sodium-dodecyl-sulfate and Body-Weight

The OECD TG 215 method (2000) (C.14 method of EC Regulation 440/2008) was developed on the rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss) to assess chronic toxicity (28d) of chemicals on fish juveniles. It contemplates to use other well documented species identifying suitable conditions to evaluate their growth. OECD proposes the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L. 1758) as Mediterranean species among vertebrates recommended in the OECD guidelines for the toxicity testing of chemicals. In this context, our study is aimed to proposing the adaptation of the growth test (OECD TG 215, 2000) to D. labrax. For this purpose toxicity tests were performed with sodium dodecyl sulfate, a reference toxicant commonly used in fish toxicity assays. The main aspects of the testing procedure were reviewed: fish size (weight), environmental conditions, dilution water type, experimental design, loading rate and stocking density, feeding (food type and ration), test validity criteria. The experience gained from growth tests with the sea bass allows to promote its inclusion among the species to be used for the C.14 method.

Topics: Animals; Bass; Body Weight; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development; Research Design; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Species Specificity; Toxicity Tests

The murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) is an immunologically based test of the sensitizing potential of immunotoxicants, but also evaluates immunosuppressive potential with good sensitivity and specificity. We conducted the LLNA with calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus and cyclosporin A), antimetabolites (methotrexate and azathioprine), steroids (dexamethasone and prednisolone), and an alkylator (cyclophosphamide). We performed a comprehensive analysis of results of gene expression in lymph nodes obtained in the LLNA using a highly sensitive DNA chip, 3D-Gene™, and the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Zfp459 expression increased in all animals treated with immunosuppressive chemicals. Ltf, Cbll1 and Lias expression changed specifically in response to the calcineurin inhibitors, Fmo2 and 9630033F20Rik in response to the antimetabolites, Krt8, Gjb1, Hmha1 and Sfrs7 in response to the steroids, and Gbp1 and Mup5 in response to the alkylator. Therefore, these genes were considered novel markers for immunosuppression and their expression could be used to evaluate the mechanism of action of immunosuppressive chemicals.

Topics: Alkylating Agents; Animals; Antimetabolites; Body Weight; Calcineurin Inhibitors; Female; Gene Expression; Genetic Markers; Immunosuppressive Agents; Local Lymph Node Assay; Lymph Nodes; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred CBA; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Organ Size; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Steroids

We investigated the effects of oral intake of Lactobacillus helveticus-fermented milk whey on the intact and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-exposed skin of Hos:HR-1 hairless mice. The mice were allowed to drink 10% L. helveticus-fermented milk whey in distilled water ad libitum for 5 weeks. SDS solution was topically applied to the dorsal skin at 4 weeks, leading to the development of dermatitis. The skin moisture content, transepidermal water loss, and sizes of the dermatitis areas were periodically measured. Compared with oral intake of water alone, oral intake of water containing L. helveticus-fermented milk whey for 4 weeks significantly lowered transepidermal water loss from intact skin, significantly reduced in size the areas of early SDS-induced dermatitis, and ameliorated both the SDS-induced decrease in moisture content and the increase in transepidermal water loss. These results suggest that oral intake of L. helveticus-fermented milk whey might be effective in promoting the epidermal barrier function and in preventing the onset of dermatitis.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Body Weight; Dermatitis; Drinking; Eating; Fermentation; Lactobacillus helveticus; Male; Mice; Milk; Skin; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Water

To evaluate a possible role of ovarian sex hormones in the Ca2+ responsiveness of cardiac myofilament activation, the relations of pCa (-log Ca2+ molar concentration) to actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of isolated myofibrillar preparations from 8-10 week ovariectomized (Ovx) rat hearts were compared with those from sham-operated hearts. Deficiency of ovarian sex hormones in plasma of ovariectomized rats was indirectly verified by a significant reduction in uterine weights. Body weights of the ovariectomized rats were significantly greater than those of sham-operated controls. Despite a significant increase in heart weight of 10 week ovariectomized animals, the percent of heart weight-to-body weight ratio was not different from control group. The maximum myofibrillar ATPase activity at pH 7.0 was significantly suppressed after ovariectomy in both eight and ten week groups. However, the maximum ATPase activity at pH 6.5 was significantly suppressed only in 10 week ovariectomized hearts. Surprisingly, in every condition with depressed maximum myofibrillar ATPase activity, the pCa-actomyosin ATPase relationships of ovariectomized cardiac myofilaments demonstrated a significant leftward shift in pCa50 (-log half-maximally Ca2+ activation) from those of sham-operated controls. There was, however, no change in the Hill-coefficient of these cardiac myofilaments after ovariectomy. Analysis of myofilament proteins using gel electrophoresis demonstrated neither change nor loss of any thin filament proteins. These results indicate a possible modulating effect of ovarian sex hormone deficiency on the Ca2+ responsiveness of cardiac myofilament activation by induction of myofilament Ca2+ hypersensitivity but suppression of maximum myofibrillar ATPase activity.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Calcium; Calcium-Transporting ATPases; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Heart; Microfilament Proteins; Myocardium; Myofibrils; Organ Size; Ovariectomy; Rats; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Time Factors; Uterus

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Body Height; Body Weight; Chromatography, Gas; Cyprinidae; Fishes; Invertebrates; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mollusca; Poisoning; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment; Sulfates; Surface-Active Agents

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Detergents; Snails; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Surface-Active Agents; Water Supply

Protein species in the cytosol, postnuclear particulate, and nuclear fractions from the ventral and dorsolateral prostates of rats castrated or injected with antiandrogen, 16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4- oestren -3-one ( EHOO ), were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The effects of EHOO injection on the contents of the most abundant species in all three fractions of ventral prostate were similar to the effects of castration, but the effects of EHOO and castration were only similar on the nuclear fraction in the dorsolateral prostate. The most sensitive species to castration in the three subcellular fractions of dorsolateral prostate were the same as those to EHOO injections; this was not the case for the cytosol and nuclear fractions in the ventral prostate.

Topics: Androgen Antagonists; Animals; Body Weight; Castration; Cell Nucleus; Cytosol; DNA; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Male; Nandrolone; Nucleoproteins; Organ Size; Prostate; Proteins; Rats; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of fat retention on bone mineralization and amino acid retention for broiler chicks fed rye diets containing marginal levels of vitamin D3. In Experiment 1, rye diets containing tallow were supplemented with high vitamin D3, bile salt (sodium taurocholate), or a detergent (sodium lauryl sulphate). Fat retention and tibia ash were improved (P less than .05) with bile salt addition, and tibia ash alone (P less than .05) was improved when high vitamin D3 or the detergent was added to the diet. In Experiment 2, rye diets contained tricaprylin (TC), tristearin (TS), or triolein (TO) as a fat source. Both fat retention (TS less than TO less than TC) and tibia ash (TS less than TC less than TO) showed a significant (P less than .05) treatment effect. The results of both experiments support the hypothesis that the rachitogenic effect of feeding rye may be related to inadequate fat digestion. There was no significant treatment effect on amino acid retention in either experiment. A third experiment indicated a similar bile acid pool size for chicks fed rye as opposed to wheat; however, bile acid concentration of jejunal fluid was lower (P less than .05) for chicks fed rye. A possible microbial involvement in the disturbance of bile acid metabolism was indicated by the capacity of Streptococcus organisms derived from chick small bowel to degrade sodium taurocholate.

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Chickens; Cholecalciferol; Diet; Dietary Fats; Edible Grain; Food Additives; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Minerals; Secale; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Taurocholic Acid; Triticum

The effect of emulsifier (nonionic surfactant) on the production of adenocarcinoma by methylazoxymethanol acetate in the large intestine of rats was studied. Following emulsifier, sodium lauryl sulfate administration, many cases of undifferentiated adenocarcinoma consisting of anaplastic glandular cells were induced in the experimental groups. Lymphatic invasion by cancer cells was found in 3 cases and metastasized to other organs in 6 cases. On the contrary, the control group (administered methylazoxymethanol acetate only) revealed well-differentiated adenocarcinoma in many cases. This fact may be due to an emulsifier used as a vehicle for the chemical, and the emulsifier might activate the character of promotion to carcinogenisity as a secondary agent. By virtue of the strong penetrating property of the emulsifier, colonial carcinogenesis seems to be enhanced.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Azo Compounds; Body Weight; Colonic Neoplasms; Emulsions; Female; Male; Methylazoxymethanol Acetate; Neoplasms, Experimental; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Body Weight; Decapoda; Seasons; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Time Factors

Topics: Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Cell Membrane; Electrophoresis, Disc; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Octopodiformes; Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Solubility

Castrated male rats were washed with a solution of sodium lauryl sulphate and warm water using a standard technique. Examination of samples of hair clipped from one flank showed that about 50% of the total ether-extractable hair fat was removed. The rate of restitution of hair fat was then measured by clipping a further sample from the opposite flank of each rat after an interval. The plateau level was restored in about 8 days. There was no significant correlation with body weight either of the plateau level in unwashed rats or of the rate of build-up of lipid in washed rats. This result provides no justification for correcting levels of hair lipid for body weight.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Hair; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Male; Rats; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Time Factors

Topics: Acrylamides; Animals; Aortic Coarctation; Aortic Valve Stenosis; Arginine; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Carbon Isotopes; Cardiomegaly; Electrophoresis; Guanidines; Heart Ventricles; Hypertrophy; Kinetics; Leucine; Lysine; Male; Muscle Proteins; Myocardium; Myosins; Organ Size; Rabbits; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Tritium

Topics: Age Factors; Bile Acids and Salts; Body Weight; Carbon Isotopes; Celiac Disease; Child, Preschool; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Feces; Female; Humans; Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; NAD; Pregnancy; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Spectrophotometry; Time Factors; Ultraviolet Rays