sodium-bicarbonate and Tooth-Discoloration

Tooth discoloration may be caused by intrinsic or extrinsic stains or a combination of both. There are 2 major approaches to removing the stains, including the chemical mechanism using peroxides for tooth bleaching and the mechanical mechanism using abrasives in prophylactic pastes and dentifrices to remove stains, resulting in a whitening effect. Attempts have also been made to add a low concentration of peroxides to dentifrices to enhance their abrasive cleaning to remove tooth stains.. This article provides a review of both in vitro and clinical studies on stain removal and whitening effect of dentifrices containing sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). In recent years, whitening dentifrices have become popular because of little additional effort for use, ease of availability, low cost, and accumulated evidence of clinical efficacy and safety in the literature. Advances in research and technology have led to innovative formulations of dentifrices using baking soda as the sole abrasive or a component of an abrasive system. Baking soda is biologically compatible with acid-buffering capacities, antibacterial at high concentrations, and has a relatively lower abrasivity.. The evidence available in the literature indicates that baking soda-based dentifrices are effective and safe for tooth stain removal and consequently whitening. A number of clinical studies have also shown that baking soda-based dentifrices are more effective in stain removal and whitening than some non-baking soda-containing dentifrices with a higher abrasivity. So far, research efforts have mainly focused on stain removal and tooth-whitening efficacy and clinical safety of baking soda dentifrices used with manual toothbrushes, with only a few studies investigating their effects using powered toothbrushes, for which further research is encouraged.. As part of a daily oral hygiene practice, baking soda-based dentifrice is a desirable, alternative or additional measure for tooth stain removal and whitening.

Topics: Dentifrices; Humans; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Discoloration

Dental staining, while always a significant problem, has become more important in recent years with the introduction and increased use of chlorhexidine-based mouthrinses. Not only do these rinses themselves cause staining, they also enhance staining from other sources, such as diet or tobacco use. An understanding of the etiologies of dental stains will help today's practitioners become more effective in managing dental stains in their practices. Important strategies for managing stain are patient education about the causes of staining, careful consideration of product recommendations for home use, and routine office visits for prophylaxis. Ideal products for patient use are those with effective stain-removal properties and low abrasivity, which minimizes tooth wear.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Dental Deposits; Dentifrices; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Nicotiana; Oral Hygiene Index; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes

Dental staining, while always a significant problem, has become more important in recent years with the introduction and increased use of chlorhexidine-based mouthrinses. Not only do these rinses themselves cause staining, they also enhance staining from other sources, such as diet or tobacco use. An understanding of the etiologies of dental stains will help today's practitioners become more effective in managing dental stains in their practices. Important strategies for managing stain are patient education about the causes of staining, careful consideration of product recommendations for home use, and routine office visits for prophylaxis. Ideal products for patient use are those with effective stain-removal properties and low abrasivity, which minimizes tooth wear.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Dental Prophylaxis; Dentifrices; Diet; Humans; Mouthwashes; Patient Education as Topic; Smoking; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Discoloration; Toothbrushing

The popularity of polishing air devices (AP) is rising with the increased distribution of commercial units in both United States and European dental offices and clinics. The instrument's efficiency and effectiveness in stain removal has been demonstrated with minimal impact on soft tissue trauma and abrasion. This article reviews the literature on AP. Future research is indicated to explore surgical clinical applications of airpowder polishing as well as more detailed information regarding the biological basis for its use.

Topics: Air; Bicarbonates; Dental Prophylaxis; Humans; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Discoloration

Gingivitis can develop as a reaction to dental plaque. It can be limited by curtailing plaque build-up through actions including tooth brushing and the use of medicinal mouthwashes, such as those containing chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), that can reach parts of the mouth that may be missed when brushing. This study aimed to compare dental stain control of twice-daily brushing with a sodium fluoride (NaF) dentifrice containing 67 % sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or a commercially available NaF silica dentifrice without NaHCO3, while using a mouthwash containing 0.2 % CHX.. This was a 6-week, randomised, two-site, examiner-blind, parallel-group study in healthy subjects with at least 'mild' stain levels on the facial surfaces of ≥4 teeth and ≥15 bleeding sites. Assessment was via modified Lobene Stain Index (MLSI), the score being the mean of stain intensity multiplied by area (MLSI [IxA]).. One hundred and fifty of 160 randomised subjects completed the study. There were no significant differences in Overall (facial and lingual) MLSI (IxA) scores between dentifrices. The Facial MLSI (IxA) was statistically significant at 6 weeks, favouring the 67 % NaHCO3 dentifrice (p = 0.0404). Post-hoc analysis, conducted due to a significant site interaction, found significant differences for all MLSI scores in favour of the 67 % NaHCO3 dentifrice at Site 1 (both weeks) but not Site 2.. No overall significant differences were found between a 67 and 0 % NaHCO3 dentifrice in controlling CHX stain; a significant difference on facial surfaces suggests advantage of the former on more accessible surfaces.. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT01962493 ) on 10 October 2013 and was funded by GSK Consumer Healthcare.

