sodium-bicarbonate and Tooth-Erosion

To assess the potential of a stabilised stannous (Sn)-containing NaF dentifrice (Oral B/blend-a-Med(®) Pro-Expert), in addition to a number of other marketed European dentifrices formulated with various fluoride actives and two control dentifrices, to protect enamel against erosive acid damage.. Cores of human enamel (four per group) were soaked in pooled human saliva, and then treated with a 1:3 slurry (dentifrice:saliva) using a standardised in vitro erosion model (5-day cycling) that includes 10-minute challenges with 1% citric acid applied 60 minutes after each dentifrice treatment. Enamel surface loss was measured using transverse microradiography (TMR).. Specimens treated with the Sn-containing NaF dentifrice showed 6.5 μm of surface loss ± 1.2 (SEM), which was not significantly different (P < 0.05, Fisher LSD) from that of a clinically proven, stabilised SnF2 positive control [Crest(®) Pro-Health, 1,100 ppm F as SnF2 : 3.0 μm of surface loss ± 1.1 (SEM)]. The Sn-containing NaF dentifrice and the clinically proven positive control both provided significantly greater protection (P < 0.05, Fisher LSD) compared with all of the other products tested. Enamel loss (SEM) values for other European products and the reference control (active agents) were: Meridol(®) : (1,400 ppm F as AmF + SnF2 ) 12.0 μm (1.47); Colgate(®) Cavity Protection: (1,450 ppm F as SMFP + NaF) 12.9 μm (1.66); Odol med 3(®) (1,400 ppm F as NaF) 14.2 μm (1.49); Elmex(®) (1,400 ppm F as AmF) 14.5 μm (1.76); Colgate(®) Enamel Protect: (1,450 ppm F as NaF + KNO3 ) 16.3 μm (2.02); Lacalut(®) aktiv: (1,400 ppm F as AlF3 ) 18.5 μm (1.71); Sensodyne(®) ProNamel(™) : (1,450 ppm F as NaF + KNO3 ) 20.5 μm (1.26); Crest Cavity Protection (1,100 ppm F as NaF, reference control) 22.00 μm (2.04); and Mentadent(®) : (1,450 ppm F as NaF + Zn citrate) 22.3 μm (0.63).. These results support the potential for the stabilised, Sn-containing NaF dentifrice to provide erosion protection benefits that are not significantly different from the positive control benchmark for erosion protection (stabilised SnF2 ), and are significantly better than a broad range of dentifrice formulations available on the European market.

Topics: Amines; Citric Acid; Dental Enamel; Dentifrices; Diamines; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microradiography; Nitrates; Phosphates; Protective Agents; Saliva; Silicic Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Time Factors; Tin Fluorides; Tooth Erosion; Toothpastes

This study investigated whether sodium bicarbonate solution, applied on enamel previously exposed to a simulated intrinsic acid, can control dental erosion. Volunteers wore palatal devices containing enamel slabs, which were exposed twice daily extra-orally to hydrochloric acid (0.01 M, pH 2) for 2 min. Immediately afterwards, the palatal devices were re-inserted in the mouth and volunteers rinsed their oral cavity with a sodium bicarbonate solution or deionized water for 60 s. After the washout period, the palatal devices were refilled with a new set of specimens and participants were crossed over to receive the alternate rinse solution. The surface loss and surface microhardness (SMH) of specimens were assessed. The surface loss of eroded enamel rinsed with a sodium bicarbonate solution was significantly lower than the surface loss of eroded enamel rinsed with deionized water. There were no differences between treatments with sodium bicarbonate and deionized water for SMH measurements. Regardless of the solution used as an oral rinse, eroded enamel showed lower SMH than uneroded specimens. Rinsing with a sodium bicarbonate solution after simulated endogenous erosive challenge controlled enamel surface loss but did not alter the microhardness.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Buffers; Cattle; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Enamel; Gastric Acid; Hardness; Humans; Hydrochloric Acid; Saliva; Sodium Bicarbonate; Time Factors; Tooth Erosion; Water

