sodium-bromide and Body-Weight

To compare the effects of early and delayed sodium supplementation on body composition and body water compartments during the first two weeks of postnatal life.. Preterm infants of 25-30 weeks' gestation were stratified and randomly assigned according to gender and gestational age, to receive a sodium intake of 4 mmol/kg/day beginning either on the second day after birth or when weight loss of 6% of birthweight had been achieved. Daily sodium intake, total fluid intake, energy intake, urine volume, and urinary sodium excretion were recorded. Total body water was measured by H(2)(18)O dilution on days 1, 7, and 14, and extracellular fluid volume by sodium bromide dilution on days 1 and 14.. Twenty four infants received early, and 22 delayed, sodium supplementation. There were no significant differences between the groups in body water compartments on day 1. In the delayed group, but not the early group, there was a significant loss of total body water during the first week (delayed -44 ml/kg, p=0. 048; early 6 ml/kg, p=0.970). By day 14 the delayed, but not the early group, also had a significant reduction in extracellular fluid volume (delayed -53 ml/kg, p=0.01; early -37 ml/kg, p=0.2). These changes resulted in a significant alteration in body composition at the end of the first week (total body weight: delayed 791 ml/kg; early 849 ml/kg, p=0.013). By day 14 there were once again no significant differences in body composition between the two groups.. Body composition after preterm birth is influenced by the timing of introduction of routine sodium supplements. Early sodium supplementation can delay the physiological loss of body water that is part of normal postnatal adaptation. This is likely to be of particular relevance to babies with respiratory distress syndrome. A tailored approach to clinical management, delaying the introduction of routine sodium supplements until there has been postnatal loss of body water, is recommended.

Topics: Body Composition; Body Water; Body Weight; Bromides; Energy Intake; Extracellular Space; Female; Fluid Therapy; Gestational Age; Humans; Indicator Dilution Techniques; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Oxygen Isotopes; Sodium; Sodium Compounds; Weight Loss

The purpose of this study was to analyse the association between body composition changes, from a weight stable period to prior competition, on upper-body power in judo athletes. 27 top-level male athletes were evaluated at baseline (weight stable period) and 1-3 days before competition, with a time difference of approximately 1 month. Total body and extracellular water were estimated by dilution techniques (deuterium and bromide, respectively) and intracellular water was calculated as the difference. Body composition was assessed by DXA. A power-load spectrum was used to assess upper-body power output in a bench-press position. Comparison of means, bivariate, and partial correlations were used. Results indicate that though no significant mean changes were found in body composition and upper-body power, individual variability was large. Among all body composition changes, only total-body water (r=0.672; p<0.001) and intracellular water (r=0.596; p=0.001) were related to upper-body power variation. These associations remained significant after controlling for weight and arm lean-soft tissue changes (r=0.594, p=0.002 for total-body water; r=0.524, p=0.007 for intracellular water). These findings highlight the need for tracking total-body water, specifically the intracellular compartment in elite judo athletes in order to avoid reductions in upper-body power when a target body weight is desired prior to competition.

Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adult; Athletes; Body Composition; Body Water; Body Weight; Bromides; Deuterium; Humans; Male; Martial Arts; Muscle Strength; Sodium Compounds; Young Adult

Effects of a high bromide intake in lactating rats on the performance of the dams and on the prosperity of their young were studied. In the dams, two marked consequences undoubtedly caused by high bromide intake were observed: stagnation in the extent of diet and water consumption in the course of the lactation period, and a conspicuous drop in the production rate of mother's milk. A very high intake of bromide in the mothers in the course of the nursing period (about 220 mg Br-/d per dam) also caused a marked decrease in the body weight increments in their suckling young. Only about one-half of these young survived and their general condition was very poor. It is suggested that one of the possible reasons for the observed marked decrease in the production of mother's milk in dams with high bromide intake could be a decreased stimulation of the mammary glands as a consequence of reduced consumption of mother's milk by the suckling. Bromide ions ingested by the dams easily moved into the rat milk. Via mother's milk, bromide was transferred in a large extent to the suckling. The amount of bromide in mother's milk depended on the bromide concentration in the drinking water taken by the dams. With the addition of 5 g bromide per liter (providing the mean daily bromide dose of 220 mg), bromide ions replaced about 54% of the chloride in the milk. A rise in the concentration of both halogens caused also an increase in the concentration of sodium in mother's milk. The exact mechanism(s) of bromide interference with postnatal developmental processes in the young remain(s) unclear.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Suckling; Body Weight; Bromides; Eating; Female; Lactation; Milk; Mothers; Neutron Activation Analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium Compounds

