sodium-chlorate and Body-Weight

Our objectives were to determine an effective, yet safe, daily dose of sodium chlorate for reducing fecal shedding of generic Escherichia coli in mature ewes. In a completely randomized experimental design, 25 Targhee ewes (age ∼ 18 mo; BW = 62.5 ± 7.3 kg, mean ± SD) were assigned randomly to 1 of 5 sodium chlorate treatments, which were administered in the drinking water for 5 consecutive days. Treatments were control group (no sodium chlorate) and 4 targeted levels of daily sodium chlorate intake: 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg · kg(-1) BW · d(-1) for 5 d. Individual ewe ad libitum intake of water (with treatments) was measured daily, and BW was measured at the beginning of and 15 and 51 d after the 5-d treatment period. Serum chlorate, whole blood methemoglobin and packed-cell volume (PCV), and fecal generic E. coli and general Enterobacteriaceae coliforms were measured from corresponding samples collected at the end of the 5-d treatment period. Average daily intakes of sodium chlorate from drinking water treatments were 95%, 91%, 90%, and 83% of the target treatment intakes of 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg · kg(-1) BW · d(-1), respectively. Daily sodium chlorate intake remained constant for all treatment groups except for ewes offered 120 mg NaClO3 · kg(-1) BW · d(-1), which decreased (quadratic; P = 0.04) over the course of the 5-d treatment period. This decrease in sodium chlorate intake indicated that the 120-mg NaClO3 level may have induced either toxicity and/or an aversion to the drinking water treatment. Serum chlorate concentrations increased (quadratic; P < 0.001) with increasing sodium chlorate intake. At the end of the 5-d treatment period, mean (least squares ± SEM) serum chlorate concentrations for ewes offered 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg NaClO3 · kg(-1) BW · d(-1) were 15.6 ± 14.1, 32.8 ± 15.8, 52.9 ± 14.1, and 90.3 ± 14.1 μg/mL, respectively. Whole blood methemoglobin and PCV were similar (P = 0.31 to 0.81) among the control group and ewes offered sodium chlorate. Likewise, BW was not affected by sodium chlorate (P > 0.27). Ewes consuming approximately 55 mg NaClO3 · kg(-1) BW · d(-1) or more (i.e., ewes offered 60, 90, and 120 mg) had a >1.4 log unit reduction in fecal E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae coliforms compared with control ewes. We suggest that for a short-term, 5-d dosing strategy, 55 to 81 mg NaClO3 · kg(-1) BW · d(-1) is an effective, yet safe, daily oral dose range for mature ewes to achieve a 97% to 99% reduction in fecal shedding of generic

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Body Weight; Chlorates; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Herbicides; Methemoglobin; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sheep, Domestic; Toxicological Phenomena; Treatment Outcome

The present study evaluated the effects of exposure to different doses of sodium chlorate in 10-week-old pigs. Twenty pigs were divided into four equal groups and treated with different doses of sodium chlorate: 0, 125, 250 and 500 mg kg-1 body weight per day via the drinking water for 7 consecutive days. The results showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in red blood cell and white blood cell counts, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen (P < 0.001) and creatinine levels, and an increase in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.05) activities in swine administered sodium chlorate at a dose of 500 mg kg-1 body weight per day. The histopathological study revealed increased numbers of vacuoles in the convoluted tubules, tubular necrosis and degeneration of the renal tubular epithelial cells, depletion of nuclei and lobular necrosis of the liver in all pigs treated with sodium chlorate at 500 mg kg-1 body weight per day. Thus, 7-day administration of sodium chlorate at 500 mg kg-1 body weight per day to pigs affects the liver and kidney tissues as well as the haematologic and serum biochemical parameters.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Weight; Chlorates; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Herbicides; Oxidants; Swine; Swine Diseases; Water

Sodium chlorate occurs when drinking water is disinfected by chlorine dioxide. We studied the effects of sodium chlorate in rats and mice to identify potential toxic or carcinogenic hazards to humans.. We gave groups of male and female rats drinking water containing 125, 1,000, or 2,000 milligrams (mg) of sodium chlorate per liter (L) of water for two years. Male and female mice received 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/L. Other groups of animals received plain tap water and served as the control groups. At the end of the study, tissues from more than 40 sites were examined for every animal.. Male and female rats receiving sodium chlorate had higher rates of follicular cell hypertrophy of the thyroid gland, and the groups receiving 2,000 mg/L had higher rates of thyroid gland cancer, compared with the control groups. Female mice exposed to sodium chlorate had a few pancreatic islet cell tumors.. We conclude that sodium chlorate caused some thyroid gland neoplasms in male and female rats. The pancreatic islet cell tumors in female mice may have been related to sodium chlorate exposure.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Marrow Diseases; Carcinogenicity Tests; Carcinogens; Chlorates; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Hyperplasia; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Molecular Conformation; Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Risk Assessment; Survival Analysis; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroid Gland; Toxicity Tests, Acute; Toxicity Tests, Chronic; Water Supply