To assess, by a crossover 2 x 2 in situ study, the speculated protective role of a sodium bicarbonate-containing toothpaste in controlling erosive lesions.. Bovine enamel slabs were sterilized, and submitted to baseline Knoop microhardness measurements. After a 3-day lead-in period, 14 volunteers wore palatal acrylic appliances containing six enamel slabs (three on each side), for 4 consecutive days. On the first day, appliances with contained specimens were placed in the oral cavity to allow salivary pellicle formation. On the subsequent days, half of the enamel slabs were immersed extraorally in a lemonade-like soft drink for 90 seconds, twice daily. On both of these occasions, the appliance was dipped in toothpaste slurry of either a sodium bicarbonate-containing toothpaste or a regular counterpart for 60 seconds. Following a 3-day washout period, a new set of enamel slabs were mounted and the volunteers started the second period using the alternate dentifrice.. ANOVA (alpha = 0.05) showed no statistically significant difference between enamel treated with regular and sodium bicarbonate-based dentifrices, regardless of whether specimens were eroded or not (P = 0.8430). Acid-challenged specimens revealed lower microhardness values than uneroded samples.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cattle; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Enamel; Dentifrices; Double-Blind Method; Female; Hardness; Humans; Male; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Erosion; Young Adult

This clinical study evaluated the effectiveness of a fluoride dentifrice containing calcium, phosphate, and sodium bicarbonate for improving surface-enamel smoothness and gloss relative to a commercially available fluoride and silica-containing dentifrice. Balancing for baseline surface-enamel roughness and gloss, 113 healthy adult volunteers who met the inclusion criterion for daily acidic drink consumption were randomized to receive 1 of the 2 products. Subjects brushed their teeth using the assigned dentifrice and a soft-bristled adult toothbrush for 1 minute twice daily for 3 months. Surface-enamel roughness and gloss were evaluated at baseline and after 1 and 3 months of brushing twice daily. Within-treatment comparisons showed longitudinal improvement by the test dentifrice in tooth-surface roughness and gloss at the 1-month and 3-month examinations. After 3 months of use, the test dentifrice exhibited a highly significant improvement in gloss (23.4%, P < .0001) and surface roughness (13.7%, P < .0001) over baseline. The control dentifrice showed no significant improvement longitudinally in either parameter. Between-group comparisons adjusted for baseline demonstrated a significantly (P < .0001) greater improvement in tooth-surface roughness and gloss for the test dentifrice. The results indicate that the fluoride dentifrice containing calcium, phosphate, and sodium bicarbonate is effective in improving tooth-surface smoothness and gloss with regular use.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Calcium Sulfate; Carbonated Beverages; Double-Blind Method; Fluorides; Fruit; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Middle Aged; Phosphates; Potassium Compounds; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Surface Properties; Tooth Erosion; Tooth Remineralization; Toothpastes

Mouthrinsing with antacids, following erosive episodes, have been suggested as a preventative strategy to minimize tooth surface loss due to their neutralizing effect. The purpose of this in situ study was to evaluate the effect of an antacid suspension containing sodium alginate, sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate in controlling simulated erosion of enamel of intrinsic origin.. The experimental units were 48 slabs (3×3×2mm) of bovine enamel, randomly divided among 12 volunteers who wore palatal appliances with two enamel slabs. One of them was exposed extra-orally twice a day to 25mL of a hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution (0.01M, pH 2) for 2min. There were two independent phases, lasting 5 days each. In the first phase, according to a random scheme, half of the participants rinsed with 10mL of antacid suspension (Gaviscon(®), Reckitt Benckiser Healthcare Ltd.), while the remainder was rinsed with deionized water, for 1min. For the second phase, new slabs were inserted and participants switched to the treatment not received in the first stage. Therefore, the groups were as follows: (a) erosive challenge with HCl+antacid suspension; (b) erosive challenge with HCl+deionized water (DIW); (c) no erosive challenge+antacid suspension; (d) no erosive challenge+DIW. Specimens were assessed in terms of surface loss using optical profilometry and Knoop microhardness. The data were analyzed using repeated measures two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's tests.. Compared to DIW rinses, surface loss of enamel was significantly lower when using an antacid rinse following erosive challenges (p=0.015). The Knoop microhardness of the enamel was significantly higher when the antacid rinse was used (p=0.026).. The antacid suspension containing sodium alginate, sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate, rinsed after erosive challenges of intrinsic origin, reduced enamel surface loss.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alginates; Aluminum Hydroxide; Animals; Antacids; Cattle; Cross-Over Studies; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Hydrochloric Acid; Male; Mouthwashes; Silicic Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate; Suspensions; Tooth Erosion; Vomiting