This study was undertaken to assess the comparability of body water compartment estimates in healthy volunteers using single and dual frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with established reference methods of tritium and NaBr dilution.. Total body water (TBW) was estimated in 10 healthy volunteers using single frequency (50 kHz) BIA (Bodystat 1500), dual frequency (5 and 200 kHz) BIA (Bodystat Dualscan 2005) and tritium dilution. Extracellular water (ECW) was measured with dual frequency BIA and NaBr dilution. BIA was performed using distal tetrapolar electrodes in the supine position. Venous blood was sampled for measurement of background concentrations of tritium and NaBr using a beta counter and high performance liquid chromatography respectively. 10 ml tritiated water (3.7 MBq) and 50 ml 5% NaBr solution were then injected intravenously and blood samples taken from the opposite arm every 45 min for 4.5 h for estimation of concentrations of tritium and NaBr.. There was good correlation (r(2)=0.76) between estimates of ECW using dual frequency BIA and NaBr dilution, with the former overestimating ECW by approximately 1 L. However, this difference varied systematically with body weight. Although TBW measurements obtained by single and dual frequency BIA correlated well with estimates using tritium dilution (r(2)=0.96 and 0.95 respectively), single frequency BIA underestimated TBW by approximately 1 L and dual frequency BIA by approximately 5 L compared to tritium dilution.. TBW measurements obtained using the single frequency BIA device were more accurate than those obtained using the dual frequency BIA device. Dual frequency BIA provided a reasonably accurate estimate of ECW.

Topics: Adult; Body Composition; Body Fluid Compartments; Body Water; Body Weight; Bromides; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Electric Impedance; Extracellular Space; Female; Humans; Indicator Dilution Techniques; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sodium Compounds; Statistics as Topic; Tritium

Previous experiments suggest that bromide ions interfere with trophic interactions of neurons in intact adult rats and may modify reactive neuroplasticity during postnatal development. Here we report on bromide effects on normal development. Rat embryos were exposed to sodium bromide (NaBr) by providing an aqueous solution of 250 mg/% NaBr in the drinking water, ad libitum, to their dams. Controls received either tap water or saline (250 mg%NaCl) to drink. Application to dams was restricted to the 5th to 15th days of gestation. Measurements of bromide concentrations in samples of blood and brain homogenates revealed, however, that bromide transfer to embryos was not restricted to the treatment period. Because of delayed excretion dams provided the offspring with bromide via placenta and milk up to 10 days after birth, although at decreasing concentrations. Significant delays in postnatal development were observed in all bromide-treated animals. Permanent deficits were recorded for body weight, brain weight and the protein content of brain tissue. Additionally, there were some changes in brain structure, e.g. the laminar structure of the neocortex was modified. In contrast to developmental deficits, the size of olfactory glomeruli was consistently larger in bromide-treated rats during postnatal and glomeruli attained a mean diameter that was 30 percent larger than in controls at 3 months of age. Results suggest that pre- and perinatal exposure of rats to moderate concentrations of NaBr may interfere with postnatal development including that of brain. Since after complete excretion of bromide developmental deficits persist and show periods of partial compensation and decompensation, induction of these bromide effects is probably indirect. The exact mechanism of bromide action on developmental processes remains to be elucidated.

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Brain; Bromides; Female; Maternal Exposure; Olfactory Bulb; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium Compounds

In order to find the best method for estimating the dry-weight of hemodialysis (HD) patients, we compared the three methods used, i.e. bioelectrical resistivity (rho), plasma cGMP (cGMP) and bromide (Br) methods. The results showed that the extracellular fluid volume per unit body mass (EFV/mass) determined with rho was negatively correlated with that determined with Br. (r = -0.7601 for normal controls and -0.5293 for HD patients, P < 0.05). However, plasma cGMP concentration was neither correlated with EFV/mass (r = 0.3724 for normal control and 0.2538 for HD patients, P > 0.05) nor with rho (r = 0.5210 for normal controls and 0.2106 for HD patients, P > 0.05). These results suggest that the bioelectrical resistivity dry-weight method is more accurate than cGMP method and moreover it is easier to perform than the NaBr method.