Topics: Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Mouthwashes; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Staining and Labeling; Tooth Discoloration

This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted to determine the effectiveness and safety of a new whitening dentifrice.. One hundred eighty-two qualifying subjects were randomly assigned to either a whitening dentifrice group (Arm & Hammer Truly Radiant Toothpaste), a negative control dentifrice group (Colgate Cavity Protection Toothpaste), or a positive control dentifrice group (Crest 3-D White Radiant Mint Toothpaste) and were instructed to brush twice daily with their assigned dentifrice for six weeks. Extrinsic tooth stain was assessed using a Modified Lobene Stain Index (MLSI) and tooth shade was assessed using the VITA Classic Shade Guide at baseline and after five days and two, four, and six weeks of dentifrice use. Safety was monitored by clinical examinations and panelist assessment at each evaluation period.. The Arm & Hammer Truly Radiant group showed a statistically significant improvement from baseline in mean composite MLSI and VITA shade at each examination period (p < 0.0001). Significant improvements on day 5 progressively increased with increasing duration of product use. By week 6, there was a 45.4% reduction in stain and a 2.08 improvement in tooth shade. The between-group comparison revealed that Truly Radiant toothpaste was significantly more effective than both the negative and positive control dentifrices for these parameters (p < 0.0001) at each exam time.. This study showed that the new dentifrice formulation is safe and effective on stain removal and tooth whitening.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Calcium Phosphates; Color; Dentifrices; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Peroxides; Prospective Studies; Safety; Silicon Dioxide; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Discoloration; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult

This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Arm & Hammer (A&H) Truly Radiant Rejuvenating toothpaste in removing extrinsic tooth stain compared to that of a conventional fluoride/silica-containing dentifrice.. This was a randomized, examiner-blind, parallel-design study with two groups of subjects who brushed unsupervised with their assigned dentifrice for two minutes, twice daily, for five days. Extrinsic stain was measured on the labial surfaces of the eight incisor teeth by the Modified Lobene Stain Index (MLSI) at baseline and following five days of product use. After balancing for baseline MLSI, beverage and tobacco use, fifty-four healthy adults with existing stain were randomly distributed into two comparable groups: Arm and Hammer Truly Radiant Rejuvenating toothpaste or Colgate Cavity Protection toothpaste (negative control). Within-treatment comparisons between baseline and day five were made using matched-pair t-tests, and between-treatment comparisons of MSLI scores were performed using ANCOVA, with baseline scores as covariates.. Twenty-eight subjects in the Truly Radiant Rejuvenating toothpaste group and twenty-six subjects in the negative control group completed the study. The groups had comparable mean scores at baseline (p > 0.05). The Truly Radiant Rejuvenating toothpaste produced a statistically significant 23.1% total (composite) stain reduction from baseline after five days of product use (p < 0.0001) while the negative control was essentially unchanged (p > 0.05). Between-treatment analysis showed statistically significantly (p < 0.0001) greater stain removal for Truly Radiant Rejuvenating toothpaste compared to the Colgate control following five days of product use. There were no adverse events reported during the study.. The A&H Truly Radiant Rejuvenating toothpaste is safe and effective in reducing extrinsic stain compared to a regular toothpaste control.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Calcium Phosphates; Dentifrices; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incisor; Male; Middle Aged; Peroxides; Prospective Studies; Safety; Silicon Dioxide; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Discoloration; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult

This randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted to assess the extrinsic stain reduction achieved by brushing with a whitening dentifrice and powered toothbrush, and to determine whether the addition of a whitening booster paste to this regimen would enhance its stain reducing effectiveness.. Sixty qualifying subjects were randomly assigned either to Regimen One, a whitening dentifrice (Arm & Hammer Truly Radiant [TR] toothpaste] and powered toothbrush (Arm & Hammer Truly Radiant [TR] Extra Whitening Spinbrush); Regimen Two, the dentifrice and powered toothbrush with the addition of a whitening booster; or Regimen Three, a negative control (Colgate Cavity Protection toothpaste and an ADA standard manual brush). They were instructed in the use of their assigned products and then brushed unsupervised at home for two minutes, twice daily, for 14 days. Extrinsic tooth stain was assessed at baseline and after two, five, and 14 days using a Modified Lobene Stain Index (MLSI) with Lobene inclusion criteria of ≥ 1.5.. All three treatment groups had statistically significant (p < 0.0001) mean total MLSI reductions from baseline at each time point, in a time-dependent manner. Day 14 reductions were 22.2% for Colgate Cavity Protection, 29.1% for Regimen One, and 34.4% for Regimen Two. Reductions for Regimen One and Regimen Two were significantly greater compared to Regimen Three, the negative control, at each time period (p < 0.01), and those for Regimen Two were significantly greater compared to Regimen One on days 2 and 14 (p < 0.05) and directionally more effective on day 5 (p = 0.0673).. The combination of Truly Radiant toothpaste and Truly Radiant Spinbrush provides safe and effective stain removal that can be further enhanced by the addition of the whitening booster.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Calcium Phosphates; Dentifrices; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Peroxides; Prospective Studies; Safety; Silicon Dioxide; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Discoloration; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult

The primary purpose of this randomized, controlled, six-week clinical trial was to determine the effectiveness and safety of a new whitening dentifrice in removing extrinsic tooth stain and whitening teeth. An additional two-week exploratory study was conducted to determine whether the whitening or stain-prevention activity of the dentifrice would persist following cessation of use.. In the first study (Phase I), one-hundred and forty-six qualifying subjects were randomly assigned to either a sodium bicarbonate whitening dentifrice group (Arm & Hammer Advance White Extreme Whitening Baking Soda and Peroxide Toothpaste) or a silica-based negative control dentifrice group, and brushed twice daily with their assigned dentifrice for six weeks. Tooth shade on the labial surfaces of the eight incisors was assessed using a Vita Classic shade guide, and extrinsic tooth stain was scored using a Modified Lobene Stain Index (MLSI) at baseline, week 4, and week 6. In Phase II (after the week 6 examination), volunteers from the Arm & Hammer whitening dentifrice group were randomly assigned to continue using the whitening dentifrice or to use the negative control dentifrice twice daily for two weeks. The six-week shade and stain index scores served as the baseline for this exploratory phase and were rescored after two weeks.. The whitening dentifrice group had statistically significant (p < 0.0001) mean shade score reductions of 1.82 and 2.57 from baseline to weeks 4 and 6, respectively. For the same periods, the negative control dentifrice group was virtually unchanged from baseline. For tooth stain, the MLSI total mean scores for the whitening dentifrice group showed statistically significant (p < 0.0001) decreases from baseline of 1.42 (41.6%) and 2.11 (61.6%) at weeks 4 and 6, respectively. In contrast, the negative control dentifrice group had a MLSI reduction of 0.07 at week 4 and a 0.06 increase at week 6. Between-group analyses using baseline-adjusted ANCOVA showed the whitening dentifrice to be statistically significantly more effective (p < 0.0001) than the negative control for shade and tooth stain reductions for all index comparisons. Compared to the six-week (baseline) scores, subjects who continued to use the whitening dentifrice for the additional two weeks experienced statistically significant (p < 0.0001) further mean reductions of 0.88 in shade score and 0.46 in MLSI score, while subjects who switched to the negative control dentifrice experienced smaller, statistically significant (p < 0.05) reductions of 0.34 in shade score and 0.13 in total MLSI score.. The Arm & Hammer whitening dentifrice tested in this study is effective for removing extrinsic tooth stain and whitening teeth. While the results also suggest that this dentifrice may have stain-prevention activity that persists following cessation of product use, such activity would need to be confirmed with further studies.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Drug Combinations; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Discoloration; Young Adult

Compare clinical effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate and bioactive glass powders used for dental prophylaxis.. 25 patients were allocated to either good or poor oral hygiene subgroups (n=50). Using a double-blind, split-mouth model, all patients underwent prophylaxis treatment on mandibular teeth; maxillary teeth were untreated controls. Bioactive glass (Sylc, OSspray Ltd., UK) and sodium bicarbonate (Prophy Jet, Dentsply, UK) were applied randomly to opposite sides of each mouth. Sensitivity to cold air/ethyl chloride, dental shade change and procedural comfort were measured. All parameters were recorded immediately pre- and post-treatment and at 10-day recall.. Bioactive glass air-polishing, in both subgroups, reported a 44% (0.80+/-0.10, p<0.05) decrease in dental sensitivity, against controls, immediately after application, and a 42% (0.85+/-0.05, p<0.05) decrease at 10-day recall when stimulated with cold air. Ethyl chloride stimulation showed a 10% (3.05+/-0.17, p<0.05) and 22% (2.64+/-0.33, p<0.05) reduction in sensitivity immediately post-op and at 10-day recall. Application of sodium bicarbonate powders increased sensitivity, 17% (1.76+/-0.3, p<0.05), at 10 days when stimulated with cold air. Both powders showed variation between subgroups in colour change, bioactive glass powder 1 and 4 shades whiter, sodium bicarbonate 1 and 2 shades whiter in good and poor oral hygiene groups, respectively. Patients in both subgroups reported a 46% (7.9+/-1.4, p<0.05) increase in comfort of procedure with the bioactive glass over that when using sodium bicarbonate.. Bioactive glass air-polishing was more clinically and statistically effective at desensitising both good and poor oral hygiene groups, and removing stain in the poor oral hygiene patient subgroup. Bioactive glass also provided better overall patient comfort during the procedure.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ceramics; Cold Temperature; Color; Dental Prophylaxis; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Double-Blind Method; Ethyl Chloride; Female; Glass; Humans; Male; Materials Testing; Middle Aged; Oral Hygiene; Pain Measurement; Patient Satisfaction; Powders; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Discoloration; Young Adult

The objective of this clinical investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness in removing existing extrinsic tooth stains of a sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), dual-phase dentifrice containing calcium and phosphate (Test Dentifrice), when compared to a commercial hydrated silica dentifrice (Control Dentifrice), during a six-week period of normal, unsupervised use.. This investigation was a double-blind comparison of two equivalent, parallel groups of subjects assigned to use different dentifrices for six weeks. A total of 108 adult male and female subjects qualified for the trial based on the presence of existing extrinsic tooth stains and other inclusion/exclusion criteria. The two groups were balanced for gender, tobacco use, and extrinsic tooth stain scores, and randomly assigned the Test or Control dentifrices. All subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily using only the dentifrice and toothbrush provided, and to refrain from using any other oral hygiene products for the duration of the study. Although product usage was unsupervised after the baseline visit, subjects maintained a treatment diary, and product consumption was monitored to estimate compliance. Oral soft and hard tissue and extrinsic stain assessments (Modified Lobene Stain Index) for each subject were conducted at baseline and after two, four, and six weeks of product use.. A total of 107 subjects complied with the protocol and completed the six-week study. Compared to baseline, at the two-, four-, and six-week examinations the Test Dentifrice group had statistically significant reductions in extrinsic tooth stain. In contrast, the Control Dentifrice group did not attain significant reductions from baseline at any of the exams. At both the four-week and six-week examinations, the Test Dentifrice group had significantly lower levels of extrinsic tooth stain than the Control Dentifrice group.. A sodium bicarbonate, dual-phase dentifrice containing calcium and phosphate demonstrated statisically significant efficacy in removing naturally acquired, extrinsic tooth stain, and was significantly more effective for stain removal than a commercially available, hydrated silica dentifrice.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Calcium; Dentifrices; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Middle Aged; Phosphates; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Smoking; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes

An 8-week randomized, double-blind, parallel group clinical study was conducted to assess the extrinsic stain prevention efficacy of three commercially available dentifrices: 1) a dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride with copolymer, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, and sodium tripolyphosphate in a silica base (Product 1); 2) a dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride, baking soda and peroxide, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, and sodium tripolyphosphate in a silica base (Product 2); and 3) a dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (Product 3). After the collection of baseline stain scores by a trained examiner and a subsequent oral prophylaxis, 126 volunteers were randomized to one of the three treatment groups (balanced for composite extrinsic stain scores). Throughout the 8-week treatment period, subjects brushed their teeth twice daily with their assigned dentifrice. At baseline, 4-, and 8-week evaluations, extrinsic dental stain was measured on the facial surfaces of the six maxillary anterior teeth and on the facial and lingual surfaces of the six mandibular anterior teeth using the Lobene Index. A total of 120 subjects completed the study. No adverse events were reported, and subjects who discontinued the study did so for reasons unrelated to the dentifrices. At the 4-week evaluation, composite stain scores were statistically significantly lower (P < .05) for both Product 1 (44.9%) and for Product 2 (34.6%) relative to Product 3. At the 8-week evaluation, composite stain scores were statistically significantly lower (P < .05) for both Product 1 (28.4%) and for Product 2 (29.6%) relative to Product 3. The results of this clinical study demonstrate that both dentifrices, one containing 0.234% sodium fluoride with copolymer, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, and sodium tripolyphosphate in a silica base; and one with 0.243% sodium fluoride with copolymer, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, and sodium tripolyphosphate in a silica base are more effective in preventing natural extrinsic stain formation on teeth as compared with a marketed control dentifrice.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Complex Mixtures; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome

Repeated exposure to chlorhexidine and tea has long been recognized to promote extrinsic tooth stain. Previously, the merits of a modified, rapid clinical trial model using chlorhexidine and tea in combination with restricted brushing to accelerate staining have been established. A nine-week randomized and controlled, examiner blind, parallel group clinical trial was conducted to compare selected chemical and mechanical approaches for stain removal using this model. After prophylaxis, stain was induced during a 3-week pre-treatment period, and then the healthy adult volunteers were randomized to one of three treatment groups: an experimental whitening dentifrice containing a combination of sodium hexametaphosphate and soluble pyrophosphate; a marketed alumina-based high abrasive dentifrice; or a lower abrasive control dentifrice. At baseline, three and six weeks, dental stain was measured on the facial and lingual surfaces of the eight anterior teeth using the Lobene index. A total of 94 subjects completed the study. Both the chemical and abrasive dentifrices showed statistically significant reductions in stain area (p < 0.05) relative to the control after three weeks. After six weeks, adjusted mean stain area scores were 0.35, 0.41 and 0.49 for the sodium hexametaphosphate, alumina and regular dentifrice groups, respectively. While the alumina dentifrice showed only a directional benefit, the sodium hexametaphosphate differed statistically (p = 0.023) from the control. Subjects in both the chemical and abrasive dentifrice groups showed statistically significant reductions relative to baseline for Lobene composite stain, stain area and stain intensity (p < 0.05) at six weeks. There were no statistically significant differences in stain levels between the sodium hexametaphosphate and alumina dentifrice groups at any time. This study demonstrates that following six weeks of treatment, sodium hexametaphosphate-containing dentifrices are effective in removing extrinsic tooth stain, with performance at least comparable to that seen with more abrasive dentifrices.

Topics: Adult; Aluminum Oxide; Analysis of Variance; Dentifrices; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Phosphates; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes

Pellicle rapidly accumulates on tooth surfaces after prophylaxis and may acquire cosmetically unacceptable levels of stain. A three-month clinical trial was conducted to evaluate stain prevention by a new silica-based tartar control whitening dentifrice (Crest Extra Whitening) compared to marketed tartar control baking soda peroxide whitening and regular dentifrice controls. Prior to the trial, a one-month screening exercise was conducted to identify adult subjects who accumulated extrinsic tooth stain after dental prophylaxis. A total of 672 subjects were stratified based on tooth whiteness, gender and tobacco usage, then given a dental prophylaxis and randomized into one of three dentifrice treatment groups. All product use was unsupervised. Change in tooth whiteness (delta L*) was determined by comparing colorimeter measurements collected on the facial surfaces of the four central incisors at months 1 and 3 to baseline. Ninety-six percent of subjects completed the three-month study. At both one and three months, the two whitening dentifrices did not differ from baseline in terms of delta L*. In contrast, the regular control had delta L* values of -0.26 and -0.39 at one and three months, respectively, differing significantly from baseline at both time points. Each of the whitening dentifrices differed statistically from the regular control in stain accumulation (p < or = 0.001) at one and three months, but were not different from each other. In general, all three test dentifrices were well tolerated. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of the new tartar control whitening dentifrice in preventing stain accumulation after dental prophylaxis compared to the marketed regular dentifrice control.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis of Variance; Cariostatic Agents; Color; Colorimetry; Dental Calculus; Dental Pellicle; Dental Prophylaxis; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incisor; Male; Middle Aged; Oxidants; Peroxides; Safety; Silicon Dioxide; Smoking; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Changing and whitening tooth color in people with long-standing tooth stain without excessive hard tissue abrasion may represent one of the more difficult challenges for whitening dentifrices. An eight-week clinical trial was conducted to evaluate change in tooth color by a silica-based, enamel-safe tartar control whitening dentifrice compared to a marketed baking soda dentifrice control. First, a screening exercise was conducted to identify individuals with long-standing extrinsic dental stain. This exercise targeted adults who reported "stained teeth" and coffee/tea drinking or smoking, but who had no recent history of dental prophylaxis. Targeted subjects were examined for stain (Lobene Index) and tooth shade/color (Vita). A total of 291 adults having extrinsic stain and discolored teeth were enrolled in the study. Subjects were randomized to one of the two treatment groups, and all dentifrice use was unsupervised. Tooth color was measured at 4 and 8 weeks from shade values collected from the 8 incisors, and averages were determined from a linear ordering of the shade guide. A total of 278 evaluable subjects completed the 8-week study. Overall, the tartar control whitening dentifrice group experienced an improvement in color, differing statistically from baseline (p < 0.001) and from the marketed control (p < 0.05). Safety profiles for the two dentifrices were generally similar. Among patients with long-standing extrinsic stain, use of the tartar control whitening dentifrice resulted in superior overall tooth shade and reduced maximum or worst color compared to the marketed baking soda dentifrice control.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Cariostatic Agents; Coffee; Color; Dental Calculus; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Safety; Silicon Dioxide; Smoking; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Statistics, Nonparametric; Tea; Tooth; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

An evaluation of the effects of ARM & HAMMER DENTAL CARE The Baking Soda Gum (AHDC) on extrinsic dental stain was made in 48 subjects presenting with measurable extrinsic stain. The subjects were randomized to use either the baking soda gum or a non-baking soda placebo gum for 20 minutes twice daily after lunch and dinner while brushing once daily. The procedure of limited brushing was chosen to simulate the level of hygiene normally practiced by participants entering a clinical study. After 4 weeks, the reduction in measurable extrinsic stain in the baking soda gum group was statistically significant (P = .0044) relative to baseline. Statistical analysis of the placebo gum group revealed no significant change in extrinsic stain from baseline. The magnitude of the unadjusted longitudinal reduction in extrinsic stain in the baking soda gum group was 29.7% at 4 weeks.

Topics: Chewing Gum; Humans; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Discoloration; Treatment Outcome

A 14-week, double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted with 126 healthy volunteers to compare the efficacy of twice-daily use of 3 baking soda-containing chewing gums in removing natural tooth stain when used in conjunction with a program of regular oral hygiene. All 3 chewing gums significantly reduced extrinsic stain (P < .0001) and improved the whitened appearance of teeth (P < .0001) at both the 2-week interim and the final 4-week evaluations. ARM & HAMMER DENTAL CARE The Baking Soda Gum (AHDC) reduced dental stain by 70.8%, compared to reductions of 71.9% and 65.3%, after use of 2 experimental gum formulations. Whitened appearance improved by 1.73 shade tabs using AHDC gum, and up to 2.49 shade tabs with the experimental formulations. These results suggest that the use of baking soda-containing gum after meals, in conjunction with good oral hygiene, can improve both extrinsic dental staining and the whitened appearance of teeth.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Chewing Gum; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Discoloration; Toothbrushing; Treatment Outcome

An evaluation of the effects of ARM & HAMMER DENTAL CARE The Baking Soda Gum on extrinsic dental stain was performed on 85 subjects presenting with measurable extrinsic stain. The subjects were randomized to use either the baking soda chewing gum or a breath mint placebo once daily after lunch while brushing once daily. The chewing gum was chewed for 20 minutes for each use and the breath mint was kept in the mouth until completely dissolved. The subjects were instructed to brush once daily to simulate the level of hygiene normally practiced by subjects, thereby avoiding the well-reported Hawthorne effect experienced in clinical trials instituting twice-daily brushing. Examinations postbaseline were performed after 2 and 4 weeks. The reduction in measurable extrinsic stain in the baking soda gum group vs the breath mint control was statistically significant at 2 weeks (P < .0002) and at 4 weeks (P < .0008). Statistical analysis of the data revealed a significant change in extrinsic stain from baseline for both groups. The magnitude of the unadjusted longitudinal reduction in extrinsic stain in the baking soda gum group was 51% at 4 weeks.

Topics: Chewing Gum; Humans; Oral Hygiene Index; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Discoloration; Toothbrushing; Treatment Outcome

The objective of this double-blind clinical study was to compare the efficacy for extrinsic tooth stain removal of four commercially available dentifrices: Colgate Tartar Control with Baking Soda & Peroxide Fluoride Toothpaste; Aquafresh Advanced Whitening Toothpaste with Fluoride; Rembrandt Tartar Control Low Abrasion Fluoride Whitening Toothpaste; and Crest Regular Fluoride Toothpaste. Following a baseline examination for extrinsic tooth stain on the anterior six mandibular and maxillary teeth, qualifying adult male and female subjects from the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area were randomized into four treatment groups which were balanced for age, gender, tobacco habits, and level of extrinsic tooth stain. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice using a soft-bristled toothbrush. Examinations for extrinsic tooth stain were repeated after six weeks' use of the study dentifrices. One hundred eighty (180) subjects complied with the protocol, and completed the entire study. At the six-week examination, subjects assigned to the Colgate Tartar Control with Baking Soda & Peroxide Fluoride Toothpaste treatment group exhibited statistically lower levels of extrinsic tooth stain area and extrinsic tooth stain intensity than did those subjects assigned to the Crest Regular Fluoride treatment group. Subjects assigned to the Aquafresh Advanced Whitening treatment group exhibited significantly lower levels of extrinsic tooth stain area than did those assigned the Crest Regular Fluoride group. No other significant differences among the four study dentifrices were noted. Thus, the results of this double-blind clinical study support the conclusion that Colgate Tartar Control with Baking Soda & Peroxide Fluoride Toothpaste provides significantly greater control of extrinsic tooth stain than does Crest Regular Fluoride, a sodium fluoride/silica dentifrice.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aluminum Oxide; Analysis of Variance; Complex Mixtures; Dentifrices; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Middle Aged; Peroxides; Polyphosphates; Polyvinyls; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome

The effect of twice-daily brushing with one of three different dentifrices (Arm & Hammer Dental Care, Arm & Hammer Dental Care Extra Whitening, Crest) on stain removal and tooth whitening was examined in 115 volunteers over a period of 12 weeks. The facial surfaces of 12 anterior teeth were assessed for stain using a published, modified version of a standard stain index. Whiteness was measured on teeth 8 and 9 using a single Vita Lumin-Vaccum Shade Guide for consistency. At baseline, the mean facial stain scores were significantly higher (p < 0.05-0.01) for both Arm & Hammer dentifrices than for Crest. In addition, the tooth shades, as indicated by the stain guide, specifically the b* values representing yellowness, were quantified using a Minolta spectrophotometer. Arm & Hammer Dental Care Extra Whitening formula was found to be significantly better than Crest at removing naturally occurring extrinsic stain. The difference between Arm & Hammer Dental Care Extra Whitening and Crest became significant (p < 0.01) after two weeks of use, and remained intact during the balance of the study, achieving p values of 0.0002 for at least one of the three assessed parameters (total stain, proximal, and facial) at weeks 4 and 12. The study also found that Arm & Hammer Dental Care produced a significant increase in tooth whiteness by week 12, whereas Crest showed no such increase at any time during the study. These results suggest that the two Arm & Hammer Baking Soda products are more effective in reducing stain and increasing whiteness than the standard silica-based dentifrice. Their effectiveness is not related to abrasivity since they are less abrasive to tooth enamel than the silica-based product tested.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Cuspid; Dentifrices; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Incisor; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes

The increasing emphasis on dental aesthetics has made tooth whitening an important function of a dentifrice. This laboratory study investigated the whitening effect of toothbrushing with sodium bicarbonate-based dentifrices compared with standard dentifrices that do not contain sodium bicarbonate. Six dentifrices and a distilled water control were tested for their ability to whiten teeth with intrinsic stain. The dentifrices contained different abrasive systems: (1) 45% NaHCO3; (2) 65% NaHCO3 (Arm and Hammer Dental Care); (3) 94% NaHCO3; (4) 94% NaHCO3 + 1.5% H2O2; (5) silica (Crest Regular Toothpaste); and (6) dicalcium phosphate (Colgate Regular Toothpaste). After a thorough rubber cup cleaning with a pumice slurry, the intrinsic color of the test teeth with a Vita shade of A3 or darker was measured with a spectrophotometer using the standard L*a*b* color scale. Measurements were taken on a total of 12 teeth per test dentifrice before treatment, and after 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes of mechanical toothbrushing. No changes in L* (lightness/brightness) or a* (red-green hue) occurred, but significant differences in b* (yellow-blue hue) were observed over time. Compared to baseline tooth color, all four sodium bicarbonate-based dentifrices were significantly effective in removing the yellow intrinsic tooth stain, while the water control, silica dentifrice, and dicalcium phosphate dentifrice demonstrated no significant change. Between-group comparisons showed that the four dentifrices containing sodium bicarbonate were significantly more effective than the water and dicalcium phosphate dentifrice groups. The commercial dentifrice containing 65% sodium bicarbonate was also more effective than the commercial silica dentifrice. Although continued toothbrushing from 30 to 120 minutes resulted in additional stain removal, most of the tooth whitening by the sodium bicarbonate-based dentifrices occurred in the first 30 minutes of brushing. In the studies conducted, dentifrices containing high concentrations of sodium bicarbonate were more effective at removing intrinsic tooth stain than dentifrices that do not contain sodium bicarbonate.

Topics: Dentifrices; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Discoloration; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes

This article reports the results of a study that examined the clinical and microbiological changes associated with regular use of baking-soda dentifrices. Two dentifrice formulations were examined in a 6-month longitudinal study of 101 adult subjects with assessments for plaque, gingival inflammation, and stain at baseline and 3 and 6 months during the active phase of the study, and at 3 months after cessation of product use. One dentifrice contained 52% baking soda and 3% sodium percarbonate (Arm & Hammer PeroxiCare) while the other dentifrice contained 65% baking soda (Arm & Hammer Dental Care). Both dentifrices resulted in statistically significant reductions in dental plaque, gingival inflammation, and stain at all time periods compared to baseline. Dental plaque and buccal soft-tissue samples were obtained for microbiological analysis from a 50-subject subset. Microbiological assays, including bacterial culture, phase-contrast microscopy, and immunofluorescence microscopy, confirmed the safety of both formulations. Beneficial alterations in dental plaque bacteria were noted, including significant reductions in the levels of Actinomyces species. The data from this study indicate that dentifrices containing high levels of baking soda are clinically effective and microbiologically safe.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bacteria; Carbonates; Colony Count, Microbial; Consumer Product Safety; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Drug Combinations; Ecosystem; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Middle Aged; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes

This article reports the results of a study that examined the clinical and microbiological changes associated with regular use of baking-soda dentifrices. Two dentifrice formulations were examined in a 6-month longitudinal study of 101 adult subjects with assessments for plaque, gingival inflammation, and stain at baseline and 3 and 6 months during the active phase of the study, and at 3 months after cessation of product use. One dentifrice contained 52% baking soda and 3% sodium percarbonate (Arm & Hammer PeroxiCare) while the other dentifrice contained 65% baking soda (Arm & Hammer Dental Care). Both dentifrices resulted in statistically significant reductions in dental plaque, gingival inflammation, and stain at all time periods compared to baseline. Dental plaque and buccal soft-tissue samples were obtained for microbiological analysis from a 50-subject subset. Microbiological assays, including bacterial culture, phase-contrast microscopy, and immunofluorescence microscopy, confirmed the safety of both formulations. Beneficial alterations in dental plaque bacteria were noted, including significant reductions in the levels of Actinomyces species. The data from this study indicate that dentifrices containing high levels of baking soda are clinically effective and microbiologically safe.

Topics: Actinomyces; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbonates; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dentifrices; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Gingivitis; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Middle Aged; Periodontal Index; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella intermedia; Safety; Sodium Bicarbonate; Streptococcus mutans; Tooth Discoloration

An eight-week, double-blind, parallel and unsupervised clinical study was conducted to compare the ability of two dentifrices, Arm & Hammer Dental Care toothpaste and Crest toothpaste, to prevent the formation of stain induced by the twice daily use of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (Peridex). Stain formation was evaluated through the use of a new index (Modified Stain Index) designed to selectively detect stain of the proximal and facial surfaces of the anterior teeth. Examinations of stain formation were conducted at two-week intervals for a total of eight weeks. The results indicated equivalent stain prevention benefits for Arm & Hammer Dental Care and Crest when evaluated during eight weeks of chlorhexidine therapy. The modified stain index was shown to be valuable for discriminating location and intensity of early stain formation.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Bicarbonates; Chlorhexidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Least-Squares Analysis; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pH conditioners on tooth bleaching using hematoporphirin-stained paper and artificially discolored bovine tooth model. Experimental bleaching gels containing 23% hydrogen peroxide, adjusting pH 7.0 by different pH conditioners (NaOH, NaHCO

Topics: Animals; Bicarbonates; Buffers; Carbonates; Cattle; Hematoporphyrins; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydroxides; In Vitro Techniques; Paper; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Hydroxide; Tooth; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Discoloration

To evaluate, using conventional in vitro procedures, the abrasivity, enamel polishing properties, and stain removal effectiveness of various commercial dentifrices that have a variety of compositions and are marketed for cleaning, whitening, and/or polishing capabilities, and to examine their relationships between stain removal and abrasivity.. The Relative Dentin Abrasivity (RDA) method was used to measure abrasivity, and the Pellicle Cleaning Ratio (PCR) procedure was used to evaluate stain removal performance. A Cleaning Efficiency Index (CEI) was calculated using the RDA and PCR values. Enamel polish was determined on bovine enamel specimens using a reflectometer. All treatments were performed on a V-8 cross-brushing machine using aqueous dentifrice slurries and standard nylon-bristle toothbrushes. A total of 26 dentifrices, purchased at retail, were tested against the American Dental Association (ADA) calcium pyrophosphate reference standard.. All dentifrices removed extrinsic stain and produced some dentin abrasion, but scores ranged widely between products (from 36 to 269 for RDA and from 25 to 138 for PCR). The majority of dentifrices contained hydrated silicas, and those with high PCR scores often, but not always, had higher RDA values. Products containing other abrasives (e.g., dicalcium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium carbonate) generally had lower RDA values and usually lower PCR scores. There were exceptions (e.g., refined kaolin clay) that had high PCR scores and low RDA values, resulting in higher CEI values. Similarly, brushing with all dentifrices significantly increased reflectance readings of acid-dulled teeth, but polish scores also were highly variable among products (ranging from 38 to 97). The polish scores of dentifrices containing hydrated silica varied extensively (ranging from 38 to 80), and the scores of products containing other abrasives fell within this same range, except for dentifrices containing either Fuller's earth (86) or kaolin (97).. With only a few exceptions, dentifrices marketed as "whitening" products were generally more abrasive to dentin, especially for those containing silicas. Similarly, aside from two non-silica products, those dentifrices advertised for polishing ability generally were no more effective than other products. The relationship between stain-removal ability and abrasivity of dentifrices was not necessarily direct.

Topics: Aluminum Compounds; Animals; Calcium Carbonate; Calcium Phosphates; Cattle; Complex Mixtures; Dental Enamel; Dentifrices; Dentin; Hydrogen Peroxide; Kaolin; Magnesium Compounds; Materials Testing; Phosphates; Polyphosphates; Silicates; Silicic Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tin Fluorides; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Discoloration; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes

The article presents clinical and laboratory data concerning application of whitening toothpastes "Rembrandt". The effects of these pastes on the soft tissues status, the content of mineral substances in enamel biopsy liquid, enamel surface were evaluated. The results confirm the necessity of differential application of agents for tooth whitening and also of using whitening toothpastes for improvement of teeth color.

Topics: Data Interpretation, Statistical; Dental Enamel; Humans; Sodium Bicarbonate; Time Factors; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome

Though efficient in stain and plaque removal, air polishing is highly abrasive on root cementum or dentin even if working parameters are adjusted to minimize damage. As abrasiveness is also influenced by the physical properties of the powders used, the aim of the study was to evaluate the safety of novel low abrasive air polishing powders in vitro.. Using four novel air polishing powders (A, B, C and D) and a standard sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) powder, roots of 126 extracted teeth were air polished under standardized conditions at various working parameter combinations (distance: 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm; powder and water setting: low, medium and high) at an angulation of 90 degrees for 20 s. Instrumentation was performed in triplicate; resulting root defects were quantified laser-optically.. Mean defect depths after application of powders A, B, C and D were significantly lower than with standard powder (A: 17.9 +/- 10.9 micro m, B: 48.2 +/- 32.7 micro m, C: 92.5 +/- 57.9 micro m, D: 33.9 +/- 19.6 micro m, NaHCO3: 163.1 +/- 71.1 micro m) (Kruskal-Wallis test). Among the experimental powders, D was transported most reliably in the air polishing unit and allowed complete removal of disclosed plaque as assessed on freshly extracted teeth.. The novel air polishing powder D is of low abrasiveness to root cementum and dentin while being effective in removing dental plaque. Thus, it may be useful for safe and efficient plaque removal on exposed root surfaces.

Topics: Air; Biocompatible Materials; Dental Cementum; Dental Plaque; Dental Prophylaxis; Dentin; Humans; Lasers; Materials Testing; Powders; Safety; Sodium Bicarbonate; Statistics, Nonparametric; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Root; Water

Laboratory studies were developed to permit the evaluation of chemical actions of toothpaste components in the non-abrasive prevention and removal of tea stains. Powdered hydroxyapatites were used as substrates for adsorption of tea chromogens. Pre-treatment with a sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice (Crest Dual Action Whitening) reduced tea adsorption to powdered apatite, while post-treatments of pre-stained powder resulted in desorption of tea components. These results exemplified the chemical actions of condensed calcium phosphate surface active builders toward dental stain removal and prevention. A cycling synamel chip model permitted the study of stain prevention, including salivary pellicle formation and chlorhexidine enhancement of dental staining by tea chromogens. Staining was evaluated by image analysis of color development. Under these conditions, condensed phosphate dentifrices were observed to produce superior prevention of stain accumulations, with Crest Dual Action Whitening dentifrice providing stain prevention superior to a variety of commercial dentifrices, including Colgate Total, Aquafresh Whitening, Colgate Tartar Control Whitening, Mentadent Baking Soda and Peroxide Whitening, Close-Up Whitening, Crest Tartar Control and Crest Regular Cavity Protection.

Topics: Adsorption; Carbamide Peroxide; Chlorhexidine; Complex Mixtures; Dental Pellicle; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Drug Combinations; Durapatite; Fluorides; Hydrogen Peroxide; Peroxides; Phosphates; Polyphosphates; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tea; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes; Triclosan; Urea

The main purpose of this laboratory study was to determine the tooth whitening effect of a baking soda dentifrice containing stabilized 1% hydrogen peroxide following repeated applications to intrinsically stained teeth. Additional objectives were to investigate (1) the influence of tooth surface curvature and moisture on color measurements, (2) preliminary treatment parameters using 1% hydrogen peroxide solution, and (3) the relationship between Vita shade guide standards and instrumental color readings. Human tooth specimens with intrinsic stain were specially prepared and measured for color (L*a*b*) by means of diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry. Specimens were measured under wet and dry conditions with natural and flattened enamel surfaces. A preliminary test was conducted with 1% H2O2 solution to establish tooth whitening versus treatment time. Then, new tooth specimens were treated repeatedly with slurries of silica, baking soda, or baking soda/peroxide dentifrices at 30-minute intervals, and color measurements were taken under both wet and dry conditions after 4, 8, 16 and 24 hours. L*a*b* color measurements of the Vita shade guide teeth were also made in order to relate laboratory color changes to clinical effects. The parameter testing results showed that flattening the enamel surface had no effect on tooth color, but the teeth rapidly became lighter and less yellow upon air-drying. The 1% H2O2 solution caused both a significant decrease in yellow (b*) and an increase in lightness (L*). Since the reduction for b* occurred more rapidly and to a greater extent than the L* factor, the b* component may be the more important indicator of tooth whitening by bleaching. Compared to the silica and baking soda dentifrices, the baking soda/peroxide dentifrice significantly decreased the yellow color (b*) of the teeth after 8 or more hours of topical treatment. The instrumental color readings of the Vita Shade guide teeth showed that the color differences between the standards were not linear or consistent, and their accuracy for assessing clinical changes in tooth whiteness is questionable.

Topics: Color; Dental Enamel; Dentifrices; Drug Combinations; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was employed to observe stain removal during brushing with Arm & Hammer Dental Care and Crest Regular Toothpaste. ESEM allows serial examinations of the same sample, and does not require a destructive preparative process. Three extracted molars were cleaned, placed into a 96-hour broth culture of Streptococcus mutans, and stain was produced with undiluted chlorhexidine rinse, concentrated coffee and tea for a period of 23 days. After staining, the teeth were examined by ESEM, then brushed using a toothbrushing machine. Imaging was repeated after 5, 10, 15 and 30 seconds of brushing. As seen with ESEM, the Arm & Hammer product had different effects than those from the distilled water control, suggesting something other than that expected from abrasive and mechanical forces alone. There were also differences from the Crest dentifrice removal on this single sample, suggesting a possible difference between the two products. Further studies are needed to confirm and explain these effects.

Topics: Chlorhexidine; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Molar; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Discoloration; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes

Topics: Aerosols; Air; Bicarbonates; Dental Plaque; Dental Prophylaxis; Humans; Powders; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Bicarbonates; Dental Plaque; Dental Prophylaxis; Gingiva; Gingival Diseases; Humans; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Discoloration

Clinical, histologic and scanning electron microscopic study of the use of the Prophy-Jet. The Prophy-Jet (Cavitron-International) is used for the removal of gross stain and heavy plaque. In this study the plaque and stain removal capacities have been investigated in patients with a healthy and inflamed gingiva. The influence of the spray of cleaning powder (sodiumbicarbonate) on the gingiva has been studied in gingival biopsies of Beagle dog. With the use of a scanning electron microscope the dentine and cementum have been investigated after spraying during 30 seconds to 2 minutes. The clinical results show that the plaque and the stain are removed easily and significantly except for the deep interproximal regions where the handpiece tip cannot be used in a correct angulation to the tooth surface. All patients showed gingival desquamation which could last up to 3 days. After treatment several patients suffered from aphthous ulcers. The gingiva of the Prophy-Jet treated areas in the Beagle dog showed severe epithelial desquamation, even of the papillary connective tissue, which in certain areas, can lead to necrosis. A spray lasting for 30 seconds removed approximately 10 micrograms of dentine or cementum. From these results it can be concluded that the negative aspects of the use of the Prophy-Jet are very important. It should therefore be used with caution.

Topics: Animals; Bicarbonates; Calcium Phosphates; Dental Plaque; Dental Prophylaxis; Dogs; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Pressure; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Discoloration