sodium-bicarbonate and Periodontal-Pocket

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), bacterial metabolites released from dental biofilm, are supposed to target the oral epithelium. There is, however, no consensus on how SCFA affect the oral epithelial cells. The objective of the present study was to systematically review the available in vitro evidence of the impact of SCFA on human oral epithelial cells in the context of periodontal disease. A comprehensive electronic search using five databases along with a grey literature search was performed. In vitro studies that evaluated the effects of SCFA on human oral epithelial cells were eligible for inclusion. Risk of bias was assessed by the University of Bristol's tool for assessing risk of bias in cell culture studies. Certainty in cumulative evidence was evaluated using GRADE criteria (grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation). Of 3591 records identified, 10 were eligible for inclusion. A meta-analysis was not possible due to the heterogeneity between the studies. The risk of bias across the studies was considered "serious" due to the presence of methodological biases. Despite these limitations, this review showed that SCFA negatively affect the viability of oral epithelial cells by activating a series of cellular events that includes apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis. SCFA impair the integrity and presumably the transmigration of leucocytes through the epithelial layer by changing junctional and adhesion protein expression, respectively. SCFA also affect the expression of chemokines and cytokines in oral epithelial cells. Future research needs to identify the underlying signaling cascades and to translate the in vitro findings into preclinical models.

Topics: Apoptosis; Biofilms; Butyrates; Cell Adhesion; Cell Shape; Dysbiosis; Epithelial Cells; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth Mucosa; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Sodium Bicarbonate

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dental Scaling; Drug Combinations; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Periodontal Pocket; Povidone-Iodine; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tetracycline; Therapeutic Irrigation; Tin Fluorides

Topics: Amebicides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bicarbonates; Biocompatible Materials; Chlorhexidine; Citrates; Citric Acid; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Pocket; Sodium Bicarbonate; Toothbrushing

Subgingival biofilm removal using glycine powder air polishing (GPAP) has antecedently been shown to be safe. The hypothesis that GPAP is efficacious during periodontal maintenance therapy and results in less gingival erosion than sodium bicarbonate air polishing (SBAP) or ultrasonic scaling was assessed.. Initial periodontal therapy was performed in each of the 22 chronic periodontitis patients having residual 5 mm probing depth in each quadrant and were randomly assigned to one of the following interventions: GPAP (test), SBAP (positive control), ultrasonic scaling (positive control) or no treatment. Clinical parameters were assessed, and gingival biopsies were taken immediately after instrumentation and sent for histological quantification.. Significant improvement in plaque and gingival index scores were noted in glycine powder air-polishing and ultrasonic group. GPAP resulted in minor erosion of the gingival epithelium (score 1 & 2), whereas positive control specimens displayed moderate to severe erosions (score 3 & 4). Difference between GPAP and positive control was significant. (P < 0.05).. GPAP results in clinically significant improvement in plaque and gingival index scores and histologically causes less gingival erosion than SBAP or ultrasonic instrumentation, further supporting the safety of this debridement technique in periodontal maintenance therapy.

Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Chronic Periodontitis; Connective Tissue; Dental Plaque Index; Dental Scaling; Double-Blind Method; Epithelium; Female; Gingiva; Glycine; Humans; Male; Periodontal Debridement; Periodontal Index; Periodontal Pocket; Sodium Bicarbonate; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonic Therapy; Young Adult