Topics: Adult; Body Fluids; Body Weight; Bromides; Cyclic GMP; Electric Impedance; Extracellular Space; Female; Humans; Leg; Male; Middle Aged; Renal Dialysis; Sodium Compounds

A practical approach for determining optimum tracer doses is described for measurements of total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) based on dilution of deuterium oxide and sodium bromide with respective analyses by nuclear magnetic resonance and anion-exchange chromatography. Using these techniques and plasma concentrations corresponding to adult doses up to 1.5 g kg-1 body weight of deuterium oxide and 0.05 g kg-1 of sodium bromide, the variations of analyses of these tracers, at these respective doses, were calculated. TBW determination with an RSD of less than 2% was found to require administration of 0.4 g kg-1 of deuterium oxide. Because basal concentrations of bromide are quantifiable, the accuracy of the extracellular water determination depends upon the magnitude of the increase in plasma bromide concentration; a sodium bromide dose of 0.01 g kg-1 provides a deviation in the determined ECW volume of approximately 1%.

Topics: Body Water; Body Weight; Bromides; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Deuterium; Deuterium Oxide; Extracellular Space; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Sodium; Sodium Compounds; Water

We measured extracellular fluid volume by bromide dilution within 12 h of birth in 32 infants less than 1000 g birth weight. Mean (+/- S.D.) birth weight and gestational age were 763 +/- 123 g and 26 +/- 1 week, respectively. Mean extracellular fluid volume was 360 +/- 86 ml (477 +/- 107 ml/kg). These results are similar to extracellular fluid volume estimates from previous carcass analysis data. Wide variability is observed with both methods suggesting that biologic variability may be important.

Topics: Body Weight; Bromides; Extracellular Space; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Plasma; Regression Analysis; Sodium; Sodium Compounds

The influence of bromide on thyroid function was studied in iodine-deficient rats, fed on a diet containing 4-16 g/kg sodium bromide for 4 weeks. Measurement of total and free thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone in blood, as well as the thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland, revealed typical signs of hypothyroidism, which were significantly enhanced by bromide intake. Special attention was paid to the possible formation of bromo/iodosubstituted thyronines in the thyroid. These measurements were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with off-line radioimmunoassay detection. Such thyroid hormone analogues could be detected in all groups of animals with additional bromide intake, but the amounts were found to be too low to compensate adequately for the reduced amounts of thyroid hormones. The results of this study also indicate that bromide toxicity is dependent upon the state of the iodine supply, which should be taken into account for evaluation of acceptable daily intake values for bromide.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bromides; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Feeding Behavior; Female; Iodides; Iodine; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sodium; Sodium Compounds; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Thyronines; Thyrotropin

The nature of weight gain seen in infants receiving total parenteral nutrition continues to be controversial. The debate centers around whether or not the weight gain represents an increase in body mass or water retention. The following study was carried out to answer this question. Eighteen infants receiving peripheral or central intravenous nutrition following major surgery were studied for periods ranging from 1 to 17 weeks. The following studies were carried out after receiving informed consent from the parents and in accordance with the standards established by the Human Use Committee. Total body water was measured using the nonradioactive isotope, deuterium oxide; extracellular fluid volume was assayed using the nonradioactive isotope, sodium bromide. Both body fluid compartments were calculated using the Fick principle of dye dilution. Following double vacuum distillation, serum deuterium oxide was assayed using the falling drop technique. Serum bromide was measured by a technique developed in our laboratory that involves the complexing of bromide with gold chloride and the measurement of this chemical complex colorimetrically. Weight gain was observed in all patients. Total body water percent body weight was 82% +/- 15% prior to the initiation of intravenous nutrition; it decreased within the first week to 71% +/- 12% and then stabilized for the remainder of the study period at 75% +/- 7%. The extracellular fluid volume percent body weight was 56% +/- 15% prior to the start of intravenous nutrition; it fell to 47% +/- 10% during the first week of parenteral nutrition, and then stabilized at 40% +/- 9%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Body Water; Body Weight; Bromides; Deuterium; Deuterium Oxide; Dye Dilution Technique; Extracellular Space; Hematocrit; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Parenteral Nutrition; Parenteral Nutrition, Total; Sodium; Sodium Compounds; Water

Groups of mice, housed individually in standard cages placed in a frame especially designed for the recording of locomotive behaviour, were fed diets containing sodium bromide at a level of 0, 400, 1200, 3600 or 10,800 ppm for 36 days. A fully automated system was used to record and process measurements of the nocturnal motility of the mice, together with three other variables (evasion time, spontaneous treadmill performance and body weight), for a total of 128 days before, during and after administration of the test diets. The data obtained, analysed statistically by univariate and multivariate analysis of variance, indicated that for sodium bromide, the 'effect limit' based on behavioural variables and body weight lay for mice between 400 and 1200 ppm in the diet. The fact that the overall effect of the 10,800 ppm dietary level was not completely reversible seemed to be largely attributable to the effect of this level of sodium bromide administration on body weight.

Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Bromides; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Motor Activity; Sodium; Sodium Compounds; Time Factors