To evaluate the effect of air-abrasion using three abrasive powders, on the susceptibility of sound enamel to an acid challenge.. 40 human enamel samples were flattened, polished and assigned to 4 experimental groups (n=10); a: alumina air-abrasion, b: sodium bicarbonate air-abrasion, c: bioactive glass (BAG) air-abrasion and d: no surface treatment (control). White light confocal profilometry was used to measure the step height enamel loss of the abraded area within each sample at three stages; after sample preparation (baseline), after air-abrasion and finally after exposing the samples to pH-cycling for 10 days. Data was analysed statistically using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's HSD post-hoc tests (p<0.05). Unique prismatic structures generated by abrasion and subsequent pH cycling were imaged using multiphoton excitation microscopy, exploiting strong autofluorescence properties of the enamel without labelling. Z-stacks of treated and equivalent control surfaces were used to generate non-destructively 3-dimensional surface profiles similar to those produced by scanning electron microscopy.. There was no significant difference in the step height enamel loss after initial surface air-abrasion compared to the negative control group. However, a significant increase in the step height enamel loss was observed in the alumina air-abraded samples after pH-cycling compared to the negative control (p<0.05). Sodium bicarbonate as well as BAG air-abrasion exhibited similar enamel surface loss to that detected in the negative control group (p>0.05). Surface profile examination revealed a deposition effect across sodium bicarbonate and BAG-abraded groups.. This study demonstrates the importance of powder selection when using air abrasion technology in clinical dentistry. Pre-treating the enamel surface with alumina air-abrasion significantly increased its susceptibility to acid challenge. Therefore, when using alumina air-abrasion clinically, clinicians must be aware that abrading sound enamel excessively renders that surface more susceptible to the effects of acid erosion. BAG and sodium bicarbonate powders were less invasive when compared to the alumina powder, supporting their use for controlled surface stain removal from enamel where indicated clinically.

Topics: Air Abrasion, Dental; Aluminum Oxide; Dental Cavity Preparation; Dental Enamel; Glass; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Materials Testing; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Molar; Powders; Sodium Bicarbonate; Surface Properties; Tooth Erosion

The aim of this study was to evaluate the erosive/abrasive enamel wear after contact with orange juices modified with different dietary supplements.. A total of 96 bovine enamel samples were prepared and allocated to eight groups (1-8; n = 12). Samples were eroded (120 s) in 200 ml of the following eight solutions: 1: water (control), 2: orange juice, 3: water + calcium effervescent tablet, 4: orange juice + calcium effervescent tablet, 5: water + 0.75 g acid/base regulating powder (Probase), 6: water + 0.375 g Probase, 7: orange juice + 0.75 g Probase and 8: orange juice + 0.375 g Probase. After erosion, the samples were brushed with 40 brushing strokes (load 2.5 N). Enamel wear was measured using surface profilometry after 20 and 40 cycles of erosion/abrasion respectively.. Highest mean enamel wear (± SD) after 20 and 40 cycles of erosion/abrasion was observed for the unmodified orange juice (group 2) (0.605 ± 0.240 μm; 1.375 ± 0.496 μm respectively). The enamel wear in all other groups (3-8) was significantly lower (P < 0.0001 respectively) with no significant difference within these groups and compared with water (control).. Erosive/abrasive enamel wear induces by orange juice and tooth brushing could be reduced significantly by modification with free available dietary supplements.

Topics: Animals; Beverages; Bicarbonates; Calcium Carbonate; Calcium Fluoride; Calcium Phosphates; Calcium, Dietary; Cariostatic Agents; Cattle; Citrus sinensis; Dental Enamel; Diamines; Dietary Supplements; Durapatite; Fluorides; Fruit; Hardness; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Magnesium; Materials Testing; Potassium Compounds; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Erosion; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes; Water

This study investigated the bleaching efficacy of a mixture of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO(3)) and 30% hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), the latter being an active ingredient in in-office bleaching products. A commercially available 35% H(2)O(2)-based in-office bleaching product was used as a control and for comparison. Enamel surfaces after bleaching were evaluated for post-bleaching color change, Vickers hardness, surface roughness, erosion depth, and surface morphology (SEM images). The bleaching efficacy of 30%H(2)O(2)-NaHCO(3) was comparable to that of control, and favorable results over the control were obtained after bleaching with 30%H(2)O(2)-NaHCO(3), lower increase in surface roughness, smaller erosion depth, and reduced extent of enamel erosion based on SEM images. These results were obtained because an addition of NaHCO(3) to H(2)O(2) changed the initially low pH to a higher one.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Colorimetry; Curing Lights, Dental; Dental Enamel; Hardness; Humans; Humidity; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Materials Testing; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Sodium Bicarbonate; Spectrophotometry; Temperature; Time Factors; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Erosion; Treatment Outcome

To determine the relative ability of various marketed toothpastes formulated with either stabilized stannous fluoride (SnF2), sodium fluoride (NaF), or sodium monofluorophosphate (SMFP) to protect human enamel against the initiation and progression of damage due to dietary acid attack, using a laboratory erosion cycling model.. Cores of ground and polished enamel from extracted human teeth were soaked in pooled, human saliva (pellicle formation) and then subjected to erosion cycling conditions that included exposure of tooth specimens to: (1) treatments in a 1:3 slurry (w/w) of toothpastes and saliva; and (2) acid challenges using either citric acid (Study 1) or both citric and phosphoric acids (Study 2). These acids represent potentially damaging acids found in common food and drinks. Upon completion of treatments, specimens were analyzed with regard to the depth of tooth mineral removed from exposed areas of the treated specimens over the course of the study. Two studies were conducted: Study 1 included a marketed, stabilized SnF2 toothpaste vs. marketed NaF toothpastes; Study 2 tested the same stabilized SnF2 product compared to a marketed SMFP toothpaste and a NaF control.. The stabilized SnF2 toothpaste included in these studies demonstrated a highly significant reduction in enamel surface loss, relative to the control, in each study: Study 1 = 65% reduction; Study 2 = 58% reduction when using citric acid and 84% reduction when using phosphoric acid. Products formulated with NaF resulted in a net loss of between +1% and -21%, with none of the NaF toothpastes performing significantly different from the control (P<0.05, ANOVA). For the SMFP product included in Study 2, results were also not significantly different from the NaF control. In both studies, the stabilized SnF2 paste demonstrated a highly significant level of protection compared to all other test groups included in the study, regardless of the type of dietary acid challenge considered.

Topics: Citric Acid; Dental Enamel; Dental Pellicle; Dentifrices; Disease Progression; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Materials Testing; Minerals; Nitrates; Phosphates; Phosphoric Acids; Protective Agents; Saliva; Silicic Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Time Factors; Tin Fluorides; Tooth Demineralization; Tooth Erosion; Toothpastes

Dental erosion is a type of wear caused by non bacterial acids or chelation. There is evidence of a significant increase in the prevalence of dental wear in the deciduous and permanent teeth as a consequence of the frequent intake of acidic foods and drinks, or due to gastric acid which may reach the oral cavity following reflux or vomiting episodes. The presence of acids is a prerequisite for dental erosion, but the erosive wear is complex and depends on the interaction of biological, chemical and behavioral factors. Even though erosion may be defined or described as an isolated process, in clinical situations other wear phenomena are expected to occur concomitantly, such as abrasive wear (which occurs, e.g, due to tooth brushing or mastication). In order to control dental loss due to erosive wear it is crucial to take into account its multifactorial nature, which predisposes some individuals to the condition.

Topics: Acids; Dentifrices; Feeding Behavior; Fluorides, Topical; Food; Humans; Oral Health; Risk Factors; Saliva; Self Care; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Erosion; Tooth Remineralization

One of the recommended measures to prevent and control dental erosion is the oral rinse with sodium bicarbonate solution, which would neutralise the dietary acids. However, the prescription of this aqueous suspension has been made on an empirical basis. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate whether the demineralisation caused by erosive episodes could be controlled by the potential neutralising effect exerted by a sodium bicarbonate solution.. Bovine enamel slabs were embedded in epoxy resin, ground/polished and tested for initial surface microhardness. Twice daily for 2 days, specimens were subjected to an erosive challenge with orange juice in an orbital shaker. Following each erosive episode, specimens (n = 15) were immersed for either 30 or 60 seconds in a sodium bicarbonate solution or deionised water. The negative control group was left untreated. For the remaining daily time, specimens were kept in artificial saliva. New microhardness indentations were then made as described for the initial measurements.. ANOVA applied to the percentage of surface microhardness change (%deltaSMH) showed no statistically significant difference among treatments (P = 0.5810).. The use of sodium bicarbonate solution, at least under in vitro conditions, may not be a feasible strategy for managing enamel erosion.

Topics: Animals; Beverages; Buffers; Cattle; Citrus sinensis; Dental Enamel; Feasibility Studies; Hardness; Materials Testing; Saliva, Artificial; Sodium Bicarbonate; Time Factors; Tooth Demineralization; Tooth Erosion; Water

To evaluate in vitro the abrasive potential of different dentifrices on enamel previously exposed to an acidic soft drink.. 150 bovine enamel slabs measuring 6 x 3 x 2 mm were grounded flat and polished. Surface roughness was measured to obtain Ra (microm) baseline values using a profilometer. The slabs' outer surface was covered with a tape except for a 3 x 4 mm window. According to a randomized complete block design, specimens were exposed to an acidic drink or distilled water (control) for 5 minutes, and then to artificial saliva for 1 minute. Next, the experimental units were submitted to 5,000 brushing strokes using one of four dentifrices - regular (RE), baking soda (BS), tartar control (TC) or whitening (WT) - or distilled water as control (CO) (n=15). At the end of five repetitions of this erosive/abrasive cycle, the tape was removed and final readings of surface roughness were carried out. Roughness gain consisted of the subtraction of the baseline values from the post-treatment measurements. Also, the enamel wear due to erosive/abrasive challenges was profilometrically determined.. ANOVA did not show significant interaction between enamel condition (eroded and sound) and dentifrice (P> 0.05) for both roughness gain and wear. No significant effect was found for enamel condition and dentifrice in the wear analysis. The exposure of enamel to the acidic drink provided higher roughness gain than did distilled water. Tukey's test evidenced that TC yielded significantly greater increase in surface roughness than did both CO and WT, whereas BS and RE induced an intermediate roughness gain.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Carbonated Beverages; Cattle; Complex Mixtures; Dentifrices; Humans; Polyphosphates; Random Allocation; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Statistics, Nonparametric; Surface Properties; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Erosion; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes

Topics: Animals; Bicarbonates; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Fluorides; Phosphates; Rats; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth; Tooth Erosion