The effect of an oral irrigator (Water Pik, Intersante) with a subgingival tip (Pik Pocket Subgingival Tip, Intersante) in the reduction of gingivitis was investigated in a single-blind three-group study involving 45 volunteers (age 46.2+/-10.2). All volunteers (inclusion criteria: gingivitis or a superficial periodontitis) were examined and underwent professional tooth cleaning at the first appointment. They were then randomly distributed in three groups: one group used the irrigator with the subgingival tip once daily with just tap water, in addition to their regular oral hygiene; another group also used an herbal-based mouth rinse (Parodontax, GlaxoSmithkline) in the water of the irrigator; a third group did not use an irrigator or any irrigant and therefore served as control. All groups received professional oral care education at each appointment. The investigation period was 3 months. At baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks, the plaque index (PI, scores 0-5), gingival index (GI, scores 0-3), bleeding index (BI scores 0-5), and sulcus fluid flow rate (SFFR, Periotron 6000) at the Ramfjord teeth were scored. At baseline and after 3 months, the probing depth (millimeters) was measured at six surfaces of all teeth. A significant reduction in BI, PI, GI, probing depth, and SFFR was observed within 3 months. With all volunteers, however, there was no statistically significant difference ( p>/=0.05, Wilcoxon-test, SAS 6.04) between the three groups at any time. The additional use of the Water Pik irrigator with the Pik Pocket subgingival irrigation device with or without an herbal mouth rinse showed no clinical benefit over professional education in oral hygiene alone.

Topics: Dental Calculus; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dental Prophylaxis; Follow-Up Studies; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Humans; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Index; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Plant Extracts; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Bicarbonate; Therapeutic Irrigation; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes

The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of an herbal-based mouthrinse in combination with an oral irrigator in reducing gingival inflammation.. A total of 89 patients (45 females, 44 males; mean age 49.1 +/- 1.31 years) were included in this prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical study and allocated to 3 treatment groups: group 1 (n = 34), treated with an oral irrigator with subgingival tips and an herbal-based mouthrinse; group 2 (n = 29), the oral irrigator was applied in combination with a conventional mouthwash; and group 3 (n = 26), treated with the conventional mouthwash without subgingival irrigation. Data collected at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks included gingival index (GI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), plaque index (PI), and probing depth (PD).. Over a period of 3 months, GI decreased from 1.80 +/- 0.04 to 1.56 +/- 0.04 in group 1; from 1.79 +/- 0.05 to 1.68 +/- 0.04 in group 2; and remained nearly constant in group 3 (from 1.79 +/- 0.05 to 1.81 +/- 0.04). Differences between the groups were significant (analysis of variance, P < 0.05). SBI values in group 1 were reduced from 2.51 +/- 0.06 to 2.13 +/- 0.06 after 3 months and were significantly lower than in group 2 (P = 0.001) and 3 (P = 0.002), with SBIs of 2.44 +/- 0.06 and 2.42 +/- 0.07, respectively, after 12 weeks. A reduction in PI was noted for all 3 groups throughout the follow-up period, with no statistically significant differences. Probing depths were not reduced significantly in any group.. Subgingival irrigation with an herbal-based mouthrinse led to a significant reduction in both SBI and GI. This regimen can, therefore, be recommended as an adjunctive procedure to reduce gingival inflammation.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Index; Periodontal Pocket; Plant Extracts; Plants; Prospective Studies; Sodium Bicarbonate; Therapeutic Irrigation

Topics: Bicarbonates; Dental Prophylaxis; Female; Humans; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Middle Aged; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Surface Properties; Tooth Root

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bacteria; Bicarbonates; Dental Plaque; Dental Scaling; Female; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Long-Term Care; Male; Middle Aged; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Chloride; Tetracycline; Tooth Root

This study investigated the effects of sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide on the microbial flora of 4 to 7 mm periodontal pockets. Four selected patients were instructed to brush assigned quadrants daily with a sodium bicarbonate-3% hydrogen peroxide paste utilizing a split-mouth design. The paste was pumped between the teeth and gingiva via sulcular brushing and a Perio Aid. The control sides were treated in the identical manner with fluoridated paste. Probing depths on each patient were taken on Days 1 and 21 and examined under dark-field microscopy. For each sample, morphology and motility of all cells were recorded. The data were analyzed by three factor repeated measures analysis of variance. No statistically significant differences were found between the control and medicament sites at the 0.005 level regarding changes in the microbial flora. Probing depths were reduced during the study. However, similar results were found on both medicament and control sites. It appeared that sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide have no unusual benefits in reducing the microbial flora of periodontal pockets.

Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Bicarbonates; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Sodium Bicarbonate; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes