to 2.2 (day 4), 2.8 (day 7), 3.1 (day 11) and 3.1 (day 14). The corresponding scores for period B were significantly lower; 1.2 (day 4), 1.8 (day 7), 2.0 (day 11) and 2.2 (day 14). The mean gingivitis scores at baseline were 0.17 (periods A and B). The mean gingivitis scores increased to 0.45 (day 4), 0.69 (day 7), 0.83 (day 11) and 0.96 (day 14) when the subjects rinsed with solution A and 0.42 (day 4), 0.64 (day 7), 0.78 (day 11) and 0.92 (day 14) in period B. There were no statistically significant differences between periods A and B with respect to gingivitis. Thus, although significantly more plaque formed during period A than period B, no differences could be found between the gingivitis scores in the 2 periods.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Bacteria; Chemoprevention; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Periodontal Index; Polysorbates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Surface-Active Agents; Triclosan

A six-month, double-blind parallel clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy on existing plaque and gingivitis of a pre-brush mouthrinse (Colgate Plax, Thailand) containing 0.03% triclosan and 0.13% of a polyvinylmethyl ether/maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer in the absence of fluoride, as compared to a matching placebo rinse. A total of 121 subjects were stratified into two balanced groups according to baseline Quigley-Hein Plaque Index scores and Loë-Silness Gingivitis Index scores. Each group was randomly assigned to the use of either the triclosan/copolymer pre-brush rinse or the placebo pre-brush rinse. No subjects received an oral prophylaxis. They were instructed to rinse twice daily for 60 seconds using the provided fluoride dentifrice and soft-bristled toothbrush. After six months' use of their assigned mouthrinse, 118 subjects who completed the study were evaluated for plaque index score and gingivitis index score using the same scoring procedure. After six months, the triclosan/copolymer mouthrinse group provided a 35.48% reduction of plaque (p<0.001) and an 18.82% reduction of gingivitis (p<0.001), as compared to the placebo mouthrinse group. The reduction of the triclosan/copolymer group was most pronounced in the severity manifestation of plaque and gingivitis (p<0.001). The results indicate that twice daily use of a pre-brush mouthrinse containing triclosan/copolymer in the absence of fluoride significantly reduces pre-existing plaque and gingivitis as compared to the placebo rinse.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Benzoates; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Periodontal Index; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Statistics, Nonparametric; Triclosan

Non-prescription prebrushing rinses to facilitate dental plaque removal have been advertised in recent years. The purpose of the present study was to determine the plaque removal effectiveness of Plax (Colgate) prebrushing rinse by comparing it to a placebo solution. 19 dental students volunteered for this double blind study which consisted of 2 experimental periods. The following procedure was followed: 3 weeks after scaling and polishing, the participants abstained from oral hygiene for 3 days to allow dental plaque to accumulate. After plaque disclosing, the 4 mandibular incisors were photographed using a strictly defined technique, as described by Quirynen et al. Then the volunteers mouthrinsed for 30 s with 15 ml of a solution provided to them. Neither the volunteers nor the examiners knew which solution (test or control) was used. After mouthrinsing, the participants were allowed to brush their teeth and the remaining plaque was photographed again. During the 2nd experimental period, the same procedure was followed, and the 2nd solution was used for mouthrinsing. The effectiveness of the solutions was evaluated by comparing the proportion of dental plaque removed during the 2 experimental periods. The area of dental plaque was measured by an electronic high-precision device (planimeter). The proportion of plaque removed after rinsing with Plax was 0.40 +/- 0.23 and after rising with placebo 0.42 +/- 0.24, of the tooth surface (p = 0.962). Analysis of data by means of paired t-test between the 2 experimental periods revealed no beneficial effect regarding plaque removal when Plax was used.

Topics: Adult; Benzoates; Coloring Agents; Dental Plaque; Dental Prophylaxis; Dental Scaling; Double-Blind Method; Electronics, Medical; Female; Humans; Incisor; Male; Mouthwashes; Observer Variation; Photography; Placebos; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Sodium Fluoride; Toothbrushing; Triclosan

A double-blind cross-over clinical study was performed on eight volunteers to determine the plaque-inhibiting effect of different triclosan- and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-containing mouthrinses. An attempt was also made to locate the binding site(s) of triclosan in the oral cavity. After the volunteers rinsed for four days with solutions of various concentrations of triclosan and/or SLS, plaque deposits were scored according to the Silness and Löe Plaque Index. The study showed that 0.15% and 0.3% concentrations of triclosan yielded a comparable plaque-inhibiting effect in vivo. Furthermore, the 0.1% triclosan with 1.5% SLS exhibited a higher (though not significant) effect than 0.1% triclosan with 0.75% SLS. The mouthrinse containing 0.05% triclosan and 0.25% SLS was as effective as the two mentioned mouthrinses containing 0.1% triclosan. Collectively, the results indicate that triclosan alone has an antiplaque effect, independent of the effect of SLS. Furthermore, the results suggest that the SLS monomers may play a role as carriers of triclosan and that the teeth are not the only binding site of triclosan, since topical application of 0.3% triclosan failed to produce a clinically discernible effect.

Topics: Adult; Binding Sites; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Receptors, Drug; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Triclosan

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of a new and improved prebrushing dental rinse, Advanced Formula Plax, in reducing supragingival plaque. Following a 4-week pretest phase, the oral soft tissue, stain, gingivitis, and pre- and postbrushing plaque scores were evaluated for 153 subjects at baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 26 weeks. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either the active prebrushing dental rinse or a matching placebo that lacked the key ingredients responsible for the surfactant action of the active rinse. Compared with placebo, use of the active prebrushing rinse was associated with a significant reduction from baseline in postbrushing plaque scores at 12, 18, and 26 weeks on smooth surfaces, and with a significant reduction in postbrushing plaque scores on all surfaces at weeks 18 and 26. No significant difference was noted between the two treatment groups in gingivitis scores and stain indices. No product-related adverse experiences were noted. The results indicate that use of the new and improved prebrushing dental rinse represents a beneficial adjunct to toothbrushing and improved oral hygiene.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Benzoates; Dental Plaque; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Toothbrushing

A 12-month clinical trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of a pre-brushing rinse (PBR) in plaque removal with that of water. Four groups participated in the study; group 1 (test group) rinsed with PBR before brushing; group 2 rinsed with plain tap water; group 3 brushed only; and group 4 rinsed with sterile water (same color as the PBR). Pre-brushing and post-brushing plaque scores were recorded at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months (Ramjford surfaces) and 12 months for groups 1, 2, and 3 and at baseline, 3 months and 6 months for group 4. Pre-brushing minus post-brushing plaque scores (decrements) were significantly higher in the PBR group at baseline, and 6, 9, and 12 months. Using a single criterion (gingival bleeding index) there were no differences between the 4 groups at any of the 5 assessments, hence, the clinical significance of the higher plaque removal scores in the PBR group remains in doubt.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Benzoates; Benzoic Acid; Dental Plaque; Ethanol; Gingivitis; Humans; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Toothbrushing; Water

The aim of this study was to investigate the plaque-inhibiting effect of triclosan. It is known that triclosan and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) have a marked inhibitory effect. However, since SLS has a plaque-reducing effect in itself, the relative importance of triclosan and the surfactant is undecided. Twelve dental students participated in the trial, during which oral hygiene was suspended for 4-day periods when the different mouthrinses were used twice daily. The following mouthrinses were used: A, water (negative control); B, 0.2% chlorhexidine acetate (CHX) (positive control); C, 0.3% triclosan in water-free propylene glycol (PG); D, 0.3% triclosan with 1.5% SLS in PG; E, 0.15% triclosan in PG; F, 0.075% triclosan in PG; G, 0.3% triclosan in diluted PG (1:8 in water) with 1.5% SLS; and H, 0.3% triclosan in 0.5% sodium carbonate. The results showed that triclosan dissolved in the organic solvent PG had a significant plaque-inhibiting effect, whereas, dissolved in alkali, it had a negligible effect. The addition of SLS to PG somewhat reduced the antiplaque activity, and the aqueous solution of triclosan had markedly less effect. Lower concentrations of triclosan exhibited less clinical effect than higher concentrations. It can be concluded that triclosan alone, dissolved in a suitable solvent, has an antiplaque effect. The study confirmed the hypothesis that the nature of the detergent or organic solvent used to dissolve triclosan affects its clinical effect markedly.

Topics: Adult; Antioxidants; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Mouthwashes; Placebos; Propylene Glycol; Propylene Glycols; Saliva; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Solvents; Streptococcus sobrinus; Triclosan; Water

The effect of triclosan on plaque inhibition was studied with various solvents. Eight subjects used the solutions as mouthwashes twice daily for 4 days while refraining from any other form of oral hygiene. Bacteriologic tests were also done with the same solutions. The study showed that the nature of the substance used to dissolve triclosan may be of clinical significance. Solutions of triclosan in polyethylene glycol, glycerol, or 3% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) alone showed marked antiplaque effect. (The first two solutions both contained 1.5% SLS). However, triclosan dissolved in Tween 80 had only a negligible clinical effect. In vitro experiment showed that antibacterial tests did not correlate well with clinical data. It is proposed that the nature of the micelles of the detergents which are used to dissolve triclosan is of significant importance. Strongly charged micelles such as SLS show clinical effect, whereas less charged micelles of SLS/Tween 80 or uncharged micelles of Tween 80 alone appear not to have this effect.

Topics: Adult; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Glycerol; Humans; Mouthwashes; Polyethylene Glycols; Polysorbates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Streptococcus sobrinus; Triclosan

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Bacteria; Benzoates; Chlorhexidine; Colony Count, Microbial; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mouthwashes; Periodontal Index; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

The effect of a pre-brush rinse (Colgate Plax, Colgate UK) containing 0.03% triclosan (Irgacare MP, Ciba-Geigy Corp.) and 0.125% of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid (Gantrez, ISP Corp.) on existing plaque and gingivitis over a 6-month period was compared to a matching placebo pre-brush rinse. The study was a double-blind, parallel design utilising 125 subjects, 117 of whom completed the 6-month period. Subjects rinsed twice daily for 60 seconds with 15 ml of their assigned pre-brush rinse. Immediately after rinsing, subjects brushed their teeth for 30 seconds with a fluoride dentifrice and a soft-bristled toothbrush. After 3 and 6 months, the levels of plaque and gingivitis were significantly lower in the triclosan/copolymer rinse group when compared with the placebo rinse group. The beneficial effects of the active rinse were particularly evident on the surfaces of teeth which are poorly cleaned by mechanical procedures. No side effects, such as staining, were observed or reported. The results indicate that the twice daily use of a pre-brush rinse containing triclosan and copolymer can provide significant adjunctive benefits to mechanical oral hygiene procedures.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Benzoates; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Maleates; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Periodontal Index; Polyvinyls; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Triclosan

Mouthwashes containing 0.3% or 0.15% triclosan in combination with 1.5% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) produced a significant reduction in plaque formation in a test panel of 11 students who refrained from oral hygiene during the test periods, during which they rinsed twice daily with different mouthwashes. Pl.I. was evaluated after each test period. A mouthwash containing only 1.5% SLS inhibited plaque to almost the same degree. In both cases, the major effect was on the buccal/lingual surfaces, where score 2 was changed to score 0. Addition of triclosan appeared to reduce the untoward side-effects of mouth-washes containing SLS alone (i.e. desquamation and a burning sensation in the mouth).

Topics: Adult; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Mucosa; Mouthwashes; Pilot Projects; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Triclosan

Chemical plaque removal is one mechanism whereby an agent could improve oral hygiene and gingival health. As with toothpastes most agents, when delivered as rinses, would be considered adjunctive to mechanical tooth cleaning procedures. The aim of this study was to determine whether selected commercial rinses exhibited clinically significant plaque removal properties alone or when combined with toothbrushing with water or a toothpaste. A group of 12 volunteers took part in this single blind, randomized placebo-controlled, 12 cell cross-over study, employing 6 rinses. During each regimen subjects accumulated plaque from a zero baseline over 72 hours. Plaque removal was then measured by index and area after first a single rinse of product and second a subsequent brushing with water or toothpaste. Prebrushing rinsing removed less than 5% of the plaque with little difference between agents. No rinse was more adjunctive than water to postrinse brushings. Most statistically significant differences arose with the chlorhexidine rinse being apparently less effective. However, the possibility of a disclosing dye interaction cannot be discounted as explaining this anomalous result. This study could not support any claim of a direct prebrushing rinse benefit greater than that provided by water to mechanical plaque removal by any of the products tested.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Benzoates; Borates; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Phosphates; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Tartrates; Toothbrushing

Mouthwashes are frequently used as adjuncts to oral hygiene. However, for some products there is little supportive evidence that rinses provide greater benefits than plain water or additional benefits to the plaque inhibitory action provided by toothpaste. This study was a single blind, randomized, cross-over design in which 6 rinses were compared for inhibitory action against plaque regrowth. The formulations were a cetylpyridinium chloride rinse, a prebrushing detergent rinse, a peroxyborate rinse a toothpaste slurry rinse, a chlorhexidine rinse, and a saline rinse. From a zero baseline, plaque regrowth at day 5 was significantly reduced by chlorhexidine compared to peroxyborate; and, in turn, significantly reduced by peroxyborate compared to the other rinses. There were no significant differences between saline or a toothpaste slurry and the cetylpyridinium chloride or prebrushing rinse products. The findings would appear pertinent to the value of the respective rinses as adjuncts to oral hygiene.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Benzoates; Borates; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Phosphates; Placebos; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Toothpastes

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of a pre-brushing mouthwash (Plax) improved subjects' oral hygiene over a 2-week period. In a double-blind placebo controlled cross-over study, 33 adult subjects (mean age 35.3 years) used either Plax or a placebo mouthwash for 30 s prior to toothbrushing during a 2-week period. After a washout period of 4 weeks, the subjects used the other mouthwash in the same way. The modified plaque index of Quigley and Hein (QHI) was recorded for 16 teeth (16, 14, 13, 11, 21, 23, 24, 26, 36, 34, 33, 31, 41, 43, 44, 46) at each visit. The bleeding index (BI) was recorded at the beginning and end of the study. Results were analysed using a paired one-tailed t-test. Neither plax nor placebo mouthwashes reduced plaque scores significantly (p > 0.05) below baseline. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean BI at the beginning of the trial (0.42) and at the end (0.44). These results suggest that the routine use of Plax is not a useful adjunct to toothbrushing.

Topics: Aged; Benzoates; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Oral Hygiene; Placebos; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes

There is a continuing search for ingredients to enhance the chemical plaque inhibitory action of oral hygiene products. Sanguinarine, other natural extracts and triclosan have already been used in products. The aim of this study was to evaluate a number of triclosan and natural product rinses for effects on plaque regrowth. In particular, the influence of other rinse components were assessed, notably sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and zinc. The study was a randomised, blind, 9-cell cross-over design to measure the effects of each rinse on 4-day plaque regrowth from a zero baseline. 15 volunteers rinsed 2x daily with each product and plaque was recorded by area and score. The 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse (positive control) was significantly more effective, and the saline rinse (negative control) significantly less effective, than other rinses. Sanguinarine alone was little different from saline and the addition of zinc made a modest improvement in activity. The 3 triclosan/SLS rinses were more effective than the sanguinarine rinses but similar to their minus triclosan control rinse. A natural product/SLS experimental rinse was second to chlorhexidine and, in many analyses, significantly better than all other rinses, but caused some oral erosions. The results indicate that the plaque inhibitory properties of basic ingredients such as SLS may be difficult to enhance or surpass. However, the possible range of recipes, particularly using natural ingredients, provides scope for research and development in the field of oral hygiene products.

Topics: Adult; Alkaloids; Astringents; Benzophenanthridines; Chamomile; Chlorhexidine; Chlorides; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Eugenol; Female; Flavonoids; Humans; Isoquinolines; Krameriaceae; Male; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Plants, Medicinal; Resins, Plant; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Tannins; Terpenes; Thymol; Triclosan; Zinc; Zinc Compounds

One-hundred forty-nine (149) healthy adult subjects completed a single-use, supervised trial, and 143 subjects completed a 6-week trial to determine the effect of rinsing with Plax prebrushing mouthrinse on supragingival plaque reduction. During the single-use trial, plaque was scored both initially and after subjects rinsed with Plax or a negative control rinse and then brushed with a dentifrice. Following a dental prophylaxis subjects then began a "home-use" phase of rinsing prior to normal brushing, twice daily for 6 weeks, at which time plaque was rescored. In the single-use trial, Plax and control rinses produced 21% and 22% reductions in plaque scores respectively. In the 6-week trial, Plax and control rinses produced 10% and 11% reductions in plaque scores respectively. In all cases, Plax was no more effective than the control rinse in enhancing the plaque-removal effectiveness of toothbrushing.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Benzoates; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Toothbrushing

This study assessed the use of a pre-brushing rinse followed with toothbrushing with toothpaste in compliance with label directions. The treatment pre-brushing rinse was compared to a placebo pre-brushing rinse in a cross-over design. The study was started with 20 subjects. One subject developed a throat infection after the first session and was administered an antibiotic prescription and the data was not included in the analyses. No side effects or reactions to the solutions were observed or reported during or following the study. At baseline, the two groups were found to have similar plaque area scores on buccal, lingual, and total tooth surfaces. After rinsing with the pre-brushing solution (Plax) and brushing with an American Dental Association-approved toothbrush and a commercially-available fluoride toothpaste, there was significantly less plaque area when compared to the same regimen with the placebo pre-brushing rinse. For both buccal and lingual plaque area scores the differences were statistically significant at the p less than .05 level favoring Plax. On all surfaces the subjects removed significant amounts of plaque area following rinsing and brushing with toothpaste compared to their baseline scores.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Benzoates; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Toothbrushing

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Benzoates; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

The study was designed to evaluate an advertising claim made for a commercial pre-brushing mouthrinse, that it aided plaque removal. Forty-one subjects completed a six month, randomised, two-group, blind, pragmatic clinical trial. Those in the control group continued with their normal oral hygiene practices whilst those in the study group were given supplies of the test rinse and asked to use it in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Mean plaque scores recorded in the test group after one month, three months and six months, were statistically significantly lower than in the control group supporting the claim made on behalf of the test product. The clinical significance of these findings, for example on gingivitis, is uncertain and further research is needed to assess this.

Topics: Benzoates; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Humans; Mouthwashes; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Toothpastes have been shown to exert some plaque inhibitory effects probably due to the action of detergents such as sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Recently the antimicrobial, triclosan, has been added to experimental and commercial toothpaste products to enhance activity against plaque. There is, however, little information as to the plaque inhibitory effects alone of ingredients such as SLS and triclosan. This investigation compared the effects on 4-day plaque regrowth of a 1% SLS, 0.2% triclosan and 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse with a 0.9% saline rinse. The study was single blind, latin square, four-period crossover design, balanced for residual effects and employing 16 healthy dentate volunteers. During each period, normal oral hygiene ceased and plaque regrowth from a zero baseline was measured by score and area after 2 x daily rinses with 10 ml volumes of each rinse. Washout was a minimum of 60 h. Plaque scores and areas were significantly lower with chlorhexidine than the other preparations and significantly higher with saline. There were no significant differences between SLS and triclosan. The results were essentially consistent with the similar substantivity of SLS and triclosan demonstrated from the salivary bacterial count investigation. Taste acceptability may, however, explain the small reverse trends noted between the two studies. It is concluded that both SLS and triclosan would individually confer plaque inhibitory properties to toothpaste formulations. However, when combined in a single formulation, their effects may not be additive.

Topics: Adult; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Erythrosine; Female; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Triclosan

The aim of this double-blind cross-over study was to investigate plaque accumulation after the use of the pre-brushing rinse Plax, compared to placebo. 10 volunteers underwent 2 treatment periods of 1 week, separated by a wash-out period of 1 week. At the start of each study period, professional tooth-cleaning was performed. On days 2, 4, and 7 of each treatment period, periodic identical photographs after plaque disclosure were taken for planimetric analyses of plaque extension on canines, premolars. During each treatment period, the subjects were supervised when rinsing twice daily for 30 seconds with 15 ml of placebo or Plax, followed by brushing. The subjects performed a standardized poor brushing technique without toothpaste. No significant differences were noted between placebo and Plax for plaque extension on days, 2, 4 and 7. The results show that buccal plaque growth is equal after 2x daily rinsing with Plax and placebo in subjects performing a poor oral hygiene.

Topics: Adult; Benzoates; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Toothbrushing

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Benzoates; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

A pre-brushing dental rinse, based on the principle of non-specific removal and modification of dental plaque by detergent action, was studied. The rinse had previously been shown to have the ability to remove a limited amount of plaque without intervention of the toothbrush. In this study, the effect of the rinse on routine plaque control was evaluated over a 3-week period. The protocol sought to minimize the Hawthorne effect. A regimen involving use of the rinse prior to toothbrushing produced a significant decrease in mean plaque score of 50% compared to baseline. A normal oral hygiene regimen (i.e., toothbrushing without the pre-brushing rinse) resulted in a non-significant decrease in plaque area score of 11%. The difference in plaque reduction between the two regimens was significant at p less than .001.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Benzoates; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Random Allocation; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Bacteriological tests demonstrated an additive inhibitory effect of ZnCl2 and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) on in vitro growth of Streptococcus sobrinus OMZ 176 and of Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10556. As measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the solubility of zinc citrate increased in the presence of SLS. After 48 h, the concentration of solubilized zinc from aqueous solutions of 5.0 mM zinc citrate was 12.0 mM versus 14.4 mM in the presence of 34.7 mM SLS. The plaque-inhibiting properties of aqueous solutions of 12.0 mM Zn2+ from zinc citrate, 34.7 mM SLS, and 14.4 mM Zn2+ from zinc citrate in combination with 34.7 mM SLS were examined in 7 volunteers. Plaque accumulations were assessed by using a method earlier described after 3 days of twice daily mouthrinses with 10 ml test solution, during which period no mechanical oral hygiene was performed. Compared to placebo, SLS and zinc citrate increased the frequency of plaque index score 0 by 52.9 and 98.3%, respectively, and SLS gave 36.9% and zinc citrate 55.7% less surfaces with scores 2 or 3 (p less than 0.05 in all cases). The combination of zinc citrate and SLS gave a threefold increase of plaque index score 0 and a 70.5% reduction of scores 2 or 3 (p less than 0.05).

Topics: Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Citrates; Citric Acid; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Drug Combinations; Drug Synergism; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Mouthwashes; Placebos; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Solubility; Streptococcus; Streptococcus sanguis

Chlorhexidine (CH) is cationic and it forms salts of low solubility with anions such as phosphate, sulfate and carboxyl. Toothpastes contain anionic detergents, one of the most widely used being sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). The aim of the present study was to examine the possible interaction between CH and the anion SLS in vivo. The interference of SLS on the antiplaque potential of CH was investigated. The study was performed according to a single blind cross over design, and the effect of the interval between prerinsing with an aqueous solution of SLS and the subsequent rinsing with CH was examined. The antiplaque effect was examined by the use of the Silness and Löe plaque-index. The results showed that even a 30-min interval between SLS- and CH-rinsing gave a significantly reduced antiplaque effect of CH, whereas the neutralizing effect of SLS disappeared after 2 h. It can thus be concluded that SLS is not compatible with CH, even when these compounds are introduced separately in the oral cavity. The time between toothbrushing and a CH rinse should at least be 30 min, if a reduction in the antimicrobial effect is to be avoided.

Topics: Adult; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Drug Interactions; Humans; Mouthwashes; Random Allocation; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Time Factors

Increasing the concentration of free fluoride in oral fluids is an important goal in the use of topical fluoride agents. Although sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is a common dentifrice ingredient, the influence of this ion on plaque fluid and salivary fluid fluoride has not been examined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of SLS on these parameters and to examine the effect of this ion on total (or whole) plaque fluoride, an important source of plaque fluid fluoride after a sufficient interval following fluoride administration, and on total salivary fluoride, a parameter often used as a surrogate measure of salivary fluid fluoride. Ten subjects accumulated plaque for 48 h before rinsing with a 12 mmol/l NaF (228 µg/g F) rinse containing or not containing 0.5% (w/w) SLS. SLS had no statistically significant effect on total plaque and total saliva fluoride but significantly increased salivary fluid and plaque fluid fluoride (by 147 and 205%, respectively). These results suggest that the nonfluoride components of topical agents can be manipulated to improve the fluoride release characteristics from oral fluoride reservoirs and that statistically significant change may be observed in plaque fluid and salivary fluid fluoride concentrations that may not be observed in total plaque and total saliva fluoride concentrations.

Topics: Adult; Calcium; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Plaque; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Ion-Selective Electrodes; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Saliva; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Sodium Fluoride; Surface-Active Agents

Orthodontic, multi-strand retention-wires are used as a generalized model for oral retention sites to investigate whether biofilm left-behind after powered toothbrushing in-vivo enabled better penetration of antibacterials as compared with manual brushing.. 2-cm multi-strand, stainless-steel retention-wires were placed in brackets bonded bilaterally in the upper arches of 10-volunteers. Volunteers used NaF-sodium-lauryl-sulphate-containing toothpaste and antibacterial, triclosan-containing toothpaste supplemented or not with an essential-oils containing mouthrinse. Opposite sides of the dentition including the retention-wires, were brushed manually or with a powered toothbrush. Health-care-regimens were maintained for 1-week, after which wires were removed and oral biofilm was collected.. When powered toothbrushing was applied, slightly less bacteria were collected than after manual brushing, regardless whether an antibacterial-regimen was used or not. Powered-toothbrushing combined with antibacterial-regimens yielded lower biofilm viability than manual brushing, indicating better antibacterial penetration into biofilm left-behind after powered brushing. Major shifts in biofilm composition, with a decrease in prevalence of both cariogenic species and periodontopathogens, were induced after powered brushing using an antibacterial-regimen.. Oral biofilm left-behind after powered brushing in-vivo enabled better penetration of antibacterials than after manual brushing.. Mechanical removal of oral biofilm is important for prevention of dental pathologies, but biofilm is always left-behind, such as in fissures, buccal pits, interproximal areas and gingival margins and around orthodontic appliances. Use of antibacterial toothpastes or mouthrinses can contribute to removal or killing of biofilm bacteria, but biofilm structure hampers antibacterial penetration. A synergy between brushing mode and antibacterial-regimen applied exists with clinically demonstrable effects.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Biofilms; Dental Fissures; Dental Plaque; Drug Synergism; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Orthodontic Wires; Power, Psychological; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Stainless Steel; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes; Triclosan; Young Adult

Bonded retainers are used in orthodontics to maintain treatment result. Retention wires are prone to biofilm formation and cause gingival recession, bleeding on probing and increased pocket depths near bonded retainers. In this study, we compare in vitro and in vivo biofilm formation on different wires used for bonded retainers and the susceptibility of in vitro biofilms to oral antimicrobials.. Orthodontic wires were exposed to saliva, and in vitro biofilm formation was evaluated using plate counting and live/dead staining, together with effects of exposure to toothpaste slurry alone or followed by antimicrobial mouthrinse application. Wires were also placed intra-orally for 72 h in human volunteers and undisturbed biofilm formation was compared by plate counting and live/dead staining, as well as by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for compositional differences in biofilms.. Single-strand wires attracted only slightly less biofilm in vitro than multi-strand wires. Biofilms on stainless steel single-strand wires however, were much more susceptible to antimicrobials from toothpaste slurries and mouthrinses than on single-strand gold wires and biofilms on multi-strand wires. Also, in vivo significantly less biofilm was found on single-strand than on multi-strand wires. Microbial composition of biofilms was more dependent on the volunteer involved than on wire type.. Biofilms on single-strand stainless steel wires attract less biofilm in vitro and are more susceptible to antimicrobials than on multi-strand wires. Also in vivo, single-strand wires attract less biofilm than multi-strand ones.. Use of single-strand wires is preferred over multi-strand wires, not because they attract less biofilm, but because biofilms on single-strand wires are not protected against antimicrobials as in crevices and niches as on multi-strand wires.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Biofilms; Dental Alloys; Dental Disinfectants; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; Female; Gold Alloys; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Orthodontic Retainers; Orthodontic Wires; Salicylates; Saliva; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Sodium Fluoride; Stainless Steel; Statistics, Nonparametric; Terpenes; Toothpastes

To determine if a novel formulation is effective in killing oral biofilm streptococci in vitro and in vivo.. Efficacy of 0.5% levulinic acid and 0.05% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in killing Streptococcus gordonii CH1, Streptococcus gordonii DL1, Streptococcus mitis NCTC10712, Streptococcus oralis KS32AR, Streptococcus mutans BM71, and Streptococcus mutans GS5 in their biofilm form was measured in vitro, using microtiter plates and subsequent counts on Mitis-Salivarius agar plates. The safety and efficacy in vivo were evaluated using a mouse model.. Our anti-microbial formulation completely eliminated all the biofilm streptococcal species tested within 30 seconds (a reduction of 10(7) CFU/ml), whereas the positive control Listerine only demonstrated moderate reduction in vitro. Application of the formulation twice a day for 7 days in the murine oral cavity resulted in significantly more reduction of established S. gordonii DL1 oral biofilm bacteria than Listerine. The formulation did not cause any adverse effect in the murine oral cavity within a 2-week period.. We have demonstrated that the novel mouth rinse exhibits high efficacy in killing oral bacteria in their biofilm forms, results in no adverse effect in vivo, and contains alcohol-free components.

Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Colony Count, Microbial; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Levulinic Acids; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mouthwashes; Safety; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Streptococcus

The microbiological effects of biocidal products used for the enhancement of oral hygiene relate to the active compound(s) as well as other formulation components. Here, we test the specificities of selected actives in the absence of multiple excipients. Salivary ecosystems were maintained in tissue culture plate-based hydroxyapatite disc models (HDMs) and modified drip-flow biofilm reactors (MDFRs). Test compounds stannous fluoride (SF), SDS, triclosan (TCS), zinc lactate (ZL) and ZL with SF in combination (ZLSF) were delivered to the HDMs once and four times daily for 6 days to MDFRs. Plaques were characterized by differential viable counting and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). TCS and SDS were the most effective compounds against HDM plaques, significantly reducing total viable counts (P<0.05), whilst SF, ZL and ZLSF were comparatively ineffective. TCS exhibited specificity for streptococci (P<0.01) and Gram-negative anaerobes (P<0.01) following a single dosing and also on repeated dosing in MDFRs. In contrast to single exposures, multiple dosing with ZLSF also significantly reduced all bacterial groups, whilst SF and ZL caused significant but transient reductions. According to PCR-DGGE analyses, significant (P<0.05) reductions in eubacterial diversity occurred following 6 day dosing with both TCS and ZLSF. Concordance of MDFR eubacterial profiles with salivary inocula ranged between 58 and 97%. TCS and ZL(SF) exhibited similar specificities to those reported for formulations. TCS was the most potent antibacterial, after single and multiple dosage regimens.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Biofilms; Dental Plaque; Female; Humans; Male; Oral Hygiene; Saliva; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Surface-Active Agents; Tin Fluorides; Toothpastes; Triclosan; Zinc Compounds

Bacteria grow preferentially attached to surfaces embedded in an exopolysaccharide matrix to form biofilms. In this mode of growth, bacteria often show reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the combination of NaF and the detergent sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) could result in additive effects on acid formation by planktonic and biofilm cells, as well as on extracellular polysaccharide formation. An additive inhibitory effect on Streptococcus mutans acid formation was observed, both in planktonic and biofilm cells. In dental biofilms, SLS alone and in combination with NaF reduced acid formation. Extracellular polysaccharide formation by S. mutans and saliva was reduced by SLS alone and in combination with NaF. In dentifrices and mouthrinse solutions, NaF and SLS are often present in combination. It remains to be determined whether an additive effect on acid formation may also occur in dental biofilms under different concentrations from those used in the present study, and whether the effects may be selective for certain bacterial species.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Biofilms; Dental Plaque; Drug Synergism; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mouthwashes; Saliva; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Sodium Fluoride; Streptococcus mutans; Surface-Active Agents

The architecture of microbial biofilms especially the outer regions have an important influence on the interaction between biofilm and local environment particularly on the flux of materials into and out of biofilm compartments and as a consequence, biofilm metabolic behaviour. In the case of dental plaque biofilms, architecture will determine access of nutrients including acidogenic substrates and therapeutic materials to the microbial biomass and to the underlying tooth surface. Manipulation of this architecture may offer a means of altering mass transfer into the whole biofilm and biomass and raises the possibility of improving access of therapeutics. Plaque biofilms formed in vivo on human enamel were subjected to a number of different chemical conditions while under observation by confocal laser scanning microscopy in reflection mode. In this way the outer 50-100 microm or so of the biofilms was examined. Density and distribution of biomass were recorded as degree of reflectance. The amount and density of biofilm biomass increased from the plaque saliva interface towards the interior. Plaque biofilms were robust and little affected by mechanical manipulation, high ionic strength or low pH (2.5). Detergent (SLS), however, often appeared to either remove biomass and/or dramatically reduce its density.

Topics: Biofilms; Biomass; Biomechanical Phenomena; Dental Enamel; Dental Plaque; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Microscopy, Confocal; Molar; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Surface-Active Agents

To investigate the effects of sodium doecyl sulfate on Streptococcus sanguis biofilm.. Streptococcus sanguis biofilm was formed on saliva-coated glass(SCG) in a flow culture system, then exposed to different dental plaque control agents for 3,10,30 minutes including A: 300 mmol.L(-1) sodium doecyl sulfate (SDS); B: 2% chlorhexidine combined with 300 mmol.L(-1) SDS; C: 0.3%triclosan combined with 300 mmol.L(-1) SDS. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and vital/dead fluorescent staining technique (vital stained green, dead stained red) were combined to observe biofilm thickness, bacterial density and viability, analysis of variance was used for comparison.. The biofilm thickness and bacteria density reduced after treatment by 300 mmol.L(-1) SDS. However, there was no significant difference after treatment by 2% chlorhexidine combined with 300 mmol.L(-1)SDS; When treated by 0.3% triclosan combined with 300 mmol.L(-1) SDS, most or all of the bacteria detached from the surface and dispersed.. The combination of SDS (aimed at detachment) and triclosan (aimed at killing bacteria) may be most effective in controlling biofilm.

Topics: Biofilms; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Saliva; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Streptococcus sanguis; Triclosan

Fructosyltransferases (FTFs) are extracellular enzymes which synthesize fructans from sucrose. Cell free FTFs are found in the dental plaque biofilm as well as in saliva. Fructans play an important role in the progression of dental caries, mainly by serving as an extracellular nutrition reservoir for bacteria. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of several antiplaque agents on the synthesis of fructans by FTF immobilized on hydroxyapatite (HA) or in solution. The effect of chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, sodium lauryl sulfate and Tween on FTF activity was tested using radioactive assays. Their effect on fructan structure was tested using circular dichrosim-optical rotative dispersion (CD-ORD) analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Our results show that the antiplaque agents tested had an inhibitory effect on FTF activity both in the immobilized phase and in solution, although the inhibitory effect was more pronounced in solution. Structural changes in fructans, due to the presence of the antiplque agents, were recorded as additional C-H or O-H bands demonstrated in FT-IR analysis. However, non-significant changes in peak location were detected in CD-ORD spectrum between fructans synthesized in solution and on HA surfaces, and after treatment with the different antiplaque agents. Our study shows that several antiplaque agents may affect FTF activity and the synthesis of fructans by FTF, immobilized on hydroxyapatite or in solution.

Topics: Adsorption; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Carbon; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Circular Dichroism; Dental Plaque; Durapatite; Enzymes, Immobilized; Fructans; Hexosyltransferases; Humans; Hydrogen; Optical Rotatory Dispersion; Oxygen; Polysorbates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Solutions; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Statistics, Nonparametric; Surface-Active Agents

Bacteria contained in biofilms have been shown to have a decreased susceptibility to antimicrobial agents compared to those in planktonic form. Thus, in vitro biofilm models have been developed for screening oral antimicrobial formulations in an effort to produce findings more predictive of clinical activity. This study compared the antimicrobial activity of three mouthrinse formulations when tested against isogenic strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), one of which was a clinical isolate which forms tenacious biofilms in vitro and the other of which was a spontaneous variant which always grows planktonically.. Biofilm-forming Aa strains CU1000 and NJ4300, obtained as clinical isolates, and their respective spontaneous planktonic variants, CU1060 and NJ4350, were grown under standard laboratory conditions and exposed for 15 s to either a negative control (phosphate buffered saline [PBS]), an essential-oil containing mouthrinse (Listerine Antiseptic [LA]), an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride-containing mouthrinse (Meridol [M]), or a triclosan and PVM/MA copolymer-containing mouthrinse (Plax [P]). The cells were then washed, serially diluted, plated, and incubated for enumeration of viable bacteria. Colony-forming units (CFU)/ml were log10 transformed and the mouthrinse groups were compared to the PBS group using analysis of variance.. All 3 mouthrinses produced statisically significant 99.99% reductions (p< or =0.0001) in both planktonic strains compared to the PBS control. Effects on the biofilm forms of the organisms were more variable. Exposure to LA produced statistically significant (p< or =0.0001) reductions in strains CU1000 and NJ4300 of 98.20% and 96.47%, respectively, compared to PBS. M and P produced much smaller reductions which were not statistically significant.. The results of this study, in which antimicrobial mouthrinses were tested against biofilm-forming and planktonic strains of the same organism, provide a clear demonstration of the resistance to antimicrobial agents conferred by biofilm formation and provide additional support for employing tests using biofilms to more accurately assess the relative activities of antiplaque agents in vitro.

Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Amines; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Benzoates; Biofilms; Cariostatic Agents; Colony Count, Microbial; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Linear Models; Maleates; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Pharmaceutical Vehicles; Polyethylenes; Salicylates; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Terpenes; Time Factors; Tin Fluorides; Triclosan

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of infant dentifrices: A--with lactoperoxidase, glucose oxidase and lactoferrin; B--with 1100 ppm of NaF and sodium lauryl sulfate; C--with extract of calendula. The dentifrices were test on biofilms formed in vitro from saliva and dental plaque of infants, using reference strains A. viscosus (ATCC 43146); C. albicans (ATCC 51501); L. casei (ATCC 4646); S. mitis (ATCC 49456); S. mutans (ATCC 25175); S. oralis (ATCC 35037); S. sanguis (ATCC 10586); S. sobrinus (ATCC 27609) and isolated clinically microorganisms C. albicans, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. oralis, S. sanguis, S. sobrinus and Lactobacillus sp. Twenty infants were chosen, who were beginning treatment at the Infants Clinic of the Pediatric Dentistry Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. A pool of unstimulated saliva and a pool of dental plaque were collected from which biofilms were produced. Supernatants from each dentifrice were prepared and concentrated and diluted solutions of the dentifrices and a control sterile diluent were tested against the biofilms produced, for 1 and 3 minutes, and against the microorganisms. The results were statistically analyzed by the ANOVA and Tukey Test. After the exposure of the biofilms produced both from saliva and from dental plaque, to the dentifrice B concentrated and 1/2, for 1 and 3 minutes, the viable microorganisms count (CFU/ml), compared to the controls, was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). However, exposure to the dentifrices A and C concentrated and dentifrice B 1/4 and 1/8, for 1 and 3 minutes, was not significantly lethal to the biofilms. The dentifrices A and C, either concentrated or diluted (1/2 to 1/128) and the dentifrice B in the dilutions 1/16 to 1/128 did not have an antimicrobial effect on any microorganism evaluated. For all the microorganisms evaluated, the dentifrice B concentrated and in the 1/2 dilution showed a significant antimicrobial effect, when compared with the control (p < 0.05).

Topics: Actinomyces viscosus; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteria; Biofilms; Calendula; Candida albicans; Colony Count, Microbial; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Female; Glucose Oxidase; Humans; Infant; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Lactobacillus; Lactoferrin; Lactoperoxidase; Male; Mouth; Phytotherapy; Plants, Medicinal; Saliva; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Sodium Fluoride; Statistics as Topic; Streptococcus; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus oralis; Streptococcus sanguis; Streptococcus sobrinus; Surface-Active Agents; Time Factors

The biofilm mode of growth protects the plaque microorganisms against environmental attacks, such as from antimicrobials or detergents. Detergents have a demonstrated ability to detach initially adhering bacteria from enamel surfaces, but the ability of detergent components to detach plaque bacteria is not always obvious from in vivo experiments and reports on their clinical efficacy are inconsistent. It is likely that antimicrobials or detergents are unable to penetrate the plaque and reach the bacteria that actually link the plaque mass to the substratum surface. Attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to measure the transport of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) through Streptococcus mutans HG 985 biofilms. The transport of SLS to the base of the S. mutans biofilms was not hindered, while moreover an accumulation of SLS near the base of the biofilms was found, suggesting that SLS was adsorbed to biofilm components. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the ability of S. mutans, grown on sucrose supplemented medium, to adsorb SLS, and simultaneously indicated that exposure of cells to SLS might lead to a loss of surface proteins. Furthermore, experiments in a parallel-plate flow chamber demonstrated that initially adhering S. mutans HG 985 could be stimulated to detach by SLS, but that, depending on the growth stage of the biofilm, only maximally 27% of biofilm bacteria could be stimulated to detach by a 4% (w/v) SLS solution.

Topics: Adsorption; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Colony Count, Microbial; Culture Media; Dental Enamel; Dental Plaque; Detergents; Electron Probe Microanalysis; Humans; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Streptococcus mutans; Sucrose

Cell suspensions of Streptococcus sobrinus can be aggregated by high molecular-weight alpha-1,6 glucans. The aggregation depends on the fidelity of a cell wall-bound, glucan-binding lectin (GBL). It is thought that the lectin may play a part in the sucrose-dependent accretion of streptococci in dental plaques. Results showed that the anionic detergent, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was a potent inhibitor of the lectin. When cells were incubated in SDS and washed to remove the detergent, lectin activity was diminished. Following incubation of the cells with SDS in the presence of glucan T-10, a low molecular-weight alpha-1,6 glucan, the loss of activity was less pronounced, suggesting that the glucan afforded partial protection against denaturation. Urea and guanidine hydrochloride were good inhibitors of the lectin, but, unlike SDS, were not able to inhibit it irreversibly, except at very high concentrations. Cationic detergents, such as cetylpyridinium bromide (and chloride), also irreversibly denatured the streptococcal lectin, but were not as effective as SDS in abolishing its activity. The results suggest that alpha-1,6 glucan stabilizes the GBL of S. sobrinus, rendering it more resistant to the effect of chaotropes. This may be one reason why dental plaques tend to resist detergents in dentrifices.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Cell Wall; Cetylpyridinium; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Detergents; Endopeptidases; Glucans; Guanidine; Humans; Lectins; Ligands; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Octoxynol; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Streptococcus sobrinus; Sucrose; Urea

The hypothesis to be tested in this study was that toothpastes containing sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is unsuitable vehicles for xylitol. The bacteriostatic (and cariostatic) effect of xylitol is assumed to be caused by intracellular accumulation of xylitol-5-P in plaque bacteria. Experiments were designed to investigate whether presence of SLS would affect the uptake of xylitol by interacting with the bacterial membranes and thus inhibit xylitol-5-P formation. It was shown in an in vitro study that even very low concentrations of the strong anionic detergent SLS inhibited uptake of xylitol and xylitol-5-phosphate formation by dental plaque totally. The mild nonionic detergent ethoxylated stearyl alcohol (30x EO) had no such effect. In vivo experiments with toothpastes containing xylitol and either the strong or the mild detergent, showed that xylitol in toothpaste with SLS was not available for the plaque bacteria and gave no adaptation to xylitol, whereas in the presence of 30x EO it was available, and a xylitol adaptation was observed. Glucose metabolism, which was also studied for the plaque samples, was not significantly affected by presence of any of the 2 detergents, indicating that the amounts of xylitol in toothpastes were presumably too low to give clinical significant effects, even when mild detergents are used.

Topics: Acetates; Adult; Bacteria; Cariostatic Agents; Cell Membrane; Dental Plaque; Detergents; Drug Interactions; Fatty Alcohols; Female; Formates; Glucose; Humans; Male; Pharmaceutical Vehicles; Propionates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Sorbitol; Surface-Active Agents; Toothpastes; Xylitol

Fluoride was found to affect the production of the bacterial IgA1 protease but to have no effect on IgA1 protease activity. The concentrations of fluoride that do affect Streptococcus sanguis growth and IgA1 protease production are higher than those normally seen in vivo under normal circumstances. The concentrations of fluoride in dental plaque following use of a fluoride rinse or dentifrice would be sufficient to reduce Strep. sanguis IgA1 protease production.

Topics: Cariostatic Agents; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Fluorides; Humans; Immunoblotting; Immunoglobulin A; Mouthwashes; Serine Endopeptidases; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Streptococcus sanguis; Surface-Active Agents

The biofilm mode of growth protects plaque micro-organisms against environmental attacks, such as from antimicrobials or detergents. Dental plaque is linked to enamel through the adhesion of initial colonizers. Once this link is disrupted, the entire plaque mass adhering to it detaches. Experiments in a parallel-plate flow chamber demonstrated that bacteria adhering to saliva-coated enamel could not be stimulated to detach by perfusion of the flow chamber with two traditional mouthrinses (Corsodyl and Scope), whereas perfusion with a prebrushing rinse (Plax) or its detergent components stimulated detachment from saliva-coated enamel of a wide variety of bacterial strains. Following perfusion of the flow chamber with the mouthrinses, little additional detachment of adhering bacteria by the passage of a liquid-air interface occurred. After perfusion with the prebrushing rinse, however, significant numbers of still-adhering bacteria could be stimulated to detach by passage of a liquid-air interface, indicating that Plax had weakened their adhesive bond. The ability of Plax or its detergent components to detach plaque bacteria is not always obvious from in vivo experiments, and reports on its clinical efficacy are inconsistent. Likely, antimicrobials or detergents are unable to penetrate the plaque and reach the linking film bacteria, as demonstrated here by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Cattle; Dental Enamel; Dental Plaque; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Female; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Mouthwashes; Saliva; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Surface-Active Agents

Sodium doecyl sulfate (SDS) is widely used as a detergent in dentifrices. It has been shown to interfere with the protein adsorption to hydroxyapatite (HA), and inhibit acquired pellicle formation. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of SDS on the artificial dental plaque in chemostat. The amount of the 3H-labelled bacteria adhered on the enamel fragment surface was determined with scintillometer. The artificial dental plaque was observed under the scanning electron microscope. The results showed that enamel fragments treated with SDS adsorbed less bacteria than untreated ones, and had no plague formed. It suggested that SDS can inhibit the bacterial adherence on enamel surface and thus reduce dental plaque formation.

Topics: Actinomyces viscosus; Adolescent; Bacterial Adhesion; Dental Pellicle; Dental Plaque; Humans; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Streptococcus; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sanguis; Streptococcus sobrinus; Surface-Active Agents; Tooth

The microbiota of root caries lesions of different grades of severity were studied. Fourteen lesions were examined. The experimental design of the study allowed correlation of histopathologically distinguishable stages with specific and distinct microbial populations. Dentin samples were ground in a sterile mortar and cultured anaerobically on nonselective Columbia blood agar plates supplemented with 5% hemolyzed human blood and on media selective for Lactobacillus spp. and streptococci. The cultivable microbiota were quantitatively speciated using Rapid ID 32A, Rapid ID 32 Strep, API 20 Strep, APIZYM, and API50 CH tests and SDS-PAG electrophoresis. In initial as well as in advanced lesions gram-positive bacteria accounted for approximately 90% of the CFUt. The proportion of Actinomyces, and in particular A. naeslundii was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in initial lesions than in advanced lesions. In contrast, the percentage of Streptococcus and especially S. mutans was higher (p < 0.05) in advanced than in initial lesions. Surprisingly low (0.8% of the CFUt) was the percentage of lactobacilli in advanced lesions. Gram-negative bacteria formed a minor part of the microbiota in both initial and advanced lesions. Among the gram-negative isolates, Prevotella, Selenomonas, and Bacteroides spp. were most noticeable. In advanced lesions, only the outermost layer of 0.5 mm thickness was populated by a high number of bacteria; the following segments harbored a negligible number of bacteria only. It is concluded that root caries is a continuous destruction process which is restricted to a subsurface zone of limited depth. The necrotic dentin is successively worn away, leading to a saucer-shaped cavitation which is repopulated by plaque. The creation of cavitations favors an aciduric flora. This might explain the succession of bacterial populations observed during the destruction process.

Topics: Actinomyces; Adult; Agar; Aged; Bacteria; Bacteroidaceae; Bacteroides; Blood; Colony Count, Microbial; Culture Media; Dental Plaque; Dentin; Disease Progression; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Humans; Lactobacillus; Middle Aged; Necrosis; Prevotella; Root Caries; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Streptococcus; Streptococcus mutans

The antibacterial activity of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) was assessed using three different experimental approaches. Standard minimum inhibitory concentration analyses revealed substantial inhibitory activity against Streptococcus mutans that was not due to ionic strength or high osmolarity. Short-term exposure assays showed significant killing of bacterial suspensions when baking soda was combined with the detergent sodium dodecylsulfate. Multiple, brief exposures of sucrose-colonized S mutans to baking soda and sodium dodecylsulfate caused statistically significant decreases in numbers of viable cells. Use of oral health care products with high concentrations of baking soda could conceivably result in decreased levels of cariogenic S mutans in saliva and plaque.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cariostatic Agents; Colony Count, Microbial; Culture Media; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Detergents; Fluorides; Humans; Osmolar Concentration; Saliva; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Streptococcus mutans; Sucrose; Surface-Active Agents; Time Factors

In vivo adsorption of salivary proteins onto prosthetic titanium components was analyzed after exposure of titanium abutments to the oral environment for a period of 2 to 6 weeks. Gel electrophoresis and Western immunoblotting were used to separate and identify the proteins, which were mainly alpha-amylase and serum albumin. Selective adsorption of proteins enables attachment of specific oral bacteria and thus may alter the composition of the dental plaque formed on titanium surfaces.

Topics: Adsorption; Adult; Aged; alpha-Amylases; Bacterial Adhesion; Blotting, Western; Dental Abutments; Dental Implants; Dental Plaque; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Female; Humans; Jaw, Edentulous, Partially; Male; Middle Aged; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Serum Albumin; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Titanium

The oral organism Corynebacterium matruchotii was investigated for the presence of lipoteichoic acid, as this common polyanionic macroamphiphilic component of Gram-positive bacteria has been implicated in phenomena related to calcium binding. Phenol-water extraction followed by a small-scale, hydrophobic-interaction chromatography step yielded carbohydrate-containing preparations that were distinguished from lipoteichoic acid by their low phosphorus content. Subsequently, large-scale phenol-water extracts from each of three strains of C. matruchotii were purified by hydrophobic-interaction chromatography and shown to contain a heterogeneous lipoglycan fraction. The major fatty acids present were the same as for the whole-cell fatty acid profiles but differed in their relative amounts. Qualitative analysis of the lipoglycan fractions revealed similarities of carbohydrate composition with a previously characterized lipoglycan fraction from C. diphtheriae and with the lipoarabinomannan/lipomannans found in the genus Mycobacterium. The carbohydrate composition and the low phosphorus content indicated that lipoteichoic acid was absent from C. matruchotii. The calcium-binding properties of C. matruchotii therefore cannot be attributed to lipoteichoic acid.

Topics: Calcium; Carbohydrates; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Corynebacterium; Dental Plaque; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Fatty Acids; Humans; Immunoblotting; Lipopolysaccharides; Phenols; Phosphorus; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Teichoic Acids; Water

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether pyrophosphate, the anticalculus component of tartar-control dentifrices, exerts antimicrobial activity against oral bacteria commonly found in supragingival plaque. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of pyrophosphate were determined for Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mutans (serotype c), Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii. All of the bacteria tested were susceptible to pyrophosphate with identical minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.67% wt/vol (25 mM). Bactericidal kinetics assays revealed that both S. mutans and A. viscosus were killed by pyrophosphate, with the latter being considerably more susceptible. The mechanism of killing was not due to high ionic strength, as comparable controls showed no loss in numbers of viable cells. Brief exposure (two 5-min incubations) of S. mutans to pyrophosphate and sodium dodecyl sulfate caused pronounced inhibition of growth over the 24-h test period. Under the constraints of the conditions used, these studies indicate that pyrophosphate and sodium dodecyl sulfate can substantially inhibit the growth of oral bacteria. These compounds may affect the oral microflora of patients who routinely use tartar-control dentifrices and mouthrinses.

Topics: Actinomyces; Actinomyces viscosus; Cell Division; Dental Plaque; Diphosphates; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mouth; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sanguis; Surface-Active Agents; Time Factors

The aim of this investigation was to determine whether sublethal concentrations of chlorhexidine (Cx), hexetidine (Hx), cetylpyridinium chloride (Cc), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sanguinarine (Sg), sodium fluoride (NaF), and ammonium fluoride (NH4F) could affect hydrophobicity and adhesion of Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (S-HA). Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) showed that both species were susceptible to all agents tested. Growth in the presence of sub-MIC concentrations of Cx, SDS, Cc, NaF, or NH4F did not change significantly the hydrophobicity of S. sanguis cells when compared to the control which lacked any agent. However, growth in the presence of Hx or Sg resulted in a significant reduction in their hydrophobicity. Sub-MIC levels of SDS or Sg in the growth medium resulted in S. mutans cells with increased affinity for hexadecane compared with the control. The adherence of S. sanguis was changed significantly only by Hx or Sg, resulting in less cells adhering to S-HA. However, S. mutans cells previously incubated with NaF, NH4F, or Sg showed a higher adherence to S-HA than the control. The mechanisms of interference with adherence are at present not completely understood. Thus, antimicrobial agents at sub-MIC concentrations can interfere selectively with hydrophobicity and/or adhesion of oral streptococci.

Topics: Adsorption; Alkaloids; Alkanes; Ammonium Compounds; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacterial Adhesion; Benzophenanthridines; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Durapatite; Fluorides; Hexetidine; Humans; Isoquinolines; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Saliva; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Sodium Fluoride; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sanguis; Surface Properties; Water

This study evaluated the desorption of radiolabelled albumin from synthetic hydroxypatite by 4 commercial prebrushing solutions: Lysoplac (containing chlorhexidine), Plax (sodium benzoate), Acti-Brush (triclosan), and Sanogyl (sodium fluoride). In 3 min, Lysoplac and Plax were found to desorb about 90% of albumin while Acti-Brush and Sanogyl failed to desorb hardly any albumin in 15 min. The desorbing effectiveness of the test solutions was not due to their pH, because when buffer solution was being tested in different ionic strengths at pH range 6-8, it appeared to desorb less than 3% of adsorbed albumin, irrespective of the pH used. The results obtained cannot, however, be directly applied to the clinical situation where much more complex interactions occur than what were tested under the present in vitro conditions.

Topics: Adsorption; Albumins; Benzoates; Benzoic Acid; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Durapatite; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Mouthwashes; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Sodium Fluoride; Triclosan

Sanguinaria extract, which contains benzophenanthridine alkaloids, has been used as a folk medicine for many years. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC values) for sanguinarine were determined for common and etiologically important plaque bacteria. Because the efficacy of sanguinarine is believed to be enhanced by zinc, isobolograms were assessed to determine their mode(s) of interaction. Hydrogen ion concentration influenced the inhibitory activity of both sanguinarine and zinc. For sanguinarine, at the optimum pH (6.5), MIC values were 4 or 8 micrograms/ml for Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus sanguis, Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii. MIC values were 0.125-0.50 mmol Zn/ml. MBC values ranged from 1 to 8 mmol Zn/ml at pH 5.5. Isobologram data revealed that sanguinarine and zinc interacted synergistically. Viadent oral rinse, which contained 300 micrograms sanguinaria extract/ml and 0.2% zinc chloride (14.9 mmol Zn/l), was inhibitory to all strains tested. MIC values were 1 or 2% (ml Viadent oral rinse/100 ml aqueous solution) for all strains except A. viscosus for which the MIC value was 12% (vol/vol).

Topics: Actinomyces; Alkaloids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Benzophenanthridines; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Colony Count, Microbial; Dental Plaque; Humans; Isoquinolines; Mouth; Mouthwashes; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Streptococcus; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sanguis; Zinc

Experimental data concerning the plaque removal capability of the prebrushing rinse Plax tend to show only a limited if any effect on dental plaque accumulation. Its effect on gingivitis has only been studied sporadically, but it seems that Plax is not better than placebo in reducing or preventing the amount of gingivitis.

Topics: Benzoates; Dental Plaque; Humans; Mouthwashes; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Encouraging findings have been reported for the effects of Triclosan/zinc citrate toothpastes on plaque regrowth and in some studies gingival health. To date, commercially-available toothpastes contain 0.2% Triclosan with or without 0.5% zinc citrate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on 4-day plaque regrowth, of a number of 0.2% Triclosan toothpastes with or without zinc citrate. All of the toothpastes contained varying levels of anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulphate and were compared with a commercially available toothpaste without Triclosan or zinc citrate and a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse. The toothpastes were used as slurry twice a day and plaque regrowth scored by area and the criteria of the debris index. Plaque inhibition was significantly greater with the chlorhexidine mouthrinse than with all of the toothpastes. There were no significant differences in plaque scores between any of the toothpastes. It would appear that at the concentration of 0.2% Triclosan with or without 0.5% zinc citrate provides little if any additional benefit to plaque inhibition to that produced by a conventional toothpaste containing sodium lauryl sulphate.

Topics: Adult; Aluminum Oxide; Chlorhexidine; Citrates; Citric Acid; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Detergents; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Phenyl Ethers; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Toothpastes; Triclosan

Topics: Adult; Chelating Agents; Dental Plaque; Female; Humans; Male; Pentetic Acid; Polyphosphates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Urea

Topics: Biguanides; Calcium; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mouth Mucosa; Mouthwashes; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Saliva; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Toothbrushing

Topics: Adult; Biguanides; Calcium; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Humans; Middle Aged; Mouth; Mouthwashes; Osmolar Concentration; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Urea

The influence on the glycolytic activity of dental plaque of different amine-hydrochloride compounds 300, 315 and 356 (oleylamine) respectively at concentrations equimolar to their corresponding amine fluorides 297, 242 and 335 at 250 ppm F-concentrations and of hexetidine and sodium laurylsulfate was tested in an in vivo/in vitro combination. Hexetidine and sodium laurylsulfate were assessed at concentrations equimolar to compound 315. After having refrained from oral hygiene for three days four test subjects rinsed for 3 minutes with 10 ml H2O. Plaque was collected from interdental areas immediately after the control water rinse and 6 and 60 minutes after rinsing for 3 minutes with 10 ml of test solution. The plaque then was exposed in vitro to 10% glucose solution, and pH-decreases due to glycolysis were recorded for 30 minutes. Rinsing with amine chlorides resulted in strong inhibition of glycolytic activity 6 minutes as well as 1 hour after rinsing. Hexetidine and sodium laurylsulfate did not depress the fermentation of glucose.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Amines; Chlorides; Dental Plaque; Fluorides; Glucose; Glycolysis; Hexetidine